Cha收入與歧視經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語

Earnings

andDiscrimination收入與歧視Chapter19Differences

in

Earnings

in

the

U.S.

TodayHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.當(dāng)前美國的收入差距u

The

typical

physician

earns

about

$200,000

ayear.普通醫(yī)生一年賺到20萬美元左右。u

The

typical

police

officer

earns

about

$50,000

a

year.普通警官一年賺到5萬美元左右。u

The

typical

farm

worker

earns

about

$20,000

a

year.普通農(nóng)業(yè)工人一年賺到2萬美元左右。What

causes

earnings

to

vary

so

much?Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.什么原因造成個(gè)人收入差距如此之大？u

Wages

are

governed

by

laborsupplyand

labor

demand.工資由勞動(dòng)供給與勞動(dòng)需求決定。u

Labor

demand

reflects

the

marginalproductivity

of

labor.勞動(dòng)需求反映了勞動(dòng)的邊際生產(chǎn)率。What

causes

earnings

to

vary

so

much?什么原因造成個(gè)人收入差距如此之大？u

In

equilibrium,

each

worker

is

paid

thevalue

of

his

or

her

marginalcontributionto

the

economy’s

production

of

goodsandservices.在均衡時(shí)，每個(gè)工人都得到了他對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)中物品與勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)的邊際貢獻(xiàn)的價(jià)值。Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Some

Determinants

of

Equilibrium

Wages決定均衡工資的若干因素u

Compensating

differentials補(bǔ)償性差別工資u

Human

capital

人力資本u

Ability,

effort,

and

chance能力、努力和機(jī)遇u

Signaling

信號(hào)u

The

superstar

phenomenon超級(jí)明星現(xiàn)象Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Compensating

DifferentialsHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

Compensating

differentials

refer

todifferences

in

wages

that

arises

fromnonmonetary

characteristics

of

different

jobs.u

Coal

miners

are

paid

more

than

others

withsimilar

levels

ofeducation.u

Night

shift

workers

are

paid

more

than

day

shiftworkers.u

Professors

are

paid

less

than

lawyers

anddoctors.補(bǔ)償性差別工資Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

補(bǔ)償性差別工資是指不同工作的非貨幣特性所引起的工資差別。u

煤礦工人得到的工資高于其他有相似教育水平的工人。u

夜班工人的工資高于同類白班工人。u

教授的工資低于受教育時(shí)間大致相同的律師和醫(yī)生。Human

Capital

人力資本Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

Human

capitalis

theaccumulationof

investments

in

people.人力資本——對(duì)人的教育和在職培訓(xùn)投資的積累。u

The

most

important

type

ofhumancapital

iseducation.最主要的人力資本是教育。Human

CapitalHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Education

represents

an

expenditureofresources

at

one

point

in

time

toraiseproductivity

in

the

future.By

the

year

2000,

a

man

with

acollegedegree

earned

more

than

89

percentmorethan

withoutone. Women

showed

a

70percent

increase

in

earnings

due

to

a

collegedegree.人力資本Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

教育代表著為了提高未來生產(chǎn)率而在某一時(shí)點(diǎn)的資源支出。u

2000年，一個(gè)有大學(xué)學(xué)位的男人的平均收入比沒有大學(xué)學(xué)位的男人多89％。對(duì)于婦女來說，上大學(xué)的報(bào)酬高出70％。Table

1

Average

Annual

Earningsby

Educational

AttainmentCopyright?2004

South-Western表1.受教育者的平均年收入Copyright?2004

South-Western1980年2000年男人高中，未上大學(xué)大學(xué)畢業(yè)大學(xué)水平的額外百分點(diǎn)36

430美元52

492美元＋44％36

770美元69

421美元+89%婦女高中，未上大學(xué)大學(xué)畢業(yè)大學(xué)水平的額外百分點(diǎn)14

953美元23

170美元＋55％17

898美元35

431美元+98%注釋：收入數(shù)據(jù)根據(jù)通貨膨脹進(jìn)行了調(diào)整，并用2000年美元表示。Why

has

the

gap

in

earnings

betweenskilled

and

unskilled

workers

risenin

recent

years?u

International

trade

has

alteredtherelative

demand

for

skilled

andunskilled

labor.u

Changes

in

technology

have

alteredtherelative

demand

for

skilled

andunskilled

labor.Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.為什么近年熟練工人與非熟練工人之間的收入差距擴(kuò)大了呢？Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

國際貿(mào)易改變了對(duì)熟練勞動(dòng)與非熟練勞動(dòng)的相對(duì)需求。u

技術(shù)變革改變了熟練勞動(dòng)與非熟練勞動(dòng)的相對(duì)需求。Ability,

Effort,

and

ChanceHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

Natural

ability

is

important

for

workersin

alloccupations.n

Many

personal

characteristicsdetermine

how

productive

workersareand,

therefore,

play

a

role

indetermining

the

wages

they

earn.能力喪、努睜力和坡機(jī)遇Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n對(duì)所鞏有職言業(yè)的狼工人旱來說峽，天簡賦能題力都霜是重恥要的。誘n許多沒個(gè)人芒特點(diǎn)側(cè)決定桐了工庫人的各勞動(dòng)窩生產(chǎn)孩率，鴿因此溪這些菌特點(diǎn)貪在決袋定工婆人所校掙得帳的工矮資水拘平上捉起著驕重要挎作用。賣AnA殊l恢t縮慧ern遠(yuǎn)at案i教veV攏i治ew臥o荷fE準(zhǔn)弊du接cat框i唯on:柏S向i拉gna費(fèi)li性ng殼教育控Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.的另賊一種傳觀點(diǎn)云：信叼號(hào)u

Fir圾ms臂u僑se呈e奴du橫ca允ti溪o奧nal悶a翅t(yī)t建ai憲nm澡en滿ta賽s長a鐮牢way螞o討fs牙o鉛rt疫i左ngb閣e攀tw書ee逐nh愿i娛gh完-雀abi越li矮ty捎玩and購l爪o石w-藝abi策li撞ty帽務(wù)wor雕ke辛rs勵(lì).企業(yè)把話教凡育狀恐況作春為區(qū)帥分高頃能力她工人連與低闊能力敵工人約的一添種方娃法。u

Iti辜s秤r專at幼i訓(xùn)ona蔽lf惑o難rf掛i鞭r(nóng)戶mst啄o裂i渣nt灣er武pr品et猾a治c浮ol皺le邀g糊ed筑eg足re犧ea桂s標(biāo)a渴si喬gna霧lofa斧b肯il吩it鞏y.諸企業(yè)批把大傻學(xué)學(xué)杠位解冒釋為疼能力獎(jiǎng)的信號(hào)是合宇理的。兼The楊貫Sup幸er碰st疼ar輛父Phe諒no槳me格n診onHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

Sup哈er菜st蜻ar獎(jiǎng)sari骨se從i投nm絹a志rk蓬et半st洞騙hat挺e潤xh非ib慮it喜t狼h賺ef呢ol策l意owi認(rèn)ng芹c窄h(huán)a孕ra首ct洞er票is落ti招cs吸:u

Eve往ry壁c效us春t等ome姻ri打n兩t里he臺(tái)到mar花ke湖tw言辱ant叔st疫o傍e出nj細(xì)oy填t驕he躺g雙o景ods單盜upp惕li父ed黨折byt誓h叉eb變e從st進(jìn)p槍r尋odu催ce蠅r.路u

The隨g勇o貴odi寫s艷p琴r揪odu銳ce吃dw作i齡th女a(chǎn)訓(xùn)t怕ec惱h莫nol怒o層gyt院陶hat綢務(wù)mak阻es擁若

itp文o埋ss璃ib迅le近f仁or侮t下he導(dǎo)b利es提t(yī)p藥r叮o辮duc夸er版t挖os莖龍upp均ly是e遷ve馳ry盡c共us筍t碌ome周ra娃t孟a悅l釘ow喬c期os貿(mào)t.設(shè)超級(jí)抹明星質(zhì)現(xiàn)象Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u超級(jí)明虛星產(chǎn)生觸在有立兩個(gè)咳特點(diǎn)朵的市場(chǎng)爭上：慰u

市場(chǎng)圖上每界位顧蓄客都嬸想享恐受最椒優(yōu)生薄產(chǎn)者呢提供居的物觀品。u

使最獎(jiǎng)優(yōu)生銷產(chǎn)者鉤以低牧成本柿向每總位顧徐客提健供物沸品成慮為可江能的慣是生百產(chǎn)這片種物誕品所貴用的布技術(shù)。母Abo灰ve餅-檢Equ般il煩ib握ri喪um楚W修ag熊es棉:M塊i譯ni牌mu懶m-煌Wa論ge愁修

Law畏s,角U掉ni貪on匠s,扎a槐nd礙E煌ff區(qū)ic畏ie茶n馬cyW溝a愉g怪esHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

Wh緣瑞ya退re螞s請(qǐng)om撒ew盜o托rk鑄er殃s’績箱wag羨es供巡壽set陸桿abo奇ve赤t既he紡l昆ev醫(yī)el攤戴

tha壩tb對(duì)r昆i濁ngs搏s臣u攤ppl刺ya院既ndd慚e醫(yī)m艱and揉i像nt汽oe版稻qui省li檢br擋i軍um?較?

Min艱i苦mu敬m-球wag即el抬皂aws登?

Mar咐ke傳tp肢留owe稈ro偏f奶l婆a胡bor鉗夜uni虧on旨s?

Eff旬ic跟ie扮nc價(jià)yw杠a青ge絕s高于計(jì)均衡愛工資:漸最農(nóng)低工群資法文、工票會(huì)和疑效率面工資Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

為什爐么一莫些工迅人的腥工資冷確定吵在高迎于使華勞動(dòng)測(cè)供求貼均衡鞏的水浪平上爽？?

最低虜工資肚法?

工會(huì)倉的市膀場(chǎng)勢(shì)渠力?

效率越工資Abo葉ve雙-幸Equ概il良ib賭ri耍um暈W鐵ag半es井:M雨i課ni膚mu憂m-惱Wa粱ge曾驢

Law營s,膊U搖ni葬on怒s,截a料nd吳E豆ff叨ic促ie永n貸cyW芳a算g慎esHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

Uni劇on魂s?

Auni沿on屈isa嶼w報(bào)o做rk褲er體a鄙ss躺oc謀ia烈ti景on濾t帶ha勒tb講a乖rg償ai駝ns騾償

wit格he虧們mpl蔽oy粘er乖so前v集er并由wag究es妖音and梯恥wor肯ki摩ng竹c益o旁nd延iti作on嚇s.策n

Str思ik是e?

Astr箱ik惰eref秘er周st棟o疏t肢he騎o件r舍gan怖iz稈ed珍w班it濁hd杏r清awa柱lo肝f茄勉

la疼bor節(jié)f扶r平oma謎f齡i勢(shì)rm叮獄bya街u誰n歉i銜on.榆高于賣均衡害工資:啊裕最低善工資啦法、罪工會(huì)戀和效鉛率工很資Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

工會(huì)?

工會(huì)團(tuán)——與雇撿主談栽判工溉資和散工作剛條件捕的工爭人協(xié)塌會(huì)。n

罷工?

罷工尾——工會(huì)遙有同組織扯地從浪企業(yè)構(gòu)撤出墻勞動(dòng)。禿Abo眨ve們-餐Equ秒il樹ib甲ri同um土W痕ag桑es律:M糖i振ni支mu限m-為Wa途ge寨招

Law猛s,侮U況ni腹on略s,預(yù)a挎nd煙E須ff素ic惠ie貧n謙cyW暈a鑒g粗esHarcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

Eff楊ic遺ie醉nc走y爪W冊(cè)age祝s?

The汪t糾he餃or扔yo帥f列eff族ic適ie原nc喚yw季夸age嚷shol唱ds彩t粱ha訴ta蓮f肉i擊rm階c夠a廳nf警i閑ndi雕t烏p沖ro蔽fi澡t亭abl銅et危o乘掠pay際h坦i婚ghw騎秤age朽sb懇e轉(zhuǎn)c鏈aus鹽ed肝o伯i錫ngs跳o殃i憤nc話re買as富es抬t餐he晝p驕r僅odu欲ct覺iv謠it寇yo對(duì)f廣i攏ts譯俯wor藝ke承rs校.渾Hi傲ghw惱a精ge迷sm爸a抗y:刷re某duc萬ew張o祖rk葵er火t咬ur奧n陽ove吩r.尋inc警re躲as誤ew偷o水rk葬er斑e未ff將or呼t.預(yù)rai甘se練t蘋he好險(xiǎn)qua昂li吩ty橡o豈fw社o座rk墳er揭st蓋綱hat敗匪app餅ly館f盈or駐j浙ob亞s鍵at邊t隆he叫f杏ir捎m.茄高于仗均衡亮工資:雖最周低工埋資法傳、工掠會(huì)和襲效率辜工資Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.n

效率釣工資?

效率嚴(yán)工資認(rèn)為幟，企紙業(yè)會(huì)偵發(fā)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)支付劇高工滴資是旨有利幼的，蝦因?yàn)樾倪@樣教做提搜高了者工人頑的生拍產(chǎn)率論。高工輕資會(huì):減少雷工人蠟的流筒動(dòng)性耐；提高父工人肅的努達(dá)力程象度；提高鳳適應(yīng)衛(wèi)企業(yè)遼的工江人素邁質(zhì)。The肌E樹c嫁ono什mi雹cs邁o索fD丸i瓦sc攪ri零mi精na幫ti苗on進(jìn)Dis乏cr孩im斯in葛at皇i艘onocc小ur棒sw似h薄en企t駕he褲謙mar則ke公tp螞l鉆ace牛o匙ff業(yè)er泡sd聞i傻ff具er塘en祝to橡價(jià)ppo幅rt溝un趟it茅ie毀st捷o袖s斷im法il塘ar甚修

ind呢iv程id鄰ua遣ls掃饅who敲d肯if榨fe套ro下n瞧ly執(zhí)約byr冊(cè)a春ce諷,e戚t加hn尾ic火g倦r岸oup教,s抖e印x,影自age罰,o妨r滅o悼th逗er麥p笨er致s我ona久lc杠鍬har秧ac哭te縣ri壞st灶i稻cs.拒Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.歧視歡經(jīng)濟(jì)肥學(xué)當(dāng)市場(chǎng)向裁那些室僅僅植是種啊族、當(dāng)宗教、堆性別豬、室年齡恰或其薯他個(gè)者人特倡征不序同的秤相似個(gè)窗人剩提供爽了不絨同的徐機(jī)會(huì)戚時(shí)，就出現(xiàn)禿了歧視。Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.The峰E對(duì)co克no端mi滲cs倡o槐fD劇i躬sc數(shù)ri遙mi脈na碼ti俱on銀歧視爸經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)店Alt乏h德oug尋hd堡i膛sc煉ri俱mi匠na線ti臭on飼i鐵sa貫n輕e歇mo夢(mèng)ti市o閣nal駝ly催潛

cha范rg薪ed墳t嫌op霞ic剪,e窮c嘗o禽nom累is曾ts僵t塵ry些t尊os廊t衡u單dyt說h溫et亭櫻op

i搜co徐b固je嗚ct字iv毒el妨yi頸n僑o床rd憂er卡t犁os翻e餐pa碧ra凝te棚撥myt宰hf賊r截om繪畜rea災(zāi)li對(duì)ty爪.雖然歧炮視見是一昌個(gè)經(jīng)帽常引忘起激丑烈爭添論的猛情緒轎化話宇題，

但同經(jīng)桂濟(jì)學(xué)姨家力鄰圖客著觀地扎研究陸這個(gè)故題目疏，以姜便把假面象寇與真億實(shí)分桑開。Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Mea繡su培ri棉ng抄L拒a撤bor寶-歷Mar取ke束tD岡i陷sc產(chǎn)ri落mi布na夜ti憑on終勞動(dòng)市困場(chǎng)壟歧視鐵的衡秋量Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Dis近c(diǎn)r參im樣i求nat樹i分oni世s蘇o攜ft梯en攻m剃ea鞏su孕re眉db拔y凈l鐘o燙oki被ng趴a獵tt抄h(huán)銜ea每v例er執(zhí)ag宗ew劍靜age字so微f有d柄if瓣fe茫re急nt辰逼

gro尿up恨s.皂常常通襲過僑觀察簽不同恨群體誕的平販均工冬資差嚼別來沿衡量籮勞動(dòng)主市場(chǎng)次上的到歧視議程度。悅Mea邀su媽ri樓ng躲L吸a臺(tái)bor奇-鳳Mar迎ke扯tD揪i鞠sc評(píng)ri販mi嘆na嚇ti碧on叛勞動(dòng)市竿場(chǎng)緣瑞歧視盯的衡還量Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Eve少ni跪n跳a抽l唉a后bor濃劑mar炸ke滅tf臨r得ee醬o久fd釋i權(quán)sc咽ri往m

i股na沫ti慚on完,d殿i粗ff踢er基en井tp搶e桐op托l(wèi)e蟲休hav鎖ed側(cè)i碑ff臘er指e恢ntw愈培age常s.富即使在贈(zèng)一憲個(gè)沒念有歧尤視的胳勞動(dòng)詠市場(chǎng)符上，線不同奔人的端工資高也不凝同。Mea款su貿(mào)ri延ng拔L罪a射bor估-瓣Mar問ke哈tD上i趣sc慢ri旺mi殲na遷ti紀(jì)on匹勞動(dòng)市始場(chǎng)捕歧視鉆的衡量陰Peo剝pl渠ed匠i彼ff棵er么i治nt禾h查ea杰麥mo室unt容丙ofhu符man旁c盈ap異i民tal林the淋yh鍬數(shù)ave核姨and秧i卻nt閘h省ek翼i鐵nd鳥so切f接筐wor遲kt只h屯ey帝載

are扛w裹il創(chuàng)li壓ng島摘and暈且abl勢(shì)et得o蹦兼do.瓦人們擁歉有襲的人力柳資本量以解及能詞夠并暮愿意從躍事園的工穴作種罰類不爽同。Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Mea懷su熄ri完ng浮L錢a五bor液-孩Mar百ke淡tD莊i綁sc乎ri竭mi曾na攻ti援on或勞動(dòng)市快場(chǎng)翻歧視量的衡筆量Si賤mpl漁yo晴b邁se泉rv故i樓ngd版i瞎ff叔e(cuò)r糕en扇ce王si脫n潔術(shù)wag幟es慕族am遺ong烏b姨ro威ad味g示r偉oup爺s–壇w淋h嬸it壁ea廢猾ndb捎l繞ac示k,匪m額en硬覺an

d疑w里om悅en烏–痰s蜂ay歇sl棒i尖tt燥le品謝ab傍out宮t捐he膀p汪re政va占le妻nc灶eo浮翁fd孫is垂cr株im愉i薦nat企i皆on.俊簡單地著觀退察不柄同群附體—峽白人蹄與黑平人、藏男人與奶女逗人—日之間球的工電資差埋別并圓沒有帆說明普歧視梁的普拒遍性。掃Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Tab窯le規(guī)2釘后Med麗ia順nA厭然nnu兼al利E室ar謊ni芝ng婦sb鑼y仔領(lǐng)Ra冊(cè)cea次動(dòng)ndS盤跟exCo宮pyr皂i暗gh蘋t?似20港04稍Sou嶄th桑-唱Wes芹te咳rn權(quán)Tab梯le乓2桐.不同種族袍與性卡別的終平均壺收入Co次pyr覽i及gh肺t?趁20狀04址Sou電th網(wǎng)-勢(shì)Wes勤te沈rn磨白種人幻玉避黑種人墊黑在龍種人吊收入錫低（加百分扶比）男人3熄88屯遭70煌美元踐304拋倆03烈美元2角2續(xù)％女人2叨80舞布80戶美元炮251盆須07囑美元1牛1毀％女人工弓資馳低2荷8醒％礎(chǔ)17％湯（百分折比）但注釋：無2捷000呢年尸數(shù)據(jù)丘。Mea若su聲r(shí)i鹿ng鳴L峰a顏bor趴-跨Mar拾ke刊tD腫i默sc敏ri覆mi集n方Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.ati何on伙Bec姻au激se罷t腸he柱d競(jìng)if銳fe殊re堪nc露es論i而na洪v躲er韻ag括ew郊拌age呢sa翅拉mo鏈ngg諸r城o貌ups莫i湯np江a妙rt袋r戒ef島le墊ct登d慕if腳fe釀re鋒nc叢es撓i朗nh戰(zhàn)炎u(yù)m方anc岸禍api察ta問la電夠ndj無繪

obc很認(rèn)har比ac婆te擔(dān)ri似st刺ic跟s,柄t躬he懷yd倉o輩榴not職描byt嘴h眾e閣mse逗lv杏es酸s鍬ay搖炕any敵t

h目in名ga脊與bou穴th撿梳owm益u提ch周d集is合cr瀉im謊i戰(zhàn)nat貢i戴ont化h次er昌ei低s拾i扔nt你h遠(yuǎn)el摧麥

abo貫rm取a橋rk壓et爭.勞動(dòng)焦市場(chǎng)姑歧視巨的衡量丙Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.由于不籃同察群體礎(chǔ)之間藥平均率工資宏的差芝別部禁分反映龜了人蒼力永資本疫和工坊作特俱性的靜差別躍，這揉些差削別本謹(jǐn)身對(duì)勞梢動(dòng)尼市場(chǎng)囑上有脅多大威歧視暮并沒林有說假明什偷么。Dis乞cr治im權(quán)in構(gòu)at班i簽onb仙y狐E堤mp輩lo溪ye揭rs辟雇主舉的歧視行艱為Fir益ms城t域ha棚td悼o慢搞not乖d腎is個(gè)cr聲im偏i布nat揉ew盡i察ll籠觀hav社el帖盒ow蝦erl鼻a壇bo岡rc吼o欺st表sw急h筆en讀幻玉the射yh衛(wèi)i當(dāng)re帳t殃he催e傅mp架l掉oye絹es舊寇dis弦cr想im復(fù)i境nat忌ed拖刮aga在in尊st居.當(dāng)不進(jìn)宴行矩歧視鵝的企膀業(yè)雇慈傭受統(tǒng)歧視涌的雇羽員時(shí)，響這黃些企功業(yè)的軟勞動(dòng)恒成本把更低。勸Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Dis盟cr徒im優(yōu)in巖at編i堵onb淋y馳E財(cái)mp晚lo撈ye任rs負(fù)雇主眾的歧視行宮為Non膚di則sc乖ri族mi登na正to損ry惱f降ir取ms旬w嶺il講lt做e字n

d罰t序or安e便pl育ac熟ef腦i糕r綠mst爬勢(shì)hat魄d遭is凈cr興im辜i飄na踢te.開不進(jìn)行礙歧凝視的噸企業(yè)美取代輩了進(jìn)行土歧鑰視的攻企業(yè)麥。Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Dis拔cr跟im緊in涉at漿i鑒onb還y阿E徐mp發(fā)lo才ye態(tài)rs涉Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

Com構(gòu)pe鈴ti譯ti鍵ve艘逮mar碰ke案ts圈t堆e朗ndt沒o勤l擺im芽it詞t愧he即許

imp兔ac丸to乘f驅(qū)d紋is喜cr布im曉i寸nat壞i斃ono訊n悠做wag炭es掏.u

Fir盡ms有t傅ha鼻td用o模怨not弟d名is拌cr墨im終i藏nat腥ew星i刊l縮慧lb宅e持mo瓦re館p巾ro班fi積t惡abl雅et裕請(qǐng)han砍t德ho廈se諒f晃ir賢ms榨t嬸ha畫td竭咐

od婦is刊cr家im府i風(fēng)nat技e.予雇主野的歧慰視行為清Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

競(jìng)爭性站市希場(chǎng)傾蛾向于膜限制來歧視慈對(duì)工羊資的影縣響親。u

不進(jìn)行倡歧舌視的當(dāng)企業(yè)莖將比騎進(jìn)行巡壽歧視櫻的企業(yè)埋更捆具有純贏利檔性。Dis陪cr頑im案in統(tǒng)at仗i征onb利y悄C撈us份to米me悔rs矛a建遺ndG稻護(hù)Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.ove羽rn呈me揪nt泉sAlt斤h歉ou共ght弱h躁ep華r侍of憲it禾忘mot助iv細(xì)ei背s胡a殖s壁tr澡o狠ngf掏o良rc傭ea絞c底ti艱ng瞞t祥o

e尾l派im電i僻nat點(diǎn)ed種i浩sc抓ri朗mi相na晝to研ry撇醉wag診ed詢i眉ff統(tǒng)er主en圣ti突al酒s,潛t踢h(yuǎn)e訂re臺(tái)濕

are棄l躬im咽it宮st梳o敏i苦ts蒙c渡or歪re掃ct等iv情ea散b吼il確it林ie駝s.親uCus沈t伶ome饅rp槳r體ef抓er騾en屠ce侮suGov乎er撇nm疲en緒tp斬o身li佳ci量es敏顧客僑與政容府的鴿歧視稱行為Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.雖然利危潤濾動(dòng)機(jī)爹是消田除歧志視性溝工資趙差別磨的一僚種強(qiáng)大孔力胳量，耀但也隸存在逢著針紙對(duì)這俘種力彼量的壤矯正能而力鐮的限瞎制。u顧客庭偏好

u政府化政策Dis彈cr蛇im頂in誦at緞i杯onb撐y轉(zhuǎn)C崗us工to牛me太rs喊a孔漸

ndG灣o布ve銹rn阿me閣nt輔sCus飄t贈(zèng)ome斗rp劣r軍ef昨er領(lǐng)en莖ce間s:滑Ifc洞u淡st段om蜓er錫sh鉛深ave被d指is廊cr娘im辱i狂nat奧or梯yp六r原ef賴er水en秀ce禁s,冠a產(chǎn)沉com成pe族ti悔ti喬ve運(yùn)督mar臺(tái)ke檢ti塔s斜c礎(chǔ)on側(cè)si冷st膽en贊tw紗i薄th美a竹d言is獄cr露im抱i喉na戴tor炕yw陣割age資d備if緒fe繁re盞nt形ia朗l.Thi慎sw條i銳ll員圍ha鎮(zhèn)ppe癥nw閑h狹en壯c艷us抱t尖ome妥rs覺a與rew部il表li漢ng役t踢op性堆a(bǔ)yt紡o鈴豬mai尋nt撐ai蟲nt膜h碌ed新i扁sc級(jí)ri豈mi確na寶to州ry匪p仔ra剩ct截ic蝦e.茅Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.顧客病與政套府的汗歧視糾行為Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.顧客偏社好:個(gè)如果顧崇客票有歧涼視偏經(jīng)好，便競(jìng)爭釀性企樸業(yè)就迎與歧繩視性工寸資暫差別尚相一購致。這種情趟況企只有郵在顧跌客愿代意為殃他們冬的歧燥視性咳行為付圖出藥代價(jià)庸時(shí)才案會(huì)發(fā)話生。Dis險(xiǎn)cr往im卸in續(xù)at痰i息onb案y鼓C傅us許to贈(zèng)me瘡rs飛a繪華ndG賴o徑ve麗rn昆me怒nt執(zhí)s顧客與碰政踏府的甲歧視綿行為Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Gov賢er拴nm榨en絹tp務(wù)o匹li稍ci靈e阿s:Whe君nt港h內(nèi)eg刻澆ove蠟r濫nme閥nt表嗎ma譯nda超te僚s

d含i殘sc沃ri吐mi注na封to艘ry形p葵ra蛙ct歇ic乳es臣o(jì)蔑rr夜e寧qu政ir茅es頌f林ir別ms餃t耍od含i螺sc東ri管mi善n般ate悄,t尾h盒is衫鳴may份a販ls箱ol勤e冰ad秤t蛙od捎i哀sc止ri任mi子na炒to千ry食誕wag暖ed策i冤ff幫er桑en窯t干ial習(xí)s.乒政府政裝策單：當(dāng)政饒府命搏令實(shí)筍行歧為視性哀作法境或者功要求誤企業(yè)進(jìn)灘行銹歧視且時(shí)，治將會(huì)廁導(dǎo)致著歧視中性工勁資差剛別。The仁肆Deb葉at罰eO窄分ver彼C皇om芒pa護(hù)ra利bl綁eW套o(hù)愈rt負(fù)h關(guān)于同夏工越同酬常的爭互論Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Acc萌or妻di柔ng頭t漫ot車h言ed拘o不ct吊ri溪ne富o轎fco釘mpa勞r宵abl敏ew椅黨

ort街h,j伏ob拖sd辟e織em惹ed念c護(hù)o誦mpa摔r額abl生es站暫hou再ld答b煩ep租a膏i權(quán)dt畜he溉s曲am膊ew襲陽age螞.根據(jù)同薄工焰同酬膠學(xué)說肯，可淺以相偉比的膠工作應(yīng)忽該得賭到陸相同篩的工丹資。The姑夏Deb孝at系eO英男ver膠C溝om縱pa利ra奇bl蝦eW釣o枕rt肅h關(guān)于同選工載同酬僵的爭論榜Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Adv糖oc竟at隔es識(shí)o鋒fc榮衰om污par狗ab樹le間拳wor石th決劫wan濾t劈燕j貌obs慶t智ob扭e易r今at厚ed襪a強(qiáng)cc什o朽rdi雞ng羞t鐵oa地s崖e輔to并f將i借m右par捷ti糾al抬c館ri波te拖ri鞭as儲(chǔ)u禁ch扁a沈se熔堅(jiān)duc餓at常i光on,但e息xp菜er肺i胸enc箱e,性r胖es遣p漁on緣瑞sib延il腐it供y,躁累wor判ki煌ng吵c允o哈ndi牲ti撒on悉s,是屬and戴s段oo惰n和.同工同針酬嬌的支尤持者毫根據(jù)景一套棉客觀鹽的標(biāo)饒準(zhǔn)—良—教踏育、扇經(jīng)驗(yàn)、冠責(zé)擋任、貌工作游條件匪等等遼——充來評(píng)豬價(jià)工怎作。The竄推Deb樂at壘eO嘗說ver躍C古om罪pa黃ra箭bl總eW謀o援rt添h關(guān)于同賴工橡同酬漸的爭容論Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.Cri于ti端cs肆o漆fc挺露om濫par梯ab執(zhí)le工井wor期th彼a胞r魯gue布t暖ha跟ta踢c值婆om碑pet女it賞iv寺em幻玉a醒rk奴et稅i銀st秤h瘋eb屈e燥st標(biāo)m堪ec闊h墨ani弦sm飄f褲or膛s備et曉t輕ing千遺wag秘es償.同工同撈酬完的批裂評(píng)者燙認(rèn)為鬼，競(jìng)猛爭市晚場(chǎng)是絲式?jīng)Q定課工資的劑最墨好機(jī)澆制。Su戀mma徑ry節(jié)Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

Wor寬ke赴rs闊e某ar旬nd嗎i肯ff看er捎en們tw后a補(bǔ)ge刮sf吩o妥rm雹朗any球r挨e鳴aso壯ns蜘.u

Tos搖豆ome庸e外xt維en真t,望鏈wag榆ed諒i獨(dú)ff貿(mào)er場(chǎng)en陳ti宗al茫sc攤滾omp舍e捏nsa揪te北沙wor姑ke鏈rs盞f篩or緒j伏ob蠻a駐tt扔ri奪bu會(huì)te夸s.敏u

Wor功ke劍rs限w區(qū)it播hm胡o皂re擊果hu超man寇c開ap個(gè)it辣al忽g虎et貪壁pai語d烘mo襯re恭t綁h雨anw亂o惠rk竭er誰sw苗i場(chǎng)th鋸l零es獨(dú)sh下襲um哄anc塊億api憂ta糟l邊.小結(jié)Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

工人由之于排許多勝原因解而賺災(zāi)到不塑同的工周資。事u

在某種贏程畢度上素，工只資差衛(wèi)別是幟對(duì)工齊人工作校性鞋質(zhì)的移補(bǔ)償宗。u

人力資謹(jǐn)本賤多的泉工人陳得到隨的工舒資高于估人力真資像本少祖的工猛人。Su艦mma漢ry濕小結(jié)Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

The廚r完et捉ur首nt寧o槽a揀cc平u短mul抵at頂i奮ngh想恐um讓anc招重api夾ta挎li抹s腹h卻i叮gha意乒ndh甜唇

asi野n濫cr叨ea史se參do兩v醬er充t杯h(huán)e澆雞pas河td聽e早c旱ade股.累積的向人淋力資我本的慰收益眠是高運(yùn)的，閉而且既在過跪去的蝕十年里速一欲直在底增加。渡u

The告re康i基sm濟(jì)u財(cái)ch哪v內(nèi)ar功ia腥ti夠on習(xí)i碰ne矛a惜rn秀i紫ngs潤t翅ha皺tc關(guān)漫an農(nóng)not飄b肝ee膀湖xpl都a睬ine丈db孩y犧t華hi勉ng宰se矮c室o校nom盼is污ts月c叛a(bǔ)n串m毀ea榴su磁re乳.有許多杯收輩入差查別不笛能用峰經(jīng)濟(jì)彈學(xué)家液可以左衡量尺的事燈情來解催釋。陵Su胳mma票ry射Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and

derived

items

copyright

?

2001

by

Harcourt,

Inc.u

The甩攔une跑xp辦la羞in鏟ed宮女var喬ia凡ti錄on鳥i于ne獅a棉r(nóng)n洗i句ngs賀i搏sl抗a鉛rg田el北ya鎖招

ttr雕i騾but撐ab膽le憶t陣on賄a朵tu度ra劣la黎b盤il匹it探y(tǒng),寫e付ff域or背t,酒耀and窄c擊h鬼anc納e.狀u

Som匙ee刻c腔o問nom術(shù)is驚ts攔a題r這gue測(cè)t紡ha爪tm睡o桌re來-e召du目ca插te疏dw沸o座r謎ker男se校a脆rn鼻h林i駁ghe遷rw綿吸age桑sb推e可c闖aus獵ew簡o既rk芽er肚sw亡i恨th腰h濕i前ghn邪a蒸tu戴ra新la使b服il煩it邀yu預(yù)s輪ee撐年duc堅(jiān)at院i師ona話s己a蛙哀way肺t槳os鳴i喂g寶nal胞花

the剃ir神h恥i廢gha處b樓il怖it孔yt牲o扔e非mp怪lo植ye依rs侮.小結(jié)Harcourt,

Inc.

items

and