英語語法層次導論課件

Introduction—GrammaticalHierarchy導論—語法層次Introduction—GrammaticalHiera1GrammaticalHierarchyGrammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguagesisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorpheme.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents—themorpheme.GrammaticalHierarchy2Sentence

Clause

NPVPPrepP

DetNAuxAdvMVPrepDetN

Theseunder-graduate-sarerapid-lyimprovingintheirwrit-ing

30.1Morpheme(詞素）Themorphemeistheminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,alsothesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.Morphemesfallintotwocategories:freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.0.1Morpheme(詞素）Themorpheme41）Freemorphemes(自由詞素）本身具有完整意義并能作為“簡單詞”而單獨使用的詞素Examples:boygirldeskkindgivetake2)Boundmorphemes(粘附詞素）本身沒有完整意義，不能單獨使用，必須粘附在自由詞素或其他形式上才能表示出意義的詞素Examples:anti-warMarxist

unlucky

postwarmovement

co-existence英語語法層次導論課件50.2WordsThewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways:1)Classificationintermsofword-formation2)Classificationintermsofgrammatical

funtion0.2WordsThewordiscompose6

a)SimpleWord(簡單詞）

又叫“單詞素詞”（morphemeword),由單一自由詞素構成，多半是一些短小的詞，如：at,by,foot,take,make等

b)Derivative（派生詞）

由詞根加派生詞綴構成，同一詞根加不同詞綴可表示不同的意義或不同的詞性。如：

unfair,nonsmoker,misjudge,overeat,international,belittle等

c)Compound（合成詞）

通常由兩個或兩個以上自由詞素構成。如：deadline,handbook,driveway,toothpick,downfall等

back

a)SimpleWord(簡單詞）

7

ClosedClass(封閉詞類)

封閉詞類指所有的功能詞，包括:

介詞(Preposition),如：in,of,on,without代詞(Pronoun),如：you,he,one,which

限定詞(Determiner),如：a,the,this

連詞(Conjunction),如：and,or,but

助動詞(Auxiliary),如：do，can,may

b)OpenClass(開放詞類）

開放詞類指各種實義詞，包括：

名詞(Noun)，如：man,Paris,drama

形容詞(Adjective),如：old,big,cheap

副詞(Adverb),如：here,there,late

主動詞(MainVerb),如：work,give,makeClosedClass(封閉詞類)

封閉8此外還有基數(shù)詞(CardinalNumeral)，序數(shù)詞(OrdinalNumeral)，感嘆詞(Interjection)是介乎“封閉”與“開放”之間的詞類此外還有基數(shù)詞(CardinalNumeral)，序數(shù)詞903.PhrasesThephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.Thewordclassoftheheaddeterminerstheclassofthephraseandthewayinwhichthewordsareorganized.03.PhrasesThephraseiscompo101)ThenounphraseThenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner+)(premodifier+)noun(+postmodifier)e.g.allthecollegestudentshisnewbookonphonologythetallboysittinginthecornertheauthor’snewnovelthatwillsooncomeout1)Thenounphrase112)Theverbphrase

Theverbphraseisaphrasewithamainverbasitshead.Averbphrasecanbesimpleorcomplex.Asimpleverbphraseisjustamainverbor“modifier+mainverb”.Acomplexverbphraseisamainverbprecededbyanauxiliary(orauxiliaries)(+modifier).e.g.Shelookspale.Itisgettingdark.JohnwillcertainlyobjectandsowillMary.2)Theverbphrase123)Theadjectivephrase

Theadjectivephraseisaphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadjectivephraseis:(modifier+)adjective(+postmodifier/complementation)e.g.Theweatherisfinetoday.Thecourseisprettydifficult.You’renotcarefulenough.3)Theadjectivephrase134)TheadverbphraseTheadverbphraseisaphrasewithanadverbasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadverbphraseis:(modifier+)adverb(+postmodifier)e.g.Hespokeloudlyandclearly.Beaman.Donotactsoslowly.Shespokeveryclearlyindeed.

4)Theadverbphrase145)Theprepositionalphrase

Theprepositionalphraseisaphrasewithaprepositionasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofaprepositionalphraseis:(modifier+)preposition+complementatione.g.We’recollectingmoneyforthebenefitofsomeorphans.

Thestudentconsultedhisadviseraboutthetwocourses.5)Theprepositionalphrase150.4Clause

Theclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledgedclauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.0.4ClauseTheclauseiscomp161)Independentanddependentclauses

①Anindependentclauseisaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandactasacompleteutterance.e.g.Heknowseverythingaboutit.

Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.②Adependentclauseformsonlypartofanotherclauseorofaphrase.e.g.Idon’tthinkheknowseverythingaboutit.

Ifthathatdoesnotfit,tryanother.1)Independentanddependentc172)Simpleandcomplexclauses①Whenaclauseconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof“subject+predicate”,itisasimpleclause.e.g.Itisnottrue.Hesaidthatitwasnottrue.

②Whenaclausecomprisesanotherclauseorotherclausesasitselementorelements,itisacomplexclause.e.g.Whatyousaidisnottrue.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.2)Simpleandcomplexclauses183)MainandsubordinateclausesInacomplexclause,theclausethattakesanotherclauseasitselementisthemainclause,whiletheclausethatformspartofthemainclauseisasubordinateclause.Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.從句主句從句主句3)Mainandsubordinateclause194)Finiteandnon-finiteclauses①Afiniteclauseisonewithafiniteverbphraseasitspredicateverborpredicator.e.g.Hecomplainedthatwhathesaidwasnottrue.

②Anon-finiteclauseisaclausewithanon-finiteverbphraseasitspredicator.e.g.Isignedthepapertogetthelicense.Can’tyourecalltellingmethatstorylastweek?4)Finiteandnon-finiteclaus205)Verblessclauses

Whenaclauseismarkedbytheabsenceofanyformofverbelement.Itisaverblessclause.Averblessclauseisjustaconstructionof“subject+predicate”withoutanyformofverbelement.e.g.Hungryandexhausted,theclimbersreturned.

Christmasthenonlydaysaway,thefamilywaspentupwithexcitement.5)Verblessclauses210.5SentenceThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanperformacommunicativefunction.

0.5SentenceThesentenceis221)Fullandminorsentences①Afullsentenceisasentencewithane