2021-2022學(xué)年上海交大附中高二（上）期中英語試卷

2021-2022學(xué)年上海交大附中高二（上）期中英語試卷

GrammarandVocabularySectionAMultipleChoice（20'）Directions：Beneatheachof

thefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheone

answerthatbestcompletesthesentence,aboutourmeeting.

1.（1分）Kristenwassupposedtobeherebynoon.Sheaboutourmeeting.（）

A.wouldhaveforgotten

B.shouldhaveforgotten

C.couldn'thaveforgotten

D.musthaveforgotten

2.（1分）Whenitcomestodeath,VincentVanGoghbyothersinthathiswounddidn't

indicatesuicide,whileAlbertEinsteinlongerbutherefusedsurgery.（）

A.mayhavebeenkilled；shouldhavelived

B.shouldhavebeenkilled；shouldhavelived

C.mayhavebeenkilled；musthavelived

D.shouldhavebeenkilled：musthavelived

3.（1分）Ourcivilizationcannotbethoughtofasinashortperiodoftime.（）

A.creatingB.havingcreated

C?havingbeencreatedD.tobecreated

4.（1分）Anyacademicbreakthrough,,doesnotautomaticallyensurethatitcanbe

appliedtopractice.（）

A.sinceitmaybebrilliant

B.brilliantthoughitmaybe

C.howbrilliantitmaybe

D.ifitmaybebrilliant

5.（1分）Whenanewmovementinartcontributestoacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindout

whatitsadvocatesareaimingat,forunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,

itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.（）

A.whatB.howeverC.thoughD.which

6.（1分）Ascanbeseenbythelakeside,betweenthetwohillsatallmedievalcastle

magnificencefaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.()

A.lies；whoseB.lie；which

C.lies；ofwhichD.lie；uponwhich

7.(1分)ThedeterioratinglivingconditionsontheCarteretIslandsfinallyresultedin

wecalledtherelocationofalltheislanders,fromarosetheproblemoflosingtheir

traditionsandcelebrations.()

A.which；whatB.which；which

C.what；thatD.what；which

8.(1分)Inouronlinelibrary,severalmeansexistcanbeemployedtobrowsethrough

ourresources,suchas''delayedopen-accessn,journalsallowonlyVIPusersto

readapaperfbrthefirsttwoweeksbeforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishes

toseeit.()

A.that；whereB.what；which

C.which；whoseD.where；when

9.(1分)TheCarteretislandershadnotpreparedthemselveswellbothphysicallyand

psychologicallytheywererequiredtorelocatetoabiggerisland.Infact,itwasonly

twoweekstheannouncementoftherelocationproject.()

A.since；afterB.before；since

C.until；thatD.after；before

10.(1分)LeadingpoliticiansintheU.S.havesentletterstotheAmericanAcademyofArtsand

Sciencesurgingthatitactionsthatcouldbetakenbystateandlocalgovernments

anduniversitiesnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificeducation".

()

A.toidentify；maintaining

B.identifies；tomaintain

C.identify；tomaintain

D.willidentify；maintaining

11.(1分)Ifasharkattackisunavoidablewhileyouareinthewater,yourstrengthfor

fightingincasethesharkattacks.()

A.conserveB.deserveC.observeD.preserve

12.(1分)Beinganassistantdirectorcanbeajobinthatitgrantsyoutheopportunityto

notonlylearnhowtoshootamoviebutalsomeetsomeestablishedactorsandactresses

occasionally.()

A.reassuringB.rewardingC.refreshingD.renewing

13.(1分)SinceourcompanyisfullytotheEqualOpportunityPolicy,everyemployee

here-maleorfemale,freshmanorveteran-isandwillalwaysbetreatedequally.()

A.appliedB.committedC.addictedD.engaged

14.(1分)Byagreement,thefamousinfluencerpretendstobeacustomer,tastingfood

inthisrestaurantandpostinghercommentsonline,whiletherestaurantoffersherthefoodfor

freeandapossiblebonuslater.()

A.identicalB.widespreadC.contraryD.mutual

15.(1分)Theofthegroupthatwillbestudieddependsontheinterestsofthe

researcher：allhighschoolstudents,allcollegestudents,orhalfhighschoolstudentsandhalf

collegestudents.()

A.ingredientB.convention

C.compoundD.composition

SectionB(20')Directions：completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.

Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonlyonewordmorethanyouneed.

16.(10分)

A.humbleB.seasonC.tasteD.legendaryE.enterpriseF.unexplored

G.unattractive

H.unfoundedLshelterJ.adventuresK.comfbrts

AnExcerptfromTheWoodsWereTossingwithJewels

In1899whenIwasfiveyearsoldandlivinginPalmetto,Florida,myfatherdecidedto

takehisfamilythroughthewildsoftheEvergladesandhaveaclaimonanoffshoreisland.His

purposewastofarmthisislandbutbehindthiswashiswishtogiveusa(1)ofthe

wayhegrewup.HehadbeenacowboyintheMyakkaareawhenhewasfifteenyears

old.TheseranchlandsoverlappedthenorthendoftheEvergladesatatimewhenitwas

(2)

Hislifewasaseriesof(3).HehadlostafatherandabrotherintheCivil

War.Hisfather'scarriagehouseinCharleston,SouthCarolina,andhisnearbyplantationwere

inthelineofSherman'smarch.Hiswidowtookhereight-year-oldson,myfather,andfled

toQuincy,Florida.WhenPapafinishedschoolattheacademythere,hewenttoworkasa

cowboyonaranchinMyakkaforafriendofhisdeadfather's.Byagethirty,hewasacounty

sheriff,no(4)jobinthosedays,andhisterritorywaswideranging.Thecountyhe

servedwaslatersplitupintosixoreightcounties.

SouthFloridawas(5)tomanybecauseofthemosquitoes,panthers,

crocodiles,swamps,andwetlands.Butthesemarksofwildcountrycalledtomyfatherlikethe

(6)sirensong.

HestartedbuildingacoveredwagonaroundthefourthofJulyandwewentintothe

wildernesswithhiminthefall.WehadmadeourhomeinPalmettoforayearorsowheremy

mother'sgentlefolks,theHamsons,hadsettledfollowingtheCivilWar.Ourcomfortabletwo

-storyframehouseontheManateeRiverwassetaboutwithliveoaks,guavas,andlong-

leafedpinethatbranchedoutfromthefootofthetreeto(7)ourcowandprovidea

roostforthechickens.Mygrandfatherwasthetowndoctor.Hedoctoredtheentirecountyand

waspaidineggsandhamandvegetableswhentheywerein(8).Itwasanidylliclife,

andwelivedclosetoourfamilyandtothe(9)andsafetyasmalltowncould

afford.ButPapawasamanof(10)；herealizedthattheuntouchedTenThousand

Islandsoffthesouthwestcoastofthestatewererichinsoilforcropsandingameforfood.

17.(10分)

A.indivisibleB.resolveC.horizonsD.challengeE.secureF.willGsights

H.triumph

LsuspendedJ.pressK.struck

Inaugural(就職的)AddressbyPresidentJosephR.Biden,Jr.

THEPRESIDENT：ChiefJusticeRoberts,VicePresidentHarris,SpeakerPelosi,Leader

Schumer,LeaderMcConnell,VicePresidentPence,distinguishedguests,andmyfellow

Americans：

ThisisAmericansday.Thisisdemocracy'sday.Adayofhistoryandhope.Ofrenewaland

(1).Throughacrucible(磨煉)fortheagesAmericahasbeentestedanewand

Americahasrisentothe(2).

Today,wecelebratethe(3)notofacandidate,butofacause,thecauseof

democracy.The(4)ofthepeoplehasbeenheardandhasbeenheeded.Wehavelearned

againthatdemocracyisprecious.Democracyisfragile.Andatthishour,myfriends,democracy

hasprevailed.

Sonow,onthishallowedgroundwherejustdaysagoviolencesoughttoshakethis

Capitol'sveryfoundation,wecometogetherasonenation,underGod,(5)tocarry

outthepeacefultransferofpoweraswehaveformorethantwocenturies.Welookaheadinour

uniquelyAmericanway-restless,bold,optimistic-andsetour(6)onthe

nationweknowwecanbeandwemustbe.

Overthecenturiesthroughstormandstrife,inpeaceandinwar,wehavecomesofar.But

westillhavefartogo.Wewill(7)forwardwithspeedandurgency,fbrwehavemuch

todointhiswinterofperilandpossibility.Muchtorepair.Muchtorestore.Muchtoheal.Much

tobuild.Andmuchtogain.

Fewperiodsinournation'shistoryhavebeenmorechallengingordifficultthantheone

we'reinnow.Aonce-in-a-centuryvirussilently(8)thecountry.It*stakenasmany

livesinoneyearasAmericalostinallofWorldWarII.Millionsofjobshavebeen

lost.Hundredsofthousandsofbusinessesclosed.Acryforracialjusticesome400yearsinthe

makingmovesus.Thedreamofjusticeforallwillbe(9)nolonger.

Acryfbrsurvivalcomesfromtheplanetitself.Acrythatcan'tbeanymoredesperateor

anymoreclear.

Andnow,ariseinpoliticalextremism,whitesupremacy,domesticterrorismthatwemust

confrontandwewilldefeat.

Toovercomethesechallenges一torestorethesoulandto(10)thefutureof

America——requiresmorethanwords.ltrequiresthatmostelusiveofthingsinademocracy：

Unity.

ReadingComprehensionSectionACloze(15')Directions：Foreachblankinthefollowing

passagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedAyB,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththe

wordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

18.(15分)Thefirstsignsofdistresscamenotwithpanic,butpositivity,“Hopeyouallare

feelingsafeandatpeacesittingdownwithyourfamily,"oneinfluencerwrote,pairedwitha

selfie(1)heradorablechildreninpajamas.Thenewcoronavirusprovidedan

opportunitytoreflect,to(2),tousecodeRACHELfor30percentoffonhome

fitnessclasses.

Theinfluencerscarriedoninacasualdress,drinkingcoffee,modelingasenseof(3)

inthefaceofdisaster.

Privately,though,someinfluencershavewatchedwithagrowingsenseoffearasthe

worldcollapses,takingtheirearningpotentialwithit.Branddealshavedriedup；sponsored

postshavebeendelayed.Thegreatreckoning(算總賬)isunlikelytodestroytheinfluencer

industry—bynow,it'salreadytoobig—(4)thebusinessofinfluenceisgoingto

change,"Ifyouthinkaboutthewayaneconomicrecessionworks,somecompaniessurvive

andsomecompaniesdon't,"saysAngelaSeits,seniordirectoratthedigitalagencyPMG."I

thinkthatcouldbe(5)towhathappensintheinfluencerindustry.1'

Foryears,theinfluencereconomyhasoperatedin(6)times.Largemarketing

budgetsfundedclosetsfullofexpensiveclothesandpaidvacationstoexoticresorts.Withmore

Americanstakingcuesfromsocialmediaaboutwhereandwhattobuy,(7)had

startedtogoallin；asurveybyMediakix,aninfluencermarketingagency,foundthat17

percentofcompaniesspentoverhalftheirmarketingbudgetoninfluencersin2020Onereport

estimatedthatinfluencermarketingwouldgrowto$9.7billionin2021.

Ifsnotallmega-influencers,either.Micro-influencers,whohavetargetedfollowings

under100,000makeupthe(8)oftheindustry.Evenpeoplewithjustafewthousand

followerscanearnhundredsofdollarsforasinglesponsoredpost.Ifsnothardtoearnan

incomethisway.Eight-year-oldscandoit,providedsomeadult(9).

Asthenewcoronavirussendstheworlddashingtowardarecession,though,more

appealingaspectsoftheinfluencerlifestylehavecometoa(n)(10).Paidtripshave

noplaceamidlockdowns,nordostreet-stylephotoshootstomodel(11)

clothes.Andit'snotclearthatthoseopportunitieswillreappearinthefuture-(12),

notforeveryone."Thepandemicishavingamajorimpactontheoverallinfluenceindustry,

andit*lllikelyhavelastingeffects,°saysSeits.

Foronething,there*sjust(13)moneytogoaround.AsofMarch,themarket

researchfirmeMarketerfoundthataboutathirdofinfluencerswerealreadyseeingfewer

collaborations.Someofthosemayreturnastheeconomyrecovers,butotherbrandswillcut

tieswithinfluencerswhohaven'tshowntheycan(14)sales.Evenbeforethe

pandemic,"brandswerealreadystartingto(15)longer-termcooperationwith

influencersversusone-offpartnerships,“saysJasmineEnberg,asenioranalystat

eMarketer.Now,Enbergexpectsthattrendtoaccelerate.

(1)A.questioningB.discipliningC.featuring□.accessing

(2)A.reviewB.resistC.restD.reset

⑶A.easeB.humourC.belongingD.purpose

(4)A.sinceB.soC.ifD.but

(5)A.contraryB.identicalC.fatalD.subject

(6)A.cruelB.boomC.specialD.dark

(7)A.brandsB.disasterC.influencersD.constuners

(8)A.backboneB.supportC.declineD.miracle

(9)A.opponentsB.campaignC.supervisionD.criticism

(10)A.stopB.crisisC.conclusionD.agreement

(11)A.imaginedB.customizedC.regulatedD.sponsored

(12)A.inparticularB.atleastC.forexampleD.atmost

(13)A.adequateB.noC.moreD.less

(14)A.predictB.driveC.cutD.stabilize

(15)A.acceptB.overlookC.prioritizeD.fight

SectionB(30')Directions：Readthefollowingfour,passages.Eachpassageisfollowed

byseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgivenin

thepassageyouhavejustread

19.(8分)TheyweregoingtoFlorida-threeboysandthreegirls.Theyweredreamingof

goldenbeachesandseatidesasthegrey,coldspringofNewYorkvanishedbehindthem.Vingo

wasonthebusfromthebeginning.

AsthebuspassedthroughNewJersey,theybegantonoticethatVingonevermoved.He

satinfrontoftheyoungpeople,hisdustyfacemaskinghisage,dressedinaplainbrownsuit

thatdidnotfithim.Hesatincompletesilenceandseemedcompletelyunawareoftheexistence

oftheothers.

Deepintothenight,thebuspulledintoaHowardJohnson'srestaurantandeverybodygot

offthebusexceptVingo.Theyoungpeoplebegantowonderabouthim：perhapshewasasea

captain；maybehecouldbeanoldsoldiergoinghome.

InthemorningtheyawokeoutsideanotherHowardJohnson'sandthistimeVingowent

in.Agirlinvitedhimtojointhem.Heseemedveryshyandorderedblackcoffeeandsmoked

nervously,astheyoungpeoplechatteredaboutsleepingonbeaches-Whentheygotbackon

thebus,thegirlsatwithVingoagain.

"Areyoumarried?"

"Idon*tknow."

"Youdon'lknow?ushesaid.

"Well,whenIwasinjailIwrotetomywife.Isaid,'Martha,Iwasgoingtobeawayalong

time.Ifyoucouldn'tstandit,ifthekidskeptaskingquestions,youcouldjustforgetme.'Itold

hershedidn'thavetowritetomeoranything,andshedidn't.Notforthree-and-a-half

years.'1

"AndyouYegoinghomenow,notknowing?”

"Yeah.Well,lastweek,whenIwassuretheparole（有條件釋放）wascomingthrough

Iwroteheragain.Itoldherthatifshehadanewguy,Iunderstood.But,ifshedidn't,ifshe

wouldtakemebacksheshouldletmeknow.WeusedtoliveinBrunswick,andthere'sagreat

oaktreejustasyoucomeintotown.Itoldherifshewouldtakemeback,sheshouldtiea

yellowribbon（絲帶）tothetree,andIwouldgetoffandcomehome.Ifshedidn'twantme,

forgetit,noribbonandI'dunderstandandkeepgoingonthrough."

"Wow,"thegirlsaidnWow.M

Shetoldtheothers,andsoonallofthemwerecaughtupintheapproachof

Brunswick.Nowtheywere20milesfromBrunswick,andtheyoungpeopletookthewindow

seatsontherightside,waitingfortheapproachofthegreatoaktree.Vingostoppedlooking,

tighteninghisfaceintotheex-criminaPsmask,and.Thenitwas10miles,and

thenfive,andthebusbecameveryquiet.

Thensuddenlyalloftheyoungpeoplewereupoutoftheirseats,screamingandshouting

andcrying,doingsmalldances,shakingclenchedfistsintriumphandexaltation.Allexcept

Vingo.

Vingosattherestunned,lookingattheoaktreethroughhismistyeyes.Thetreewas

coveredwithyellowribbons,30ofthem,50ofthem,maybehundreds,atreethatstoodlike

aflagofwelcome,blowingandbillowinginthewind.Astheyoungpeopleshouted,theold

excriminalslowlyrosefromhisseat,holdinghimselftightly,andmadehiswaytothefrontof

thebustogohome.

(1)Inthebeginning,Vingowasstinginsilencewithoutinteractingwithothersmostprobably

because.

A.hewastooshyandnervoustoutteraword

B.hewaslostinthoughtanduncertainty

C.hedidnotwanttoruinthejoyfulatmosphereamongotherpassengers

D.hefeltinferiortoothersduetohiscriminalpast

(2)Whatcanwelearnaboutthesixpassengers?

A.TheyembarrassedVingobybreakinghissilence.

B.TheyhidtheirgreatconcernforVingo'spast.

C.TheyshowedtrustandsympathytowardsVingo.

D.TheyhopedVingocouldmakehisowndecisioninsteadofwaitingforhiswife'sresponse.

(3)Whichsentencewillfitbestintheblankinthethirdtolastparagraph?

A.preparinghimselfforstillanotherdisappointment.

B.wantingtogetawayfromtheotherpassengers1noise.

C.notreadytoacceptwhateverliesaheadforhim.

D.hopinghedidnotinformtheotherpassengersofhisstory.

(4)Whatdoesthehundredsofyellowribbonsintheendsymbolize?

A.ashowofrespectfromVingo'sfamily.

B.alastwarningfromVingo*swife.

C.aexpressionofsympathyfromVingo'swife.

D.adisplayofforgivenessfromVingo*swife.

20.(6分)

NationalUniversityofSingapore

AdmissionsforChineseHighSchoolStudents

RequirementApplicantswhohavecompletedtheApplicantswhowillbecompletingthe

highschoolfinalexaminationhighschoolfinalexaminationafter

applicationclosingdate

MinimumGaoKaoresultsSeniorMiddle2Semester2results

applyAgoodpassinGaoKaoandoneofAgoodpassinGaoKaobyJune2022

thefollowing：andoneofthefollowing：

(i)IELTS(i)IELTS

(ii)TOEFL(ii)TOEFL

(iii)Cl(iii)ClAdvanced/Cambridge

Advanced/CambridgeEnglish：English：Advanced

Advanced(iv)PTEAcademic

(iv)PTEAcademic

CourseQualifiedforallcoursesNotqualifiedforDentistry

Qualification/Law/Medicine/Nursing

Application28February2022

ClosingDate

?Notes

l.ForapplicantswhowouldbesittingfortheGaoKaoexaminationin2022,please

submityouractualresultswithin3calendardaysuponresultreleasetotheNUSOfficeof

Admissions.

2.ApplicationwillonlybeprocesseduponsubmissionofyourGaoKaoresultstogether

withanacceptableEnglishLanguagescorebytheapplicationclosingdate.Internetprint-out

ofyourGaoKaoresultscanbeacceptedprovisionally.Theprint-outmustclearlyreflectyour

fullname.

3.SeniorMiddle3studentswhoarenotsittingfbrGaoKaoasthegraduationexamination

shouldapplyunder'OtherHighSchoolQualifications',bypresentingACTwithWritingor

SAT,togetherwithSATSubjectTestsorAdvancedPlacementTestscoresandtheirlatesthigh

schoolresults.

EnglishLanguageRequirementforNUS

ThemediumofinstructionatNUSisEnglish.lbenableyoutobenefitfromanNUS

education,weexpectyoutohaveachievedaminimumlevelofEnglishproficiency.Forcertain

qualifications,youarealsorequiredtofurnishadditionalEnglishLanguagetestscores

applicantsmaypresentanyofthefollowingtofulfiltheEnglishLanguagerequirement：

TestMinimumAcceptableScore

ClAdvanced/CambridgeEnglish：Advanced180

EL119C6

IELTS$6.5overallwith$6.5inReadingand

Writingcomponents

MuET200(for2020examinationandbefore)240

(for2021examinationonwards)

PTEAcademic$62overallwith$62inReadingand

Writingcomponents

TOEFL$92-93forinternet-based/$580forpaper

-based

(1)WhichofthefourChinesehighschoolstudentsbelowwillbequalifiedtoapplyfor

NationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)in2022?

A.LiKuan：HighSchoolFinalExamination(Completed),GaokaoScorein2021(High),

TOEFLE(570forpaper-based),applyingforBiology.

B.JiYang：HighSchoolFinalExamination(Completed),GaokaoScorein2021(Low),

TPTEAcademic(65overall,with62inReadingand61inWriting),applyingforMedicine.

C.QianYu：SeniorMiddle2,Semester2Results,GaokaoScorebyJune,2022(High),

MUET(242,for2021examination),applyingforLaw.

D.WangXiao：SeniorMiddle2,Semester2Results,GaokaoScorebyJune,2022(High),

1ELTS(7overall,with6.5inReadingand7inWriting),applyingforEnglishlanguageand

literature.

(2)ZhangJiaoisaChinesehighschoolstudentwhowillsitforGaokaoin2022.Supposeher

examinationresultwillbereleasedinJune24th2022(Friday),whichwillbethelastdayshe

hastosubmitherresulttoNUS?

A.June27th,2022.

B.June28th,2022.

CJune29th,2022.

D.June30th,2022.

(3)IfahighschoolstudentfromChinadoesnotwanttositforGaoKaoasthegraduation

examinationbutstillwantstoapplyforNUS,he/shecanpresentallthefollowing

EXCEPT?

A.SAT,AdvancedPlacementTestscoresandthelatesthighschoolresults.

B.ACTwithWriting,SATandthelatesthighschoolresults.

C.ACTwithWriting,SATSubjectTestsandthelatesthighschoolresults.

D.SAT,SATSubjectTestsandthelatesthighschoolresults.

21.(8分)LongbeforetheEuropeansarrivedonEasterIslandin1722,thenativePolynesian

cultureknownasRapaNuishowedsignsofdemographic(人口數(shù)據(jù)上的)decline.However,

thecatalysthaslongbeendebatedinthescientificcommunity.Wasitenvironmental

degradationorcouldapoliticalrevolutionoranepidemicofdiseasebetoblame?

Anewstudybyagroupofinternationalresearchers,includingUCSantaBarbara'sOliver

Chadwick,offersadifferentexplanationandhelpstoclarifythechronologicalframework.The

investigatorsexpectedtofindthatchangescoincidedwiththearrivaloftheEuropeans,but

theirworkshowsinsteadthattheextinctionoftheRapaNuiculturebeganpriortothat.Their

findingsarepublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

"InthecurrentEasterIslanddebate,onesidesaystheRapaNuiseverelydamagedtheir

environmentandkilledthemselvesoff,"saidChadwick,aprofessorinUCSantaBarbara's

DepartmentofGeographyandtheEnvironmentalStudiesProgram.Theothersidesaysithad

nothingtodowithculturalbehavior,thatitwastheEuropeanswhobroughtdiseasethatkilled

theRapaNui.Ourresultsshowthatthereissomeofbothgoingon,buttheimportantpointis

thatweshowevidenceofsomecommunitiesbeingabandonedpriortoEuropeancontact.

ChadwickjoinedarchaeologistsChristopherStevensonofVirginiaCommonwealth

University,CedricPulestonofUCDavisandThegnLadefogedoftheUniversityofAuckland

inexaminingsixagriculturesitesusedbytheisland'sstatue-buildinginhabitants.Their

researchfocusedmainlyonthethreesitesforwhichtheyhadinformationonclimate,soil

chemistryandlandusetrendsasdeterminedbyananalysisofobsidianspearpoints.

Theteamusedflakesofobsidian,anaturalglass,asadatingtool.Measuringtheamount

ofwaterthathadpenetratedtheobsidian'ssurfaceallowedthemtocalculateapproximately

howlongithadbeenexposedandtodetermineitsage.

Thefirstsitetheresearchersanalyzedwasnearthenorthwestcoast.Lyingintherain

shadowofavolcano,ithadlowrainfallandrelativelyhighsoilnutrientavailability.Thesecond

studysite,ontheinteriorsideofthevolcanicmountain,experiencedhighrainfallbuthadalow

nutrientsupply；thethird,anothernear-coastalareinthenortheast,wascharacterizedby

intermediateamountsofrainfallandrelativelyhighsoilnutrients.

"Whenweevaluatethelengthoftimethatthelandwasusedbasedontheagedistribution

ofeachsite'sobsidianflakes,whichweusedasanindexofhumanhabitation,wefindthatthe

verydryareaandtheverywetareawereabandonedbeforeEuropeancontact."Chadwick

said,"Theareathath