別性角色定向?qū)F(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的影響

團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的性別角色定向效應(yīng)：

對(duì)美國(guó)一所聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)指標(biāo)的多變量分析TheEffectsOfGenderRoleOrientationOnTeamSchema:AMultivariateAnalysisOfIndicatorsInaU.S.FederalHealthCareOrganization

ROBERTF.SCHERERCollegeOFBusinessWrightStateUniversity萊特州立大學(xué)商學(xué)院JOSEPHA.PETRICKDepartmentofManagementWrightStateUniversity萊特州立大學(xué)管理系TheJournalofSocialPsychologyVol141No.1Feb,2001性別角色定向:是個(gè)人對(duì)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)期的接受或排斥,這種預(yù)期就是一定社會(huì)環(huán)境下對(duì)男性或女性行為的義務(wù)、責(zé)任和規(guī)則的假定。Genderroleorientationmaybeconceptualizedasanindividualsacceptanceorrejectionofthe“normativeexpectationsabouttheduties,responsibilities,andrulesforbehaviorinspecificsituationsthatmenandwomeninagivensocietyshouldassume”

一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)型性別角色定向的人較多的是對(duì)這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)期的接受，而非傳統(tǒng)型性別角色定向的人則更多的是對(duì)這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)期的排斥。圖式：是一種從原有經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展而來(lái)的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，用來(lái)組織新的信息和增進(jìn)共同的理解Aschemaisaknowledgestructuredevelopedfrompastexperiencethatorganizesnewinformationandfacilitatessharedunderstanding當(dāng)不同心理性別的成員進(jìn)入一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，其心理性別和團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式會(huì)指導(dǎo)他們作為團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的一些假設(shè)、預(yù)期和行為。性別圖式和自我圖式兩種理論,被用來(lái)解釋為什么有些人比其他人更愿意用生理和心理性別作為分類(lèi)、處理和評(píng)價(jià)信息的基礎(chǔ)。Twotheories—genderschematheoryandself-schematheory—havebeenproposedtoexplainwhysomepeoplearemorelikelytousebiologicalsexandpsychosocialgenderasthebasisforcategorizing,assimilating,orevaluatinginformation.根據(jù)心理性別圖式理論，具有性別圖式意味著自發(fā)地將原因和行為歸于與心理性別有關(guān)的范疇，而不考慮與性別無(wú)關(guān)的其他可行的范疇Accordingtogenderschematheory,beinggenderschemameansspontaneouslysortingattributesandbehaviorsintocategoriesrelatedtogender,despiteviablealternativecategoriesunrelatedtogender.根據(jù)自我圖式理論，一個(gè)在某一領(lǐng)域具有圖式的人能夠被認(rèn)為是在該領(lǐng)域?qū)儆凇皩?zhuān)家”型的人Accordingtoself-schematheory,apersonwhoisschematicinaparticularareacanbethoughtofasan“expert”withinthatdomain.兩種理論最大的不同在于，自我圖式理論認(rèn)為個(gè)體只有在與自我相關(guān)的特定狀態(tài)時(shí)才會(huì)具有性別圖式。Thebiggestdistinctionbetweenself-schematheoristsandgenderschematheoristsisthattheformerarguethatindividualsaregenderschematiconlyinmorespecificallyself-relatedways.以往對(duì)個(gè)人在使用心理或生理性別因素作為參考和評(píng)價(jià)的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)的不同趨勢(shì)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)調(diào)查，幾乎一直都集中在性別圖式如何指導(dǎo)信息處理上。Empiricalinvestigatorsofindividualdifferencesinthetendencytousepsychosocialgenderorbiologicalsexasacognitiveframeofreferenceandevaluationhavefocusednearlyexclusivelyonhowgenderschemadirectsinformationprocessing.然而本研究的所關(guān)注的是，根植于性別圖式或自我圖式理論上的性別角色定向?qū)F(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的影響。Ofinterestinthepresentstudy,however,istherelationofgenderroleorientation,groundedineithergenderorself-schemas,toteamschemas.團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式，可以定義為從原有團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展而來(lái)的各種知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)，用來(lái)組織新的信息和增進(jìn)對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)相關(guān)現(xiàn)象的理解。Teamschemascanbedefinedasknowledgestructuresdevelopedfrompastteamexperiencesthatorganizenewinformationandfacilitateunderstandingofteam-relatedphenomena.以前的研究者提出的一些研究結(jié)論：

Theforegoingresearchersproducedconsistentresults:團(tuán)隊(duì)成員在考慮各種團(tuán)隊(duì)現(xiàn)象過(guò)程中發(fā)展起相似的團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式。Teammembersdevelopedsimilarteamschemasovertimeregardingvariousteam-relatedphenomena.團(tuán)隊(duì)的全面有效性與成員相似的團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式有關(guān)。Similarteamschemasamongteammemberswererelatedtooverallteameffectiveness.團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式首先從原有的團(tuán)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展而來(lái)。Teamschemasweredevelopedprimarilyfrompastteamexperience.與團(tuán)隊(duì)有效和無(wú)效相關(guān)的一個(gè)重要變量是團(tuán)隊(duì)的心理性別構(gòu)成。Oneimportantvariableassociatedwithteameffectivenessandineffectivenessisteamgendercomposition.心理性別構(gòu)成對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)作用影響的研究結(jié)論各不相同。Theresultsofresearchontheimpactofgendercompositiononteamfunctioninghavebeenmixed.關(guān)于成員之間的凝聚力，凝聚的程度趨向取決于團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的心理性別構(gòu)成。Withregardtointerpersonalcohesion,cohesionlevelstendtovarydependingontheteamsgendercomposition.該研究的理論基礎(chǔ)是明顯的。Therationaleforthepresentstudyisevident.各種不同心理性別角色定向的團(tuán)隊(duì)成員，在理解和評(píng)價(jià)團(tuán)隊(duì)工作過(guò)程中會(huì)有很大不同。Mixed-genderteammemberswithvariedgenderroleorientationsmayunderstandandevaluatetheprocessofteamworkverydifferently.以前的研究者只研究了心理性別角色定向?qū)π〗M變量的影響，而沒(méi)有特別注意性別角色如何影響團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式。Whereaspreviousinvestigatorshaveidentifiedtheeffectsofgenderroleorientationongroupvariables,theyhavenotfocusedspecificallyonhowgenderrolemayeffectteamschemas.我們提出以下問(wèn)題作為本研究的開(kāi)始：Weposedthefollowingresearchquestiontoguidethestudy:研究的問(wèn)題：心理性別角色定向影響團(tuán)隊(duì)成員對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的評(píng)價(jià)嗎？Researchquestion:Doesgenderroleorientationaffectteammembersevaluationsofteamschemas?方法Method1參與者該研究的參與者是位于美國(guó)中西部城市的一所大型聯(lián)邦衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)的649名職員。Teammembersparticipatinginpresentstudywere649employeesofalargefederallyoperatedcarefacilityinamid-westernmetropolitanareaoftheUnitedStates.團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式測(cè)試我們從2000組織調(diào)查的項(xiàng)目中建立團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的指標(biāo)體系。WeconstructedteamschemaindicatorsfromitemsincludedintheSurveyofOrganizations—2000.（SOO-2000)方法Method2在該研究中，我們用了5個(gè)因素作為測(cè)量團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的指標(biāo)：影響和控制，組織功能，團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)，同事工作的協(xié)作和沖突的解決。Forthepresentinvestigation,weusedfiveindicesasteamschemaindicators:influenceandcontrol,groupfunctioning,teambuilding,peerworkfacilitation,andconflictresolution.幾項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的可靠性系數(shù)依次從0.65到0.91,其中四項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的系數(shù)達(dá)到或超過(guò)0.82。Coefficientsrangedfrom.65forinfluenceandcontrolto.91forgroupfunctioning,withfourofthefivereliabilitiesbeing.82orgreater.方法Method3分組測(cè)量GroupingMeasure為了對(duì)參與者按心理性別角色進(jìn)行分組，我們使用了男性與女性間關(guān)系的調(diào)查問(wèn)卷表。Togroupparticipantsintogenderrolegroups,weusedtheMale-FemaleRelationsQuestionnaire.采用利克特式的量表設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷，得分較高的人意味著更傾向于非傳統(tǒng)型的心理性別角色定向。ALikert-typescaleisusedforresponses.Ahighscoreindicatesamorenontraditionalgenderroleorientation.方法Method4分析過(guò)程Analyticapproach我們選擇了方差的多變量分析作為基本的分析工具，該工具通過(guò)在變量之間建立線性關(guān)系，能同時(shí)分析一系列輸出變量，最大限度地比較不同組別之間的差異。Weselectedmultivariateanalysisofvariance(MANOVA)astheprimaryanalytictechnique.MANOVAisabletosimultaneouslyanalyzeasetofoutcomevariablesbyconstructingalinearcombinationofthosevariablestomaximizebetween-groupdifference.方法Method5為了測(cè)定組別之間程度和方向的不同對(duì)個(gè)人團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)的影響，我們分別對(duì)5個(gè)變量進(jìn)行了方差的單變量分析。Todeterminewheregroupdifferencesinmagnitudeanddirectionwereontheindividualteamschemaindicators,weconductedunivariateanalysisofvariance(ANOVA)oneachofthefivevariables.結(jié)論Results1我們對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了基礎(chǔ)分析，相互之間全是正相關(guān)，相關(guān)程度在0.21到0.82之間。Weconductedapreliminaryanalysistodeterminethedegreeofassociationbetweenpairsofteamschemaindicators.Correlationswereallpositiveandrangedinmagnitudefrom.21to.82.在分析實(shí)質(zhì)的研究問(wèn)題之前，我們進(jìn)行了兩項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)的分析測(cè)試，團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)變量的同質(zhì)性測(cè)試結(jié)果是不顯著的，Bartlett的范圍測(cè)試結(jié)果是顯著的。Beforeinvestigationofthesubstantiveresearchquestion,weperformedtwopreliminaryanalytictests.Testsforhomogeneityofvarianceoneachteamschemaindicatorwerenonsignificant.Bartlettstestofsphericitywassignificiant.結(jié)論Results2通過(guò)多項(xiàng)MANOVA測(cè)試，性別角色定向?qū)ο盗袌F(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)具有顯著影響。GenderroleorientationhadasignificianteffectonthecompositesetofteamschemaindictatorsasshownbytheomnibusMANOVAtest.對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)結(jié)構(gòu)的分析揭示出兩個(gè)顯著不同的因子：我們稱(chēng)第一個(gè)因子為“解決困難”，第二個(gè)因子為“組織凝聚力”Areviewofthestructureofthesetofindicatorsrevealedtwosignificantanddistinctunderlyingdimensions.Welabeledthefirstdimension“problemsolving”.Welabeledtheseconddimension“groupcohension”.

結(jié)論Results3在解決困難因子方面，非傳統(tǒng)型和傳統(tǒng)型的女性組與兩個(gè)男性組都有很大的不同，男性組有較高的綜合得分，其中非傳統(tǒng)型的男性組得分最高，而非傳統(tǒng)型的女性組得分最低。Ontheproblem-solvingdimension,bothnontraditionalandtraditionalwomendifferedsignificantlyfrombothmalegroups.Themalegroupshadhighercompositeproblem-solvingscores,withthenontraditionalmenexhibitingthehighestandthenontraditionalwomenthelowest.結(jié)論Results4在組織凝聚力因子方面，傳統(tǒng)型的組與非傳統(tǒng)型的組之間差距明顯，傳統(tǒng)型的女性組得分最低，非傳統(tǒng)型的男性組和女性組比他們的對(duì)應(yīng)組顯示出更強(qiáng)的組織凝聚力。Onthegroup-cohesiondimensionbothtraditionalgroupsweresignificantlydifferentfromthenontraditionalgroups.Thetraditionalwomenhadthelowestcompositescoresonthisdimension.thenontraditionalmenandwomenperceivedgreatergroupcohesionamongteammembersthandidtheirtraditionalcounteroarts.結(jié)論Results5我們最后進(jìn)行了單變量分析，測(cè)量對(duì)個(gè)人團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式指標(biāo)在程度和方向上的影響。Weconductedafinalanalysis,atthevuivariatelevel,todeterminemagnitudeanddirectiondifferenceoneachoftheindividualteamschemaindicators.結(jié)果是：非傳統(tǒng)型的組比傳統(tǒng)型的組顯示出更強(qiáng)的影響和控制力。傳統(tǒng)型的女性組在沖突解決和組織功能方面的得分最低。非傳統(tǒng)型的女性組在團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)方面的平均得分最高。傳統(tǒng)型的男性組在工作協(xié)作方面的平均得分最低。分析討論Discussion1結(jié)果顯示，在多變量分析和單變量分析之間有很大的不同。Resultsshowedthatthereweredifferencesatboththemulti-anduni-variatelevels.在進(jìn)一步討論和解釋這些結(jié)果之前，對(duì)本研究有限性的幾點(diǎn)說(shuō)明。Severalcaveatsaboutlimitationsofthisstudyrequirementionbeforediscussionandinterpretationofthisresults.本研究的三個(gè)有限性：只選取了5個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)圖式的指標(biāo)；參與者只來(lái)自于美國(guó)衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)；研究沒(méi)有考慮變量之間的偶然性關(guān)系。分析討論Discussion2研究結(jié)果表明，非傳統(tǒng)型性別角色定向的男性和女性會(huì)采取積極有效的行動(dòng)幫助工作團(tuán)隊(duì)達(dá)成目標(biāo)。Theresultssuggestthatthenontraditionalmenandwomenwereabletousebothinstrumentalandexpressivebehaviorstoassisttheworkteaminmeetingitsobjectives.非傳統(tǒng)型性別角色定向會(huì)一定程度使團(tuán)隊(duì)成員把個(gè)人興趣置于團(tuán)隊(duì)利益之下。Thenontraditionalrolesappeartoprovidework-groupmemberswiththeabilitytosubordinatepersonalinterests,tosomeextent,forthewell