化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯

化學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯JennywascompiledinJanuary2021普通化學(xué)術(shù)語中英文對照表物質(zhì)的量amountofsubStance原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron(abbr.e)離子ion[an]陽離子cation?陰離子anion?分子molecular[mlekjl]單質(zhì)element化合物compound純凈物PUresUbstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相對原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相對分子質(zhì)量relatiVemolecUlarmaSS(abbr.Mr)阿伏加德羅常數(shù)AVogadroconStant(abbr.NA)摩爾mole摩爾質(zhì)量molarmass實(shí)驗(yàn)式/最簡式/經(jīng)驗(yàn)式empirical?formula氣體摩爾體積molar?volume阿伏加德羅定律AVOgadro'sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve濃度concentration質(zhì)量/體積分?jǐn)?shù)mass/volumeconcentration濃縮concentrate稀釋dilute蒸餾distillation萃取extraction化學(xué)反應(yīng)方程式chemicalequation反應(yīng)物reactant生成物product化學(xué)式量relativeformulamass固體solid液體liquid歧化反應(yīng)氣體gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化學(xué)計量學(xué)stoichiometry酸acid堿base/alkali(referstosolublebases)鹽salt酸式鹽acidsalt離子方程式ionicequation結(jié)晶水WaterofCryStaniSation水合的hydrated無水的anhydrous滴定titration指示劑indicator氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber氧化還原反應(yīng)redoxreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreactiondisproportionationreaction歸中反應(yīng)COmproportionation(symproportionation)reaction氧化劑oxidisingagent還原劑reducingagent電子層(殼)(electron)shell?電離能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等電離能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)電子親和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效應(yīng)還原反應(yīng)reductionreactionelectronicshielding(screening)原子軌道atomiCorbital巨型離子結(jié)構(gòu)giantionicstructure電子云electroncloud電子亞層SUb-Shell能層layer能級energylevel電子排布electronconfiguration電子云重疊shell?overlap洪特規(guī)則Hund's?rule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基態(tài)ground?State激發(fā)態(tài)excited?State躍遷transition手性Chirality[kai-]化學(xué)鍵chemicalbond鍵長bondlength鍵級bond?order鍵角bondangle鍵能bond?enthalpies離子鍵ionicbond供體donor受體acceptor靜電吸弓Ielectrostatic?attraction共價鍵covalent[k'velnt]bond巨型共價結(jié)構(gòu)giantcovalentstructure共用電子對sharedpair/bondingpair孤對電子lonepair/non-bondingpair。鍵?！猙ond?∏鍵∏—bond?δ鍵δ-bond?極性共價鍵polarbond非極性共價鍵non-polarbond配位鍵dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinate?bond電負(fù)性electronegativity極性polarity偶極子dipole分子間作用力intermolecularforces氫鍵hydrogenbond范德華力VanderWaal'sforce色散力dispersion?force誘導(dǎo)力induction?force取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金屬鍵metalliCbond離域delocalisation[di:,luklai'zein]延展性malleability[,ml'blti]可鍛性ductility[dk'tlt]導(dǎo)電性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序數(shù)proton?number同位素isotope[astp]核素nuclide['njuklad]同量異位素isobar['as()bɑ]金屬metal非金屬nonmetal堿金屬alkalimetal堿土金屬alkalineearthmetal鹵素halogen稀有氣體noblegas元素周期律periodic?trends活潑active穩(wěn)定noble分解反應(yīng)decompositionreaction化合反應(yīng)COmbination(synthesis)reaction取代反應(yīng)displacement?reaction復(fù)分解反應(yīng)saltmetathesis[mtθsis]reaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀PreCiPitation[pr,sp'te()n]官能團(tuán)functionalgroup碳?xì)浠衔?烴hydrocarbon?飽和烴Saturatedhydrocarbon不飽和烴Unsaturated?hydrocarbon脂肪烴aliphatic[,l'ftk]hydrocarbon脂環(huán)烴alicyclic['saklk;]hrdrocarbon?同系物homologous[h'mlgs]series?異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象isomerism['aismrizm]同分異構(gòu)體isomeride[ai'smraid]同素異形體allotropy/allotropism?分子式molecularformula通式generalformula結(jié)構(gòu)式displayedformula結(jié)構(gòu)簡式StrUctUralformUla鍵線式Skeletal?formula均裂homolytic?fission異裂heterOlyticfiSSion親核試劑nucleophile['njuklifail]親電子試劑electrophile?力口成反應(yīng)additionreaction力口水加成hydrationreaction力成聚合反應(yīng)addition?PolymeriSation聚合物polymer鏈節(jié)repeat?Unit縮合聚合反應(yīng)condenSation?reaction縮聚物condenSationpolymer取代反應(yīng)SUbStitUtion?reaction脫水dehydration水解hydrolySiS?鹵代反應(yīng)halogenation?reaction酯化反應(yīng)eSterification?reaction親核取代nUcleophilic?SUbStitUtion消去反應(yīng)elimination?reaction裂化反應(yīng)cracking(reaction)石油分餾fractional?diStillation燃燒combUStion發(fā)酵fermentation氟氯烴chloroflUorocarbonS產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子利用率atom?economy紅外光譜學(xué)infrared?SPectroScoPy單體monomer質(zhì)譜分析maSSSpectroScopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux反應(yīng)機(jī)理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy熱力學(xué)thermOdynamiC[θ:mudai-]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'θlpi]焓變enthalPyChange(abbr.ΔH)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)焓StandardenthalpyChange(abbr.ΔH)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)反應(yīng)焓StandardenthalpyChange(abbr.ΔHr?)燃燒熱heatofcombustion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)燃燒焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.ΔHc?)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.ΔHf?)放熱反應(yīng)exothermic[eksu-]reaction吸熱反應(yīng)endothermic?reaction?熱化學(xué)方程式thermoChemiCal[O:mu-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容Specificheatcapacity鍵焓bondenthalpy平均鍵焓averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hess'law有效碰撞理論ConiSion?theory反應(yīng)速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反應(yīng)動力學(xué)reactionkinetics催化劑catalyst催化作用CatalySiS酶enzyme['enzaim]波爾茲曼分布律溶解度solubilitytheBoltzmanndistribution化學(xué)平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi-]可逆反應(yīng)reversiblereaCtion動態(tài)平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常數(shù)chemicalequilibriumconstant濃度冪Concentration?PoWer平衡移動shift?ofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.ΔG)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrhenius[ri:nis]Equation自發(fā)反應(yīng)SpontaneoUs[spnteinis]reaCtion熵entropy(abbr.ΔS)溫室效應(yīng)greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption離子反應(yīng)ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離平衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionisationconstant離子積ion-product?ConStant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolution?equilibrium[ds'lu()n]ekw溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galvanic(voltaic)cell[gl'vnk]鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極/陽極anode?負(fù)極/陰極cathode綠色化學(xué)greenchemistry標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池drycell一次電池Primarycen(battery)二次電池/蓄電池Secondarycen/storagebattery充電charge?放電discharge燃料電池fuel?cell電解electrolysis電解池/電解槽electrolyticcell電鍍galvanisation],glvnai'zein]電偶腐蝕/電化腐蝕galvaniccorrosion分子空間構(gòu)型moleculargeometries雜化hybrid軌道orbital晶格lattice晶體crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆積作用Sedimentation[,sedmn'ten]常見元素氫hydrogen(abbr.H)['haidrdn]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi:lim]鋰Iithium(abbr.Li)['liθim]硼boron(abbr.B)['b:rn]碳carbon(abbr.C)['ka:bn]氮nitrogen(abbr.N)['naitrdn]氧oxygen(abbr.O)['ksidn]氟fluorine(abbr.F)['fluri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni:n]鈉Sodium(abbr.Na)['sudim]鎂magnesium(abbr.Mg)專鋁aluminum(abbr.Al)[,lminim]硅SiIicon(abbr.Si)['silikn]磷PhoSphoruS(abbr.P)['fsfrs]硫SuIfur(abbr.S)['slf]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kl:ri:n]氬argon(abbr.Ar)['ɑ:gn]車用PotaSSium(abbr.K)[ptsim]鈣calcium(abbr.Ca)[klsim]鈦titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai'teinim]鉻chromium(abbr.Cr)['krumjm]錳manganese(abbr.Mn)[mgni:z]鐵iron(abbr.Fe)[′an]鈷Cobalt(abbr.Co)[ku'b:lt]鎳nickel(abbr.Ni)['nikl]銅Copper(abbr.Cu)['kp]鋅zinc(abbr.Zn)[zik]砷arsenic(abbr.As)['ɑ:snik]溴bromine(abbr.Br)['brumi:n]車艮SilVer(abbr.Ag)['silv]錫tin(abbr.Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr.I)氙xenon(abbr.Xe)['zenn]鋇barium(abbr.Ba)['berim]鎢tungsten(abbr.W)[tstn]鉑platinum(abbr.Pt)['pltinm]金gold(abbr.Au)[guld]汞mercury(abbr.Hg)['m:kjuri]鉛lead(abbr.Pb)[led]常見單質(zhì)氫氣、氮?dú)?、氧氣、氟氣、氯氣、液溴、固態(tài)碘的名稱同元素名稱金剛石diamond['daimnd]石墨graphite['grfait]臭氧ozone['uzun]紅磷redphosphorus白磷Whitephosphorus常見根離子(Common?radicals)氫化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate['bret]碳化的Carbide['ka:baid]碳酸CarboniC[kɑ'bnk](acid)adj.Carbonate?碳酸氫根biCarbonate/hydrogenCarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]疊氮化的azide['zaid]硝酸nitriC(aCid)adj.nitrate亞硝酸nitrous?['natrs](aCid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide['ksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai-']三氧化的trioxide?[tra'ksad]過氧根PeroXy(radical)adj.peroXide[p'ksaid]超氧化的SuperoXide[sjup'ksaid]氫氧根hydroxyl[hai'drksil](radical)adj.hydroXide?水合氫離子hydronium氟化的fluoride?偏鋁酸meta-aluminic[met'ljuminik](acid)adj.meta-aluminate?['ljumnet]四羥基合鋁酸hydroXyl-aluminic[hai'drksil-'](acid)硅酸Silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silic磷酸phoSphoric(acid)adj.phoSphate磷酸二氫根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氫根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide?硫氫根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸SulphUric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氫根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亞硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亞硫酸氫根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosUlphate[θaiu-']焦硫酸根persulphate[p:-']氯化的chloride['klraid]氫氯酸/鹽酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸ateperchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸Chloric(acid)adj.chloratesodium?hydride亞氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氫溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亞溴酸、次溴酸名稱參見氯碘化的iodide['aidaid]氫碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亞碘酸、次碘酸名稱參見氯鹵化的halide銨木艮ammonium[munim]高錳酸根permanganate?錳酸根manganate?氰根cyanide['sainaid]硫氰根thiocyanate[θaiusaineit]鉻酸根chromate重鉻酸根dichromate常見無機(jī)化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氨ammonia/azane[-]硅烷Silane[si-]磷化氫phosphine?硫化氫hydrogensulphide氮化鎂magnesiumnitride四氧化三鐵iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氫hydrogenchloride氯化亞鐵iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化鐵iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亞錫tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羥基合鋁酸鈉sodiumaluminate磷酸二氫鈉monosodiumphosphate磷酸氫二鈉disodiumphosphate氯化銨ammoniumchloride硫氫化鈉/硫氫酸鈉氫化鈉sodiumhydrosulphide系統(tǒng)命名法(ChemicalnomenclatUre) 壬non-一mono- 癸dec-十一undec-二di-十二dodec-三tri-四tetra- 十三tridec-五penta-十四tetradec-六hexa-十五pentadec-七h(yuǎn)epta-十六hexadec-八octa-十七h(yuǎn)eptadec-九nona-十八octadec-十deca-十九nonadec-烷烴alkane(preffiXalkyl-,suffix-二十eicosane)三十triacont-甲meth-四十tetracont-乙eth-五十prntacont-丙prop-正構(gòu)型normal-(n-)Tbut-異構(gòu)型iso-(i-)戊pent-新構(gòu)型neo-(n-)己hex-聚poly-庚hept-辛oct-烷基alkyl甲基me基yl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基Propyl(abbr.Pr)環(huán)烷烴cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烴alkene(preffiXalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烴allene(suffiχ-adiene)環(huán)烯烴cycloalkene(preffiXcyclo-,suffiX-ene)炔烴alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffiX-yne)順式異構(gòu)preffiXcis-(Z-)反式異構(gòu)preffiXtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffiXphenyl-,suffiX-benzene)芐基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffiX-ol)帶鹵素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylic[ka:bk'silik](acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,sUffiX-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffiX-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffiXsulpho-,suffiX-sulphonicacid)睛nitrile(preffiXcyano-,suffiX-nitrile)酚Phenol/carbolicacid常見有機(jī)化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞Phenolphthalein(abbr.[fin?lf'Oeili:n]石蕊litmus?溴酚藍(lán)bromophenoblue百里酚藍(lán)thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龍膽紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform異戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龍poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴綸orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoateHln/phph)甲酸/蟻酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid軟脂酸/棕櫚酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸鈉sodiumstearate檸檬酸CitriCaCid檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸鈉sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脫氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脫氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麥芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸SUlphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)睛