專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 劉亞平 專業(yè)英語(yǔ)（第七周）ower and administra

PowerandAdministrationNortonE.Long精選pptThelifebloodofadministrationispower.Itsattainment,maintenance,increase,dissipation,andlossaresubjectsthepractitionerandstudentcanillaffordtoneglect.Powerisonlyoneoftheconsiderationsthatmustbeweighedinadministration,butallofitisthemostoverlookedintheoryandthemostdangeroustooverlookinpractice.精選pptThepowerresourcesofanadministratororanagencyarenotdisclosedbyalegalsearchoftitlesandcourtdecisionsorbyexaminingappropriationsorbudgetaryallotments.Administrativerationalityrequiresacriticalevaluationofthewholerangeofcomplexandshiftingforcesonwhosesupport,acquiescence,ortemporaryimpotencethepowertoactdepends.Thebudgetingofpowerisabasicsubjectmatterofarealisticscienceofadministration.精選pptItmaybeurgedthatforallbutthetophierarchyoftheadministrativestructurethequestionofpowerisirrelevant.Poweradequatetothefunctiontobeperformedflowsdownthechainofcommand.精選pptPowerisnotconcentratedbythestructureofgovernmentorpoliticsintothehandsofaleadershipwithacapacitytobudgetitamongadiversesetofadministrativeactivities.ApictureofthePresidencyasareservoirofauthorityfromwiththelowerechelonsofadministrationdrawlifeandvigorisanidealizeddistortionofreality.精選pptTodenythatpowerisderivedexclusivelyformsuperiorsinthehierarchyistoassertthatsubordinatesstandinafeudalrelationinwhichtoadegreetheyfendforthemselvesandacquiresupportpeculiarlytheirown.Astructureofinterestsfriendlyorhostile,vagueandgeneralorcompactandwell-defined,encloseseachsignificantcenterofadministrativediscretion.Thisstructureisanimportantdeterminantofthescopeofpossibleaction.精選pptItisclearthattheAmericansystemofpoliticsdoesnotgenerateenoughpoweratanyfocalpointofleadershiptoprovidetheconditionsforanevenpartiallysuccessfuldivorceofpoliticsfromadministration.Subordinatescannotdependontheformalchainofcommandtodeliverenoughpoliticalpowertopermitthemtodotheirjobs.Accordinglytheymustsupplementtheresourcesavailablethroughthehierarchy.精選pptSummarizeI?精選pptIIThetheoryofadministrationhasneglectedtheproblemofthesourcesandadequacyofpower,inallprobabilitybecauseofadistasteforthedisorderlinessofAmericanpoliticallifeandabeliefthatthisdisorderlinessistransitory.themajoritypartywithamandateatthepollsandafirmlyseatedleadershipintheCabinetseemstosolveadequatelytheproblemofthesupplyofpowernecessarytopermitadministrationtoconcentrateonthefulfillmentofacceptedobjectives.精選pptTheelectionover,itspoliticalmeaningmustbeexploredbythediverseleadersintheexecutiveandlegislativebranches.Sincethepartieshavefailedtodiscussissues,mobilizemajoritiesintheirterms,andcreateaworkingpoliticalconsensusonmeasurestobecarriedout,thetaskisleftforothers–mostprominentlytheagenciesconcerned.Theagenciestowhichtasksareassignedmustdevotethemselvestothecreationofanadequateconsensustopermitadministration.themandatethatthepartiesdonotsupplymustbeattainedthroughpublicrelationsandthemobilizationofgroupsupport.精選pptTheweaknessinpartystructurebothpermitsandmakesnecessarythepresentdimensionsofthepoliticalactivitiesoftheadministrativebranch–permitsbecauseitfailstoprotectadministrationfrompressuresandfailstoprovideadequatedirectionandsupport,makesnecessarybecauseitfailstodevelopaconsensusonaleadershipandaprogramthatmakespossibleadministrationonthebasisofaccepteddecisionalpremises.精選pptAgenciesandbureausmoreorlessperforceareinthebusinessofbuilding,maintaining,andincreasingtheirpoliticalsupport.Theyleadandinlargepartareleadbythediversegroupswhoseinfluencesustainsthem.精選pptVictoryatthepollsdoesnotyieldeitheraclear-cutgrantofpoweroraunifiedmajoritysupportforacoherentprogram.Integrationoftheadministrativestructurethroughanover-allpurposeintermsofwhichtasksandprioritiescanbeestablishedisanemergencyphenomenon.InordinarytimesthemanifoldpressuresofourpluralisticsocietyworkthemselvesoutinaccordancewiththebalanceofforcesprevailinginCongressandtheagencies.精選pptSingleheadednessintheexecutivegivesnoassuranceofsinglenessofpurpose.Itonlyinsuresthatthesignificantpressuresinasocietywillbebroughttobearononeoffice.Muchofadministrativethought,whenitdoesnotassumethevalueofcoordinationforcoordination’ssake,operatesontheassumptionthattheremustbesomethingakintoRosseau’svolontegenerale(公共意志)in