英美文學(xué)PPT課件8.-Ernest-Hemingway

ErnestHemingwayand

AFarewelltoArmsName:Birth:Death:Nationality:Career:Rememberedas:ErnestHemingway

American1899

1961

oneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury

novelistandshort-storywriter

HemingwaywasbornJuly21,1899inOakPark,IllinoisHewasthesecondofsixchildrenandhadfoursistersandonebrotherHisfatherwasadoctorandalsoanavidhunterandoutdoorsmanInHighSchool,HemingwayplayedfootballandlearnedtowrestleDuringthistimehealsoincurredpermanenteyedamage.ThiscausedhimtoberejectedbytheArmyduringWWIHemingwaywasalsotheeditorofhishighschoolnewspaper,TheTrapezeHemingwayafterhighschoolAftergraduating,HemingwaywenttoKansasCityandbecameacubreporterfortheKansasCityStarIn1918,HemingwayjoinedtheRedCrossandwasanambulancedriverinItalyduringWorldWarIThisexperienceprovidedbackgroundforthebookAFarewelltoArmsWhileservingontheItalianfront,HemingwaywasseriouslywoundedThewarexperiences(thecrueltyandenduranceitrequires)formsamajorpartofHemingway’swriting.Hemingway

RedCrossUniform,about1918HemingwayspentsixmonthsintheRedCrosshospitalinMilan,wherehemetandfellinlovewithAgnesvonKurowsky,aRedCrossnursesevenyearshissenior.ProvidedmaterialforAFarewelltoArmsAfterthewarAfterthewar,HemingwaysettledinParis,theliterarycapitaloftheworldHeworkedasaforeigncorrespondentfortheTorontoStar.Duringthistime,hebecameacquaintedwithGertrudeStein,EzraPoundandSherwoodAnderson,allAmericanexpatriates.HemingwaysoonbecameaspokesmanfortheLostGenerationwritersandotherartistsdisillusionedbythewar.From1944-1945,hewasawarcorrespondentontheWesternFrontduringWorldWarIIHemingway,1928LiteraryAwardsHemingway’snovelTheOldManandtheSea,publishedin1952wonhimaPulitzerandNobelPrizeHemingwayreceivingtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureHemingwaymovedfromoneexoticlocaletoanotherincluding;Spain,Cuba,Africa,andKeyWest,FloridaHecultivatedareputationasatough,hard-drinkingman’smanOnJuly2,1961,Hemingwaydiedofaself-inflictedgunshotwoundinKetchum,OhioItissaidthatinthelastfewyearsofhislife,Hemingwaywasaverytroubledman.Heevenreceivedroundsofelectro-shocktherapyshortlybeforehekilledhimselfMainworksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)AFarewelltoArms(1929)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)《老人與?！稩n1954,whenHemingwaywasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature,itwasfor"hismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle".AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“l(fā)ostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,"youareallalostgeneration."TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.SeekingthebohemianlifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.Thephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.TheHemingwayCodeHero

準(zhǔn)則英雄、硬漢子TheHemingwayCodeHero

準(zhǔn)則英雄、硬漢子ThroughoutmanyofHemingway’snovelsthecodeheroactsinamannerwhichallowedthecritictoformulateaparticularcode.

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hedoesnottalkaboutwhathebelievesin.

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Hedoesnottalktoomuch.

Heexpresseshimselfnotinwords,butinactions.

TheHemingwaymanisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.

Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto

Whateveristheresultis,theyarereadytolivewithgraceunderpressure.Nomatterhowtragictheendingis,theywillneverbedefeated.Finally,theywillprevailbecauseoftheirindestructiblespiritandcourage.

TheyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexteriorTheHemingwayCodeHero

準(zhǔn)則英雄、硬漢子TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.

Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.----FromTheOldManandtheSeaHemingway’sStyle

direct,terse,andoftenmonotonous

Theuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.theicebergtheory,sometimereferredtoas"theoryofomission."

Hemingwaybelievedthatagoodwriterdidnotneedtorevealeverydetailofacharacteroraction.“Thedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”Inhiswritingthefactsfloatabovewater;thesupportingstructureandsymbolismoperateout-of-sight.

1932年，海明威在他的紀(jì)實性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文學(xué)創(chuàng)作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他說：“冰山運動之雄偉壯觀，是因為他只有八分之一在水面上?！?/p>

簡潔的文字、鮮明的形象、豐富的情感和深刻的思想是構(gòu)成”冰山原則”的四個基本要素。具體地說，文字和形象是所謂的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所謂的“八分之七”。

Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughofwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.“如果一位作家對于他想寫的東西心里很有數(shù)，那么他可能省略他所知道的東西，讀者呢，只要作家寫得真實，會強烈的感覺到他所省略的地方，好象作者寫出來似的。”顯而易見，作家在這里強調(diào)的是省略，主張水面下的的“八分之七”應(yīng)該留給讀者去感受。AFarewelltoArmsThenovelisaboutHemingway'sWorldWarIexperiencesandhisrelationshipwithAgnesvonKurowskyinMilan.Onthesurface,atragicromanceBelowthesurface,aboutthewarindividualtragedywithinthelargerpictureofgreatertragedyThenovelisdividedintofivebooks.Inthefirstbook,HenrymeetsandattemptstoseduceCatherineBarkleyandtheirrelationshipbegins.WhileontheItalianfront,HenryiswoundedinthekneebyamortarshellandsenttoahospitalinMilan.ThesecondbookshowsthegrowthofHenryandCatherine'srelationshipastheyspendtimetogetherinMilanoverthesummer.HenryfallsinlovewithCatherineandbythetimeheishealed,Catherineisthreemonthspregnant.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthethirdbook,Henryreturnstohisunit,butnotlongafter,theAustro-GermansbreakthroughtheItalianlinesintheBattleofCaporetto,andtheItaliansretreat.Henrykillsanengineeringsergeantforinsubordination.Afterfallingbehindandcatchingupagain,Henryistakentoaplacebythe"battlepolice"whereofficersarebeinginterrogatedandexecutedforthe"treachery"thatsupposedlyledtotheItaliandefeat.However,afterhearingtheexecutionofaLt.Colonel,Henryescapesbyjumpingintoariver.

SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsInthefourthbook,CatherineandHenryreuniteandfleetoSwitzerlandinarowingboat.Inthefinalbook,HenryandCatherineliveaquietlifeinthemountainsuntilshegoesintolabour.Afteralongandpainfullabour,theirsonisstillborn.Catherinebeginstohaemorrhageandsoondies,leavingHenrytoreturntotheirhotelintherain.SummaryofAFarewelltoArmsMajorThemesLoveasaresponsetothehorrorsofwarandtheworld

Hemingwayrepeatedlyemphasizesthehorrificdevastationwarhaswroughtoneveryoneinvolved.Fromtheopeningaccountofcholerathatkills"only"7,000mentothegraphicdescriptionoftheartillerybombardmenttothecorruptviolenceduringtheItalianretreat,AFarewelltoArmsisamongthemostfrankanti-warnovels.Loveisapleasurablediversionthatdistractsloversfromtheoutsideworld;thetwooftentelleachothernottothinkaboutanythingelse,asi