現(xiàn)代大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀5第12課LessonTwelv

Lesson12

HowNewsBecomesOpinionandOpinionOff-limits

整理課件BackgroundAbouttheauthor

SalmanRushdie(1947-)

:Britishwriter,borninBombay,educatedinEngland.NobookinmoderntimeshasmatchedtheuproarsparkedbyhisTheSatanicVerses(撒旦詩(shī)篇）inSept.,1988,.AlthoughthebookwasgenerallypraisedinEuropeandAmerica,itwaswidelycondemnedintheMuslimworld.In1989protestsburstintofullpublicconsciousness.ThebookwasburnedinEnglandandIran.Rushdiewentintohiding.整理課件Laterin1989leaderoftheIranianrevolution,alsothetargetofafreelysatiricalportraitinthenovel,respondedbyissuingadenunciation(譴責(zé),告發(fā))ofRushdiecalledafatwa.(伊斯蘭教)法學(xué)家的裁決inwhichhedeclared:“IinformallzealousMuslimsoftheworldthattheauthorofthebookentitledTheSatanicVerses—whichhasbeencompiled,printedandpublishedinoppositiontoIslam,theprophet,andtheQur’anand

thoseinvolvedinitspublicationwhowereawareofitscontent,aresentencedtodeath.IcallonallzealousMuslimstoexecutethemquickly,wherevertheymaybefound,sothatnooneelsewilldaretoinsulttheMuslimsanctities.GodWilling,whoeveriskilledonthispathisamartyr.”ShortlyafterwardRushdiewentintohiding,guardedbyBritishpolicemenwhowerehisconstantcompanionsuntilIranliftedthefatwain1998.整理課件StructureoftheTextPartI(Paras.1—4)avividintroductionleadingtothepointofthecommongroundoccupiedbybothnovelistsandjournalists.PartII(Paras.5—6)Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:"Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound."整理課件PartIII(Paras.7—9)Thecommongroundofjournalismandnovelwritingbeforetheadventoftelevision.PartIV(Paras.10—12)Thecommongroundhasceasedtoexistsincetheappearanceoftelevisions.Newshasbecomeamatterofopinions.PartV(Paras.13—17)Thissectiondealswiththepowerof"character"creation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismutatedintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.整理課件PartVI(Paras.18—19)Thewriter'sattitudetowardsprotection-of-privacylawandfreespeech.PartVII(Paras.20—23)Thewriterbringsoutinthissectiontheideaofcensorshipintheformoftheconceptof"respect".整理課件TheMainIdeaTheauthorurgespeopletotreasureandcontinuetopracticethedisrespectforpower,fororthodoxies...andtokeepupthefreeexpressionofopinions.整理課件DetailedstudyPara.11.Payattentiontothestructureof"Iwaswonderingwhen”.Implication:

TheimplicationisitsohappenedthatwhenIwasthinkingabouttheissueIcameacrossacorrectioninanewspaper.2.This"what,ifany"patternisworthnoticing.，"ifany"意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。Inusingthispattern,thewriterisexpressingtheviewthathedoesnotthinkthereisany.E.g.Ididnotconsiderwhat,ifany,objectiontherewastothisplan.Thereislittle,ifany,hope.整理課件3.

commonground:

basisforagreementsharedbyall4.Paraphrasethefollowingpart:"Iwaswondering..,journalists".

Iwascuriousaboutthefactwhethernovelistsandjournalistshadanybasisforagreementandiftherewasany,thenwhatwasthatcommonground.整理課件Para21.

ItisashortannouncementonthepartoftheBritishdailynewspaperIndependent,retractingareportadayearlieraboutSirAndrewLloydWebber.Thisshortannouncementraisesanumberofquestionsinthereaders'mind:

1)WhoisthisSirAndrewL.Webber?整理課件2).Farmingostrichesisnotharmful,Whydidthenewspaperhavetomakeacorrection?3)Whatistheimplicationofthisretraction?Whatlightdoesthisincidentthrowonthenewspaper?整理課件Para31.Onecanonlyguess..,thehumandistress,theprotests.1)"humandistress"

referstothefeelingofSirWebberwhomusthavefeltwrongedandhurt.Hemusthavefeltthathisreputationhadbeendamaged.2)"theprotests"

refertothecomplaintsfromSirWebberandothersonhisbehalfandtheinterventionofpeopletodemandtheretraction.3)Whydoesthewriterwrite"onecanonlyguess"?

Thestatementisshortandterseanddoesnotrevealanyinsidestoryfortheretraction.Butonethingisclear:thenewspaperwillnotretracttheallegationvoluntarily.Sothisisasafeguess.整理課件4)Doesthewriterreallythinkthesentencesare"admirably"laconic?Whydoesheusetheword"admirably"then?laconicsentences:Newspaperisforced/compelledtomakecorrection,notwillingly,sotheyuseshortsentencestocorrect.Behindcorrection,peoplefeelhurtbyfarmingostriches.

Thewriterisusingthewordinanironicalway,implyingthatthenewspaperwascompelledtotakebacktheallegationagainstitswill.sotheproductionofashort,colorless,matter-of-factstatement.整理課件4.Britainhasbeengoingthroughaperiodofwhatonemightcallheightenedlivestockinsecurity"

ItmeansBritainhasbeenplaguedbythespreadofthediseasesof"madcow"and"hoofandmouth"andthefearofthespreadhasbeenintense.heightenedlivestockinsecurity:

1990splaguesinvolvingthe“madcow”diseaseandthe“hoofandmouth”disease,bothofwhichledtotheslaughteroflargenumbersofanimalswhowereormighthavebeeninfected.整理課件Ostrichfarmingbubble:

Inthepast,ostrichisraisedforskin,feather(usedonlady’scap),meat,egg.Later,becauseofmad-cowdisease,theybelieveostrichmeatisbetterthanbeef,sotheyraisedostrichforitsmeat.NowinBritain,theyraiseostrichforeggsorforyoungostrich.Itwasoncebeneficial,somanypeopleraiseit,asaresult,supplyexceedsdemand,andthereisnomarketforitnow.sowesayitisabubble.Earlyonesmakegreatprofitandlateronessufferloss.整理課件Aswellas…ostrichfarmingbubble,orswindle.Whydoesthewriterusethisterm“alarming”,“great”todescribethecaseofostrich-farmingbubble?Ostrich-farmingbubble,comparedwithotherfraudulentactivities,isactuallyinsignificantbutthewriterusesthesewordstoexaggeratetheseriousnessofthebubble,orswindle.Suchexaggerationachievesahumorousandironicaleffect,whichleadstothefollowingremark.整理課件Intheseoverheatedtimes..,thisreputationhasbeenslighted.Whatdoes"overheatedtimes"referto?Whydoesthewriterconsiderthecurrentperiod"overheated"?"Overheatedtimes"referstothepublicanxietyinBritainwherepeoplewerescaredbythereports,ofthespreadofmad-cowdiseaseandhoof-and-monthdisease.Peoplebecameover-sensitiveandwouldeasilyoverreacttotheslightestallegation.Inusingthephrase"overheatedtimes",thewriterexpresseshisdisapprovalofsuchhysteria.ThewritermeansthatsincetheBritishpeoplewereinsuchpricklymood,itwasunderstandablethatSirAndrewWebberwouldfeelstronglyaboutsuchanallegation.Allegation:

anassertionmadewithoutproof整理課件Para4

1.Plainly,itwasquitewrong..,wasbreedingostriches.

Thisstatementservesasatransition,linkingthisparagraphupwiththepreviousone.Thestatementrepeatstheideaembodiedinthelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraph.2.Heis,ofcourse,acelebratedexporterofmusicalturkeys:

UndoubtedlySirWebberisfamousforhiscompositionofmusicforanumberoflightweight,money-makingmusicalswhichhavebeenexportedtoothercountries.ofcourse:certainly;withoutdoubt

Thephraseisusedheretodenoteirony,meaningthatheisundoubtedlyfamous,notinostrichfarming,butinmusicalturkeyexporting.Iftheformer(ostrich-farming)isnolongercomplimentarynowadays,thelatterisnobetter.整理課件3.Butifweagreeforamomenttopermitaccountfortheiractivities?thebasicideaofthissentenceis:

Sincethosewhocommitfraudulenceshouldbepunished,thosewhoreapedprofitsbyfraudinostrich-farmingshouldalsobebroughttolightandpunished.

但是，如果我們姑且同意允許把據(jù)傳聞既隱秘又具有欺詐性的鴕鳥(niǎo)養(yǎng)殖作為世界上所有欺詐性活動(dòng)的代表的話，那我們不也得同意找出那些鴕鳥(niǎo)養(yǎng)殖農(nóng)場(chǎng)主、點(diǎn)出他們的名字，并讓他們解釋自己的行為是很重要的嗎？整理課件4.Isthisnottheveryheartoftheprojectofafreepress?

1）Thisisthechiefpurpose/realmeaningoftheinstitutionofanewspaperwhichisindependent,notcontrolledbyagovernmentoraninterestgroup.

2)heart:realmeaning;essence;vitalpart3）whyistheideaexpressedinaquestionfrom?Doesthewriterwantananswer?4)這難道不是享有新聞自由的報(bào)紙的宗旨所在嗎？整理課件5.Andmighttherenotbeoccasions

...inthenationalinterest?

Theremightbeoccasionsforeditorstoacceptthiskindofreportonthegroundofnationalinterestinspiteofthefactthattheevidencewasnotstrongenoughandthesourceofthereportwasprovidedbyaninformerandthereforemaybequestionable.這難道不是所有的編輯們很可能會(huì)遇到的情況嗎盡管證據(jù)還不夠扎實(shí)充分,而其來(lái)源也許來(lái)自告密者，但是從國(guó)家的利益考慮,他們準(zhǔn)備接受這種內(nèi)容的消息。整理課件PartII

(Paras.5--6)

Thethemeofthisessayisbroughtoutinthissection:"Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,howeverparadoxicalthatmaysound."整理課件Para51.Iamarrivingbydegree…thetruth.1)bydegree:graduallyarrive:reachThefunctionofthe“that”整理課件2.Fortheultimategoalofbothfactualandfictionalwritingisthetruth,however..,thatmaysound:

Thefinalpurposeofnewsreportingandnovelwritingisthetellingof

thetruth,althoughthismaysoundcontradictory.

3.Andtruthisslippery,hardtoestablish:

Truthisnoteasytograspandverydifficulttoprove.整理課件4.Andiftruthcansetyoufree,itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:

Iftruthcansetyoufree:thebiblicaloriginal"Thetruthshallmake(set)youfree"(John8:32)ismorepositive.Theoriginalmeaningisyoushallknowthetruthandyoushallbemadefreebythesavior.

itcanalsolandyouinhotwater:itcanalsogetyouintogreattrouble

整理課件5.Fineasthewordsounds,truthisalltoooftenunpalatable,awkward,unorthodox.:Thoughtruthmaygivepeopletheimpressionthatitisgoodandwonderful,itisunacceptabletothemind,embarrassingandhostiletoconventionalexpectations.整理課件6.Thearmiesofreceivedideasaremarshaledagainstit:

Itwillencountertheresistanceandoppositionofstrongforceoftraditionalideas.7.Thelegionsofallthosewhostandtoprofitbyusefuluntruthswillmarchagainstit:

Thelargenumberofpeople,whobenefitfromfalseideas(facts),fromlies,willganguptofightagainst/tosuppressthetruth.8.“Marshal”and“march”arealsousedasalliteration.Andthetwosentencesareparallelsentences.整理課件然而真話難以掌握，難以確定。也可能會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤，就像勞埃德·韋柏事件那樣。如果講真話能使你獲得解放，它也能使你陷入困境。真話這個(gè)詞聽(tīng)起來(lái)好聽(tīng)，但往往令人不快、發(fā)窘、有悖于傳統(tǒng)觀念。傳統(tǒng)意識(shí)會(huì)組成大軍反對(duì)它。人數(shù)眾多的謊言得益者會(huì)向其發(fā)起攻擊。但是只要有一點(diǎn)可能，真話必須講。整理課件Para6:atransition,leadingtotheconnectionofthetwoconcepts整理課件Para101.Thisisnolongerthecase,eitherforliteratureorforjournalism.Thissentenceservesasatransition,linkingthepreviousparagraphwhichdealswiththeroleofliteratureandprintjournalismwiththisparagraph.整理課件novelscanjustoccasionallystillliftthelidonahiddenworldmoreeffectivelythanthefinestreporting:novelscanstill,fromtimetotime,bringoutsecrets(oractivitieshiddenfromtheordinarypeople)inawaythatismoreforcefulanddevastatingthanthebestnewspaperreport.Toliftthelidonahiddenworld:thewriteriscomparingtheexposureofbehind-the-sceneactivitiestotheliftingofthelidofabottle.整理課件Thephrase"thenewsaboutthenews"means

1)storiesabouthownewsisgatheredor2)interpretationofthenews.Wereadforopinion,attitude,spin..,buttogetatakeonthenewsthatwelike.我們看報(bào)紙，是要知道報(bào)紙的看法、態(tài)度、傾向。我們看報(bào)紙不是為了沒(méi)有分析的數(shù)據(jù)，不是像狄更斯小說(shuō)《艱難時(shí)世》中的主人公格拉德格·林德那樣，一天到晚就是“事實(shí)，事實(shí)、

事實(shí)”，我們要的是對(duì)我們有興趣的新聞的解讀。整理課件Gradgrind:acharacterinHardTimes(1854)byCharlesDickensinwhichGradgrind,anunfavorablecharactertotallylackinginimagination,focusesobsessivelyonplaindullfacts.Paragraph10raisesthreekeyquestions:1)Whyhaveliteratureandprintjournalismlosttheiroriginalfunctionofprovidingnews?TheyhavelostthisfunctionbecausetheTVandradiocanbringnewstothepeoplemorequickly.2)Whatrolehavetheyundertaken?Theyhaveundertakentheroleofprovidingversionsoftheworld.3)What,accordingtothewriter,dopeoplereadnewspapersfor?

Theyreadnewspapers,notfornews,butforopinions,attitudes,trendsandinterpretations.Theyreadforthenewspaper'sviewoftheworld.整理課件Para.11

1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheBritishpressandtheAmericanpress?TheBritishpressischieflyanationalpresswhileintheUnitedStates,therearemanylocalpaperscateringtoconcernsforlocalissuesandtakingonlocalcharacteristics.整理課件2.wherethegreatproliferation..,localcharacteristics.

Proliferation:rapidincreaseinnumber

“Additional"isusedheretodenotethatthefollowingserviceisaddedtotheservicesofanationalpaper.3.qualitypapers:Britishnationalnewspapersaredividedinto3groups:quality,popularandmid-marketpapersonthebasisofdifferencesinstyleandcontent.Qualitypapersaredirectedatreaderswhowantfullinformationonawiderangeofpublicmatters.Popularnewspapersappealtopeoplewantingnewsofamoreentertainingcharacterpresentedmoreconcisely.Mid-marketnewspapersfallbetweenthesetwotypes.Qualitypapersarenormallybroadsheet(large-sheet)informatandtheresttabloid(small-sheet).整理課件WhydoesthewriterthinkBritishqualitypapersaresuccessful?WhatreasondoesthewritergiveforthedeclineoftheIndependent?HeconsidersthemsuccessfulbecausethesepapersandtheirrespectivereaderpoolsharesimilarviewsofBritishsocietyandtheworld.Inotherwords,eachofthesepaperscaterstotheconcepts,positionsandvalueofitstargetedreaders.TheIndependenthasrecentlygonedownhillbecauseithaslostsightofandfailedtocatertotheirvisionofBritishsocietyandoftheworld.整理課件PartVparas13—17

Thissectiondealswiththepowerof"character"creation.Asaresultofprofiling,oneismadeintosomeonehedoesnotrecognize.Thewriterconsidersthisprocessimproper.整理課件Para.13Itisforthenovelists..,nourisheshisreaders.小說(shuō)家的任務(wù)是構(gòu)建、傳播并在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)繼續(xù)—種連貫的個(gè)人對(duì)世界的看法，使其讀者得到享受、引起其興趣、使其思想得到激活、激勵(lì)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)整理課件Para141.Oneofthemore

extraordinarytruths...

inventedforthembytheBritishpress:Thebasicstructureofthesentenceis:oneofthe...

truths...isthatfigureshavehadtheircharacters…整理課件2.Andsuchisthepowerofthefiction,unabletoescapethefictionoftheirimaginarylives.Persona:

Thecharactersinadramaticorliterarywork.(戲劇或文學(xué)作品中的)角色,人物;Mainidea:Royalfigureslookandbehavemoreandmorelikethepersonscreatedbypress(真的人物越來(lái)越像報(bào)紙上所描寫(xiě)的形象).Theycan’t/areunabletoavoidtheimagesinventedbypress.Thisshowsthepowerofcharactercreation.整理課件Thekeyideaofthissentenceis:

insteadofportrayinginthepresstheactualcharacterofthemembersoftheroyalfamily,thepresshasmovedtocreatecharacters.Asaresult,theroyalmembersbegintobehaveliketheirprintcharacters,nottheotherwayround.創(chuàng)作之威力無(wú)比巨大?；钌耐踝宄蓡T越來(lái)越像他(她)們?cè)趫?bào)上的角色，無(wú)法逃脫為他(她)們創(chuàng)造的想像的生活整理課件1)Thisisaninvertedsentenceforemphasis2)Howpowerfulissuchinvention,accordingtothewriter?Asaresultofsuchinventions,theactualmembersoftheroyalfamilyhavelookedmoreandmorelikethekindofpeopleportrayedinthepress.3)thewriter’stonereallyfeelsthatthepresshassuchpower?整理課件Para15

Thisparagraphcontinuestodealwiththepowerof"character"creation.Theattitudeofthewritercomesoutinthissentence:"Neverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumnsneverhasgossipoccupiedasmuchofnewspaperastheynowdo."整理課件1.Thecreationof“characters”is,infactjournalism’sstockintradestockintrade:1)tools,materials,etc.usedincarryingonatradeorabusiness

2)anyresources,practices,ordevicescharacteristicallyemployedbyagivenpersonorgroup;alltherequisitesofatradeorprofession.看家本領(lǐng),基本手段Explanation:Actually,theportrayaloffictionalcharactershasquicklybecomeamostimportantdeviceemployedbythepress.整理課件2.NeverhavepersonalityprofilesandpeoplecolumnsastheynowdoPersonality:Apersonastheembodimentofdistinctivetraitsofmindandbehavior.人物(作為思想和行為出色特征化身的人)Peoplecolumn:Afeaturearticleaboutpeoplethatappearsregularlyinapublication,suchasanewspaper.專(zhuān)欄人物人物特寫(xiě)和人物專(zhuān)欄,還有那些流言蜚語(yǔ),從來(lái)沒(méi)有像今天這樣占據(jù)了報(bào)紙這么大的篇幅.整理課件3.Theword“profile”isapt.

Whatisaprofile?Whydoesthewriterconsidertheword"apt"?Thewordisappropriatebecausethisistheessenceof"character"creation,thepresentationofacharacterverydifferentfromthepersoninfleshandblood.Thetoneofthestatementisironical.整理課件4.Inaprofile,thesubjectisneverconfrontedhead-onbutreceivesasidelongglance:head-onadj.,adv

1)

withtheheadorfrontforemost

ahead-oncollision2)

directly;esp.,indirectopposition

tomeetaproblemhead-on整理課件Inacharacterportrayal,thepersonisneverdepictedinastraight-forward,directwaybutfromapredetermined,maybebiased,angle.整理課件5.Yettheimagescreatedinthesecurioustexts..,

theyarealsoself-perpetuating1)oftenwiththeirsubjectscollusion:oftenwiththetacitagreementofthosebeingthusportrayed

Collusion:Asecretagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesforafraudulent,illegal,ordeceitfulpurpose.勾結(jié)，共謀,Nexttoimpossible：almostimpossible整理課件2)andthanksto...theyarealsoself-perpetuating:

andduetothepowerofnewspaperclippingsfile,thatistosay,thecollectionofalltherepetitiousreportsononeparticularsubject,theimageswillcontinuetolastwithoutanyexternalhelpOncethecharacteriscreatedbypress,therealpersonsfindithard/difficulttochangeit.整理課件Para.161.1)

whoentertheexclusivepantheonoftheunforgotten:

whobecomecharactersforeverrememberedbygenerationsofreaders;

whobecomecharactersinthetempleofgreatdeadadmiredandrespectedforever2)Accordingtothewriter,whatatbestcananovelistachieve?

Anovelistcanatbestcreateinhislifetimeoneortwocharacterswhichwillbecomememorableandimmortal.Forexample,characterslikeHamletinShakespeare'sHamlet,UncleTominStowe'sUncleTom'sCabin.整理課件2.Anovelist'scharactershopeforimmortality;aprofilejournalist’s,perhaps,forcelebrity:

aparallelstructure.Translation:小說(shuō)家筆下的人物希望能流傳永久;人物特寫(xiě)記者筆下的人物,也許期望能名聲大振.Anovelist’scharacterhopeforimmortalityAProfilejournalistsforcelebrityTheauthorchoosesthetwowords,bothendingwith“ty”toachieveakindofrhythmicbalance.3.Weworship,thesedays,notimagesbutImageitself.近來(lái),我們崇拜的不是形象,而是名聲本身/口碑本身.Theauthorplaysonthedifferentmeaningoftheword“image”整理課件4.Andanymanorwomanwhostraysintothepublicgazebecomesapotentialsacrificeinthattemple1)whostraysintothepublicgaze:

whomovesawayfromtherightpathandbecomesacharacterinareport/becomesafamouspersoninthenews.Whyis"stray"usedhere?Thewriterchoosestheverb"tostray”tosuggestthatpeopleoftenbecometheobjectsofpublicattentionunintentionally.2)apotentialsacrificeinthattemple:(expressedinametaphoricalway)那座偉人柌的可能的供品"that"refersto"theexclusivepantheonoftheunforgotten".整理課件strayintothepublicgazebecomesapotentialsacrificeofthattemple:Ifamanorawomanbecomesthefocusofthepublicunintentionally/ifheorshedrawstheattentionofthepublic,thenitispossiblethatheorshewillbecomethesacrificeofthattemple整理課件5.willinglydrinkingthepoisonedchaliceofFame:1)Thewritercarriesonthemetaphorofthetemple.2)Pleasenotethechoiceofwords.Thewriterlinksupthedrinkingofpoisonedwinewithwillingness.Thecontrastissharp.Andthereadershouldcontrastthiswithanearlierchoiceof"tostray"toseethesharpdifferenceimplied.Meaning:Thesepeoplearepleasedandcontentedwhentheyareinthelimelightorinthenewspaperheadlinesalthoughsuchfamemightbeanillone.3)Oxymoron整理課件Awillingsacrifice,willinglydrinkingthepoisonedchaliceofFame:Chalice:thecupforthewineofHolyCommunionHerepoisonedchalicemeansharmfuldeeds/actsAlthoughtheyunintentionallybecomethepublicfigures,theyarewillingtobecomethesacrificeofthetemple,theyarewillingtodrinkthepoisonedchaliceinordertobecomefamous.心甘情愿喝下這種毒酒以便成名。整理課件6.Butformanypeople,includingmyself,theexperienceintosth.subtly—orunsubtly—different.Howdothewriterandmanyotherpeoplefeelabouttheexperienceofbeingprofiled?Thefeelingissimilartothefeelingofseeingoneselfbeingturnedintoanimaginarycharacter,seeingone'srealpersonality,one'sassociationwithothersandwithsocietyandone'sexperiencesinlifebeingturned,bywriting,intosomethingdifferent.Thefeelingisafeelingofseeingoneselfbeingchangedintoapersontotallyunfamiliartohimself/herself.整理課件Para171.Foranovelisttobethuswrittenisacaseofthebiterbit:

IamawareofthefactthatsinceIamanovelistandhaveusedmanydifferenttypesofpeopleasrawmaterialforcharactercreation,Imyselfbeingrewrittenintosomeoneunrecognizabletomyselfisatypicalexampleofapersongoodattricklingothersbeingtricked.

Thuswritten:tobemutatedintosomeoneonedoesnotrecognize整理課件2.Nevertheless,somethingabouttheprocessfeelsfaintlyandIstress,faintlyimproper:1)process:seriesofchangeTofeel:togiveanimpressionofbeing2)paraphrase:However,thereissomethingaboutthewholecourseofchangeswhichgivestheimpressionofbeingslightlywrongandIwanttoemphasizethatitisonlyslightlywrong.整理課件PartVI

(Paras.18--19)

Thewriter'sattitudetowardsprotection-of-privacylawandfreespeech.Para.181.InBritain,intrusionsintohavepromptedcallsfortheprotectionofprivacylaws.1)quarter:aparticularperson,group,place.Etc.2)InBritain,asaresultofexposureofprivatelivesoffamouspeople,certaingroupsofinfluentialpeoplehavedemandedtheadoptionoflawsprotectingprivacy3)Notetheimpersonalstructureofthesentence:intrusion…promotedcalls整理課件2.ItistruethatinFrance,ostrichfarminggoundetected?

1)illegitimatedaughter:

daughterbornofparentsnotmarriedtoeachother2)butwhere..,goundetected:

butiftheillegalactivitiesofthoseinfluentialpeoplecouldbekeptunknowntothepublicasaresultofprivacyprotectionlaws,itispossiblethatalotofotherillegalactivitiescouldalsobecoveredupbysuchlaws.3)Doyouthinkthewriterisreallyaskingaquestion?

No,thisisarhetoricaldeviceforemphasis.Itisarhetoricalquestionimplyinganaffirmativeanswer.整理課件3.Myownfeelingscontinuetobeagainstlawsthatcurtailtheinvestigativefreedomsofthepress.1)Doesthewritersupportoropposeprotectionofprivacylaws?Why?

Heopposessuchlawsonthegroundthattheselawsdeprivethepressoftherighttoexposehiddenactivitiesofthepowerful.2)Isthisthefirsttimeforthewritertovoicehisopposition?No.

Hisconvictionsareshownintheword“continue”整理課件4.becomingahotnewsstoryof"vanishingintothefrontpage":

myhotnewsstoryappearsonthefrontpageoverandoveragain,sotheimageonthenewspaperhasreplacedtherealperson./Imyselfhasbeendrownedbytheimageonthenewspaper.1)"vanishingintothefrontpage":

(theuncommonexperience)ofbecominganoutstandingfigureinadramaticeventreportedinnewspaperheadlines2)Theword"vanishing"isusedasanoxymoron,thatis,akindofparadoxthatremindsusthatwhatappearsonthefrontpageofanewspaperwillmaketherealpersondisappearbehindthecharacterinventedbyajournalist.整理課件5.thoseprincipleshavebeensorelystrained:

Thoseprinciplesofinvestigativefreedomsofthepresshavebeenpainfullypushedtotheextremelimit.整理課件Para19

1.Inthelongunfoldingoftheso—calledRushdieaffair..,tospeakoutandact:1)Unfolding:developmentTospeakout:togiveone’sopinion;tospeakforcefully

2)WhatroledoAmericannewspapersplayinthedevelopmentoftheRushdiecase?

Accordingtothewriter,Americannewspapershavekeptthecaseinthenews,hencehavesucceededinmakingreadersawareofthebasicprincipleatstake,therebyencouragingtheAmericangovernmenttocomeouttostateforcefullyitspositiononthematter.整理課件Theso-calledRushdieaffair:oncethefatwa(伊斯蘭教法學(xué)家的裁決）wasliftedbyIranin1998,itbecameclearthatfrequentpressreferencestothedangersthreateningRushdiehelpedbringaboutitsdisavowal(refusetoadmit)andhencehisliberationfromthethreat.整理課件2.Whatotherthingsarethewritergratefulfor?ThewriterisgratefulfortheAmericanjournalistsinwritingfreely,withoutconstraint,abouttheRushdiecase,indefendingtheprincipleoffreedomofspeechsincethisisthebasisofotherfreedoms.整理課件PartVII(Paras.20--23)Inthissection,thewriterbringsouttheideaofcensorshipintheformof

"respect".Para.20

1.censorship:inclinedtofindfault;harshlycritical2.Bythislmeanthatthebroad.isbeingsteadilyeroded:1)toerode:tocausetodeteriorate,decay,orvanish;toeataway2)FirstAmendment:thefirsttenamendments(totheConstitution)werepassedbytheCongress(oftheUnitedStates)onSep.25,1789andwereratifiedonDec.15,1791.整理課件3)WhenIsayweliveinamoreandmorefault-findingage,ImeanthatthebasicprinciplesembodiedintheFirstAmendmentwhichhavebeenwidelyaccepted,evenacceptedallovertheworld,arenowbeingeatenawaystepbystep.整理課件Manyspecial—interestgroups,claimingthemoralhighground,nowdemandtheprotectionofthecensor:

1)specialinterestgroup:aninterestgroupisagroupofpersonsworkingonbehalfoforstronglysupportingaparticularcause,ortopromoteasharedpoliticalinterest(利益集團(tuán)).Alsocalleda“pressuregroup”壓力集團(tuán))Aninterestgroupthatendeavorstoinfluencepublicpolicy,especiallygovernmentallegislation,regardingitsparticularconcernsandpriorities.Itsemployedmeansofgeneratingpressureislobbying(游說(shuō)).整理課件2)claimthemoralhighground:assertingthattheyenjoyapositionofmoralsuperiority3)highground:apositionofsuperiorityi