英國一些歷史事件

Britishhistory:amajorhistoricalevent

UKabout5yearsofhistory.Majorhistoricalevents:"GreatCharter"(MagnaCarta/GreatChart)

In1215byJohnKing(KingJohn)tosign.Themaincontentistoprotecttherightsofnobilityagainsttheking'sviolation.Itsmainspiritistolimittheroyalpower.Positiveisthatitprotectcertainrightsofcityresidents,firstclasstothepublicasapoliticalforcethatmustbeconsidered.Thisincidentreflectsthestruggleagainstthefeudalnobilityandtheking.

英國約有５千年歷史。重大歷史事件有：

?大憲章?〔Magna

Carta／Great

Chart〕

于1215年由約翰王

〔King

John〕簽署。其主要內(nèi)容是保護貴族權(quán)利，免受國王的侵犯。其主要精神是限制王權(quán)。積極意義在于，它保障城市市民的假設(shè)干權(quán)利，初次把市民階層作為一種必須考慮的政治力量。這一事件表達了封建貴族與國王的斗爭。英法百年戰(zhàn)爭HundredYearsWar(TheHundredYears''War)HundredYearsWar(TheHundredYears''War)

14ofthefourthcentury,theFrenchhavenotyetunified.BritainholdsanumberofterritoriesinFrance.InordertofurtherexpansioninthemainlandUKonthelandgrabwasanimportantwoolprocessingindustrydevelopedthemostimportantcitiesFlandersWilders,excusetheFrenchthrone,setofffrom1337to1453's"HundredYearsWar."War,theheavytaxationandfrequentmilitaryserviceandhighpricesmakethepublicdiscontenttoculmination.FinallytheBritishdefeat,thelossofterritoryontheEuropeancontinent,feudallordsandbusinessmenhavesufferedlosses,severelyweakenedthefeudalruleoftheBritish.〔The

Hundred

Years''

War〕

14四世紀時，法國尚未統(tǒng)一。英國在法國占有一些領(lǐng)地。英國為了進一步擴張在大陸上的土地，搶奪當時重要的羊毛加工業(yè)興旺的重要城市佛蘭得爾，

借口繼承法國王位，掀起了從１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年戰(zhàn)爭〞。

戰(zhàn)爭帶來的沉重租稅，頻繁兵役和高漲的物價使民眾不滿情緒到達極點。最后英軍失敗，歐洲大陸上領(lǐng)土喪失，封建主和商人也遭受損失，嚴重地削弱了英國的封建統(tǒng)治。1348,theBlackDeathsweptthroughEurope(aplague),killedalmosthalftheBritishpopulation,leadingtolaborshortages,risingfoodprices,butKingEdwardIIIwasenactedin1394,RoyalDecree,theprovisionsofworkersremainingontheBlackDeathbeforethewageemployment.1351,Parliamenthasdeveloped"LabourAct",providesfordestructionoftheEmploymentActtoimprisonthosewhowearyoga,classrelationshavebecomeincreasinglyacute.

Black

Death黑死病〔Black

Death〕

1348年，橫掃歐洲的黑死病〔一種鼠疫〕，幾乎奪去了英國人口的一半，導致勞動力缺乏，糧價上漲，但國王愛德華三世卻于１３９４年公布敕令，規(guī)定工人仍按黑死病前的工資受雇。１３５１年，議會又制訂?勞工法案?，規(guī)定對破壞雇傭法令者戴枷下獄，階級關(guān)系日益鋒利。

The

Reformation宗教改革Reformation(TheReformation)14thcenturyBritishurbanandruralintensificationofconflicts,therehasbeenreformofthechurchmovement.OxfordUniversityDivinitySchoolprofessorJohnWycliffe(JohnWycliffe)andsomeotherpriestsmadethepeoplemeettherequirementsofthelowerchurchoftheadvocateofreform,suchasthetaxesleviedagainsttheChurch,deniedtheclericspecialstatus,suchaseliminationofthefeudalaristocracy,fortheuprisingforTaylorthemental１４世紀英國城鄉(xiāng)矛盾激化，出現(xiàn)了改革教會運動。牛津大學神學院教授約翰·威克利夫〔John

Wycliffe〕

及其他一些教士提出了符合下層人民要求的改革教會的主張，如反對教會征收捐稅、否認教士特殊地位、消滅封建貴族等，為泰勒起義作了思想準備。Tayloruprising(Tyler''sRevolt)

May1381,asopposedtotaxincreases,theSouthEasttookplaceinmasonwatts.Taylor(WatTyler)asleaderofpeasantuprising.June13,armeduprisingoccupationforceinLondon,KingRichardIIwasforcedtonegotiatewiththefarmers.Althoughtheuprisingeventuallyfailed,butagreatblowtothefeudalsystem.

泰勒起義〔Tyler''s

Revolt〕

１３８１年５月，為反對增加稅收，英國東南部發(fā)生了以泥瓦匠瓦特．泰勒(Wat

Tyler)

為領(lǐng)袖的農(nóng)民起義。６月１３日，起義武裝隊伍占領(lǐng)倫敦，國王理查德二世被迫與農(nóng)民談判。雖起義終告失敗，但已給封建制度很大打擊。

WarsoftheRoses(theWarsoftheRoses)

Themid-15thcentury,northernEngland,thetwobigfeudalaristocracy,thatofLancaster(HouseofLancaster)andtheYorkfamily(HouseofYork)sincebetween1455to1485for30-yearfightfortherighttorulewar.War,Lancastertosignwitharedroseforthefamily,familytotheWhiteRoseofYorkasthefamilysign,thehistoryofthewaras"WarsoftheRoses."Outcomeofthewar,neithersidegainsfortheemergingbourgeoisiepavedthewayforthestageofhistory.

玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭〔the

Wars

of

the

Roses〕

１５世紀中葉，英格蘭北部的兩個大封建貴族，即蘭開斯特家族〔House

of

Lancaster〕和約克家族(House

of

York)

之間進行了自1455年到1485年持續(xù)３０年的爭奪統(tǒng)治權(quán)的戰(zhàn)爭。戰(zhàn)爭中，蘭開斯特家族以帶紅玫瑰為族征，約克家族以白玫瑰為族征，史稱這次戰(zhàn)爭為“玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭〞。戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果是兩敗俱傷，為新興資產(chǎn)階級登上歷史舞臺鋪平了道路。Industrialrevolution(IndustrialRevolution)

Handicraftworkshopsthatstagefromcapitalismtransitiontothecapitalistfactorysystemwiththemachine'shistory.Theinventionofmachinery,thefactorysystemofproductionmarkedthebeginningoftheindustrialrevolution,themechanizationofthemachinemanufacturingindustry,markingthecompletionoftheindustrialrevolution.Britain'sIndustrialRevolutionbeganinthe18thcentury,60s,30-40yearscompletedinthe19thcentury,beforeandaftersevenoreightyears.

工業(yè)革命〔Industrial

Revolution〕

指從資本主義的工場手工業(yè)階段過渡到采用機器的資本主義工廠制度的歷史過程。機器的創(chuàng)造，工廠制度的產(chǎn)生標志著工業(yè)革命的開始，機器制造業(yè)的機械化，標志著工業(yè)革命的完成。英國的工業(yè)革命開始于１８世紀６０年代，完成于１９世紀３０、４０年代，前后共七、八十年?！睺he

Hundred

Years''

War〕14ofthefourthcentury,theFrenchhavenotyetunified.BritainholdsanumberofterritoriesinFrance.InordertofurtherexpansioninthemainlandUKonthelandgrabwasanimportantwoolprocessingindustrydevelopedthemostimportantcitiesFlandersWilders,excusetheFrenchthrone,setofffrom1337to1453's"HundredYearsWar."War,theheavytaxationandfrequentmilitaryserviceandhighpricesmakethepublicdiscontenttoculmination.FinallytheBritishdefeat,thelossofterritoryontheEuropeancontinent,feudallordsandbusinessmenhavesufferedlosses,severelyweakenedthefeudalruleoftheBritish.HundredYearsWar14四世紀時，法國尚未統(tǒng)一。英國在法國占有一些領(lǐng)地。英國為了進一步擴張在大陸上的土地，搶奪當時重要的羊毛加工業(yè)興旺的重要城市佛蘭得爾，

借口繼承法國王位，掀起了從１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年戰(zhàn)爭〞。

戰(zhàn)爭帶來的沉重租稅，頻繁兵役和高漲的物價使民眾不滿情緒到達極點。最后英軍失敗，歐洲大陸上領(lǐng)土喪失，封建主和商人也遭受損失，嚴重地削弱了英國的封建統(tǒng)治。(A)StageBetween1337─1360,theAnglo-FrenchcompetitionforFlandersandKeane.1340,theBritishdefeatedtheFrenchattheBattleSilvSiwonthesea,crossingtheFrenchinvasionofcontrol.August1346,theBritishbeforetheBattleofCrécyvictoryonland,andthenlaidsiegetotheFrenchtoSaijiaLaiHai

PhongPort,11monthsafterthesuccessfuloccupation.ThenagainintheBattleofNeville'sCrosslocalbeatScotland'sinvasion,pro-lawcapturedtheScottishKingDavidIIandgreatlyreduceitsthreat.

1348,theBlackDeathsweptacrossEurope,thetwocease-fireyears.1356EnglandattackedagainandwontheKeithandGascogneinsouthwestFrance.ThenattheBattleofPoitiersinthesametacticstowinagain.France,theBritishroyalfamilyissubjectedtoexactingnationaleconomiccollapse,suchasinternalandexternalcivilianuprisingagainsttorture,thesituationisveryunfavorable.1360inBretigny,FrancewasforcedtosignunequalBuledingnipeace,tocedetheLoiretothesouthofthePyreneesalltheterritory

(A)Stage〔一〕第一階段1337年─1360年之間，英法爭奪佛蘭德斯和基恩。1340年，英軍在斯呂斯海戰(zhàn)打敗法軍，奪得制海權(quán)，防制法軍渡海入侵。1346年8月，英軍先于陸上的克雷西會戰(zhàn)大勝，再圍攻法國海防要塞加萊港，11個月后成功占領(lǐng)。接著又于外鄉(xiāng)的內(nèi)維爾十字之戰(zhàn)打敗蘇格蘭入侵，擒獲親法的蘇格蘭王大衛(wèi)二世，大大減少其威脅。

(B)Phase

(B)Phase

Between1360─1400,KingCharlesVlaunchedrevenge,desiretotakebackoccupiedterritory.Hereorganizedthearmytoreplacemostoftheemploymentofinfantrycavalry,theestablishmentoffieldartillery,rebuildthenavy.Hisinternalreforms,consolidationtaxregime,inordertopacifythepeople.Thetimeisripe,heappointedBertrand?Du?Guesclincommandthearmy,andguerrillatacticsofsurpriseattacksbyBritishforcesdefeatedtheBritishinmanybattles.1380,Britishtroopshadretreatedtothecoastalarea.Kingworriedaboutlosingalltheterritories,isthesigningoftheArmisticeAgreementwithFrance,retainingonlyBordeaux,Bayonne,Brest,Cherbourg,Calaisfiveharbor,andbetweenBordeauxandBayonneparts.1348年，黑死病橫掃整個歐洲，兩國停戰(zhàn)十年。1356年，英格蘭再度進攻，奪取法國西南部的基思和加斯科涅。隨即在普瓦捷戰(zhàn)役以相同戰(zhàn)術(shù)再次獲勝。法國王室那么承受英軍橫征暴斂、國家經(jīng)濟崩潰、平民起義對抗等內(nèi)外煎熬，情勢非常不利。1360年于布雷蒂尼，法國被迫簽訂極不平等的布勒丁尼和約，割讓出盧瓦爾河以南至比利牛斯山脈的全部領(lǐng)土〔二〕第二階段

1360年─1400年之間，法王查理五世展開報仇，欲奪回被侵占的領(lǐng)土。他重組軍隊，以雇傭步兵取代大部份的騎兵、建立野戰(zhàn)炮兵、重建海軍。他改革內(nèi)政，整頓稅制，以安撫民心。時機成熟后，他任命貝特朗·杜·蓋克蘭統(tǒng)領(lǐng)軍隊，以突襲和游擊戰(zhàn)術(shù)攻擊英軍，在多場戰(zhàn)役大敗英軍。1380年，英軍已退守沿海區(qū)域。英王擔憂喪失全部領(lǐng)地，乃與法國簽署停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定，僅保存波爾多、巴約納、布雷斯特、瑟堡、加萊五個海港，和波爾多與巴約納間的部份地區(qū)。

(C)ThethirdstageBetween1415─1429,FranceBurgundy,Amanyakefactionsquarreled,membersofthepublicuprisingagainstthepeasants,Englandtooktheopportunitytorestartawar.1415,theBritishdefeatedtheFrenchattheBattleofAgincourt,andthenformanalliancewiththeDukeofBurgundy,capturedmostpartsofnorthernFrance.KingCharlesVIunabletoresist,onMay21,1420inTroyesinTroyespeacetreatysignedalmostperished.KingHenryVbecameregentofFrance,therighttoinherittheFrenchthroneafterthedeathofCharlesVI.France,BritainandFrancehavebecomepartoftheUnitedKingdom.

However,theBritishandFrenchofHenryVandCharlesVIhaspassedawayin1422thesameyear.BoththenewKingHenryVIandCharlesVIIofFrancetofightforthethrone,re-exchangeoffire.ThefourthphaseoftheHundredYearsWar.

〔三〕第三階段

1415年─1429年之間，法國勃艮地、阿曼雅克兩派發(fā)生內(nèi)訌，農(nóng)民市民也起義對抗，英格蘭借機重啟戰(zhàn)端。1415年，英軍于阿金庫爾戰(zhàn)役大敗法軍，再與勃艮地公爵結(jié)盟，攻占法國北部大多數(shù)地區(qū)。法王查理六世無力抵抗，于1420年5月21日在特魯瓦簽訂幾乎亡國的特魯瓦和約。英王亨利五世成為法國攝政王，有權(quán)承繼查理六世死后的法國王位。法國已淪為英法聯(lián)合王國的一局部。然而，英法的亨利五世和查理六世卻于1422年同年去逝。兩方新王亨利六世和查理七世為爭奪法國王位，再度交火。百年戰(zhàn)爭進入第四階段。(D)FourthstageBetween1429─1453,theFrenchpeopleunbearableBritishoppression,thepartieshaveresistance,theguerrillasoftencapturethetaxcollectorsinEngland,containingtheBritishforcetohelptheFrenchmuch.October1428,BritishtroopsandsurroundedthecampofBurgundyOrleans,theFrenchseriousdisadvantage.France,eulogizedatthistimelater,asaviorappearedJoanofArc,theFrenchcommandinMay1429beatingEngland,Orleansrescue,wonamajorvictory,reversingthewholewarsituation.

19-year-oldJoanofArcwassooncaughtbytheBritishArmy,1431towitchexecutedthecrime.ThissparkednationaloutrageinFrance,helptomakeabigFrenchcounterattack.In1437,theFrenchcapitalofParisrecovery.1441,Champagneregionrecover.1450,MannandtheliberationofNormandy.1453,backguyenne.October19,1453,theBritishsurrenderofBordeaux,FrancetorecoveralltheterritoriesexceptCalais.1558,theFrenchcapturedCalais,EnglandlostthelastcityincontinentalEurope,theendoftheHundredYearsWar.

〔四〕第四階段

1429年─1453年之間，法國人民不堪英軍壓迫，各方紛紛對抗，游擊隊經(jīng)常捉拿英格蘭的征稅者，牽制英軍部隊，幫助法軍很大。1428年10月，英軍和勃艮地派包圍了奧爾良，法軍嚴重不利。此時法國出現(xiàn)一位傳頌后世的救星圣女貞德,才19歲的圣女貞德不久便被英軍捉住，1431年以女巫罪處死。這激起法國的民族義憤，助使法軍作出大反攻。1437年，法軍光復首都巴黎。1441年，收復香檳地區(qū)。1450年，解放曼恩和諾曼底。1453年，奪回吉耶訥。1453年10月19日，波爾多的英軍投降，法國收復加萊除外的全部領(lǐng)土。1558年，法軍攻陷加萊，英格蘭失去在歐洲大陸最后一個城市，百年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束。"HundredYearsWar"affectHundredYearsWar,boththeBritishorFrenchpeople,adisaster,thenitistheeraoftheBlackDeathepidemicinthedoubleblowofwaranddisease,theBritishandFrenchseveredamagetotheeconomy,hardtimes.HadaWesternhistoriannoted:"HundredYearsWarisacontinuousgamecenturiesofmassacres.Whenthetworoyalandnoblefortheirowninterestsbywinningcelebration,thosewholosttheirhomesandlovedonesofinnocentciviliansarecanonlyweepsilently.thewarfoughtacenturyago,peoplestartedtocryahundredyears."Thisstatementcanbesaidsharply,hitthenailcruelwar.BecausethewarisconductedonthelandinFrance,theFrenchbecamedevastated,andmanypeoplehomeless,butalsobecauseofthewarinFrancefinishedlastinthenation'sreunificationcauseanditsfuturelay

thefoundationfortheexpansionoftheEuropeancontinent.BritainaftertheHundredYearsWarnotonlynothing,itlostalmostallterritoriesinFrance,theresulttoabandonitssystemofhegemonyattemptmainland,turnedtotheseadevelopment,andthusembarkedonamaritimeempireoftheroad......theresultofthewar:theUnitedKingdomweredrivenoutofFranceblessingforbothcountries:IftheBritishpeopletostayinFrance,thenFrenchterritoryandinthepreponderanceofwealthwillinevitablyhinderthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnational;theFrenchnationoccupiedbyforeignforcesmanyoftheterritory,thedevelopmentoflong-termdisruption.“百年戰(zhàn)爭〞影響百年戰(zhàn)爭，不管對英國或法國人民來說都是一場災(zāi)難，當時又是黑死病流行的時代，在戰(zhàn)爭和疫病的雙重打擊下，英法兩國的經(jīng)濟大受創(chuàng)傷，民不聊生。曾有一位西方歷史學家指出：“百年戰(zhàn)爭是一場持續(xù)百年的屠殺游戲。當兩國的皇族及貴族為了自己所奪得的利益而慶祝的時候，那些痛失家園及親人的無辜平民卻只能在無聲地痛哭。戰(zhàn)爭打了一百年，人民也哭了一百年。〞這種說法可謂一針見血，一語道破了這場戰(zhàn)爭的殘酷。因為這場戰(zhàn)爭是在法國的土地上進行的，法國變得滿目瘡痍，很多人民無家可歸，但法國最后亦因為這場戰(zhàn)爭完成了民族的統(tǒng)一大業(yè)，為其日后在歐洲大陸的擴張打下根底。英國在百年戰(zhàn)爭后不但一無所獲，還喪失了幾乎所有在法國的領(lǐng)地，結(jié)果迫使其放棄大陸制霸的企圖，轉(zhuǎn)而向海上開展，從而走上了海上帝國的道路……戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個國家都是幸事：假設(shè)英國人繼續(xù)留在法國，那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會阻礙別離的英國民族的開展；而法國民族被外國勢力占領(lǐng)了眾多的領(lǐng)土，開展更是長期受阻。庫米爾戰(zhàn)役紀念碑"HundredYearsWar"status

HundredYearsWar(HundredYears'War)referstotheUnitedKingdomandFrance,andlaterjoinedBurgundy,in1337years-in1453thewarbetweentheworld'slongestwar,onandoffforaslongas116years,hundredyearswardevelopedmanynewtacticsandweapons.Whenthewarbegan,thetwocountriesmainlyinWesternEurope,theoriginalnoblemanpowersystem,thearmyraisedbyLord,haveservedtimeforconsideration.Thiscross-seaexpeditiontoEnglandverynegative,soinsteadofrecruitingmorepeoplefromthelowermercenaries,combinedwithwell-knownlong-Archertactics.Francelostthewarsituationforcedthebeginning,theintegrationmustbeexpandedroyalpowertowardoffforeigninvaders.Sowhenthewarended,thetwosideshaveembarkedonacentralizedway.

“百年戰(zhàn)爭〞地位

百年戰(zhàn)爭(HundredYears'War)是指英國和法國，以及后來參加的勃艮第，于1337年-1453年間的戰(zhàn)爭，是世界最長的戰(zhàn)爭，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)進行了長達116年，百年戰(zhàn)爭中，開展出不少新戰(zhàn)術(shù)和武器。戰(zhàn)爭開始時，兩國主要以西歐原來的貴族兵源制，由各領(lǐng)主募集軍隊，有服役時間考量。這對跨海遠征的英格蘭很不利，于是轉(zhuǎn)而招募更多來自下層人民的雇傭兵，并配合以有名的長弓兵戰(zhàn)術(shù)。法國那么迫于初期戰(zhàn)局失利，必須擴張王室統(tǒng)合權(quán)力以抵擋外敵。因此在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時，雙方都已走上中央集權(quán)的道路。Whenthewarbegan,thetwocountriesmainlyinWesternEurope,theoriginalnoblemanpowersystem,thearmyraisedbyLord,haveservedtimeforconsideration.Thiscross-seaexpeditiontoEnglandverynegative,soinsteadofrecruitingmorepeoplefromthelowermercenaries,combinedwithwell-knownlong-Archertactics.Francelostthewarsituationforcedthebeginning,theintegrationmustbeexpandedroyalpowertowardoffforeigninvaders.Sowhenthewarended,thetwosideshaveembarkedonacentralizedway.

Englandvictoriousinseveralbattles,aseriouschallengetotheWesternEuropeanaristocraticcavalry'smilitarydominance.Afterthewar,thev