尼克松簡(jiǎn)介(英語(yǔ))

RichardMilhousNixon(1913.1.9--1994.4.22)

RichardMilhousNixon----the37thPresidentoftheUSA(1969.1.20-1973.1.20,1973.1.20-1974.8.9)NixonwasbornonJanuary9,1913,California.Hisfatheristheownerofadepartmentstores.HegraduatedfromWhittierCollegeandDukeUniversity(惠蒂爾學(xué)院和迪克大學(xué)).Firstheworkedasalawyer,thenjoinedtheNavy,whenhedemobilized(復(fù)員),hewaselectedtotheSenate.In1946,NixonwaselectedRepublicanU.S.HouseofRepresentatives(美國(guó)眾議院共和黨議員)asthebeginningofthecareerinpolitics.In1952,he,asEisenhower(艾森豪威爾)'srunningmate（競(jìng)選伙伴）,waselectedVicePresident,diditfor4years.In1960,1964,Nixonranforpresidenttwice,butfailed.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Nixonreturnedtopoliticsin1968,theyearofU.S.presidentialelection,hebeattheothers,waselectedthe37thpresidentoftheUnitedStates.InJanuary1973hewasre-electedthepresident.Aftertheruling,internally,Nixon’sobjectiveistopreventinflation,torevivetheU.S.economy.Externally,heproposedtheNixonDoctrineandtodirectcontactwithChina.Nixon’sfirstvisittoChinawasinFebruary1972,openedthedoortobilateralrelations(雙邊關(guān)系）.DuringhisstayinChinatheU.S.Governmentissuedthefamous“ShanghaiCommunique（公報(bào)）.”NixonopenedthedoorforSino-USrelations(中美關(guān)系）.In1974,becauseof"Watergate,"Nixonresigned,becomingthefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.

1.ElectionNixon,alawyer,servedastheNavy,thehighestrankisjustamajor(少校).Butheisaverypoliticallymindedperson,thesecondyearaftertheendofWorldWarIIwaselectedasmembersofCongress.In1952,he,asEisenhower'srunningmate,waselectedVicePresident.Hewasonly39yearsoldatthetime,becomeoneoftheyoungestVicePresidentinthehistory!In1959hewaselectedRepublican（共和黨)presidentialcandidate.Hetookasteptothepresidency,unfortunately,hewasdefeatedbyJohnF.Kennedyinanarrowvoteinthepresidentialcampaign,sothatstepwasforcedtowithdraw.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Butthesurgingheartisnotwillingtobeordinary,Afternineyears,Nixonreturnedtopolitics,andinthatyear'sU.S.presidentialelection,hedefeatedDemocrat(民主黨)Humphrey(漢弗萊）andindependentcandidatesWallace(華萊士),electedthe37thPresidentofUnitedStates,welcomedthepeakofhispoliticalcareer.Fromtheaboveprofile,wecanknow:Nixonwasborninapoorfamily.ItcanbesaidthatNixonwasapooryoungmanwithoutanybackground,suchapersontogoinpolitics,atthetimewasnotfavored.However,Nixongaveusamiracle(奇跡)!WhatcanwelearnfromthehistoryofNixon'sstruggle?Fromapoorboytothepresident,fromanordinarypersontoaruler…………2.NixonDoctrineSpeakingoftheNixonDoctrine,weshouldfirstmentionthe"TrumanDoctrine（杜魯門主義）."AfterWorldWarII,Germany,Italy,Japan-thethreefascist(法西斯)countriessuffercompletefailure,whileBritainandFranceweakenseverely,onlytheUnitedStates,reliesonthewardevelopedintheeconomicandmilitarypower.Ithasachieveddominanceintheworld.Therefore,onMarch12,1947,theUnitedStatesproposedthe"TrumanDoctrine",infact,tointerfereintheinternalaffairsofothercountries,markingthe"coldwar"begin.Thisisacontraction（方針）toshrinktheworld‘sobligationoftheUSA(收縮美國(guó)的全球義務(wù)）toadjustthenewpolicyofinternationalrelationsanddiplomacy.Themid-20thcentury,US-SovietColdWarintensified,thegrowthofpowerofthesecondworld,especiallytheriseoftheThirdWorld,theUnitedStatesgetintotheVietnamWar（越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）,andthebreakoutofthedomesticvarietyofthecrisis,theNixonDoctrinecameintobeing.ThecentralpointofitistodefendtheUnitedStateswillnolongerbearthefullresponsibilityfortheworld'sfreecountriesHowever,totheNixonera,facingnewcircumstances,theNixonDoctrinewasputforward.194770sEuro-centricstrategyforglobaloffensive（歐洲為中心的全球性進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略）Tostrategicdefenseonthedefensive（轉(zhuǎn)為戰(zhàn)略防御處于守勢(shì)）"TrumanDoctrine”and“NixonDoctrine”3.Sino-USrelations(中美關(guān)系)"Createaworldofpeace,"the37thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesRichardNixon?WithoutChinaandits750millionpeopletoparticipate,therecanbenotstableandlastingpeace.

-<<NixonBiography>>P.244Nixon'svisittoPakistan（巴基斯坦）,healsosaid:"ChinaandtheU.S.Ahavebeenrecriminated(反責(zé)),hostilebetweeneachotherfor20years,Iwouldliketoendthissituation."-<<NixonBiography>>P.208Background

USA

China

ThebreakdownofSino-Sovietrelations,ChinafacespressureChina'snationalstrength,enhancetheinternationalstatusTheUnitedStatesboggeddown(陷入困境)intheVietnamWarWesternEuropeandJapanchallengetheUnitedStatesTheyweredefensiveintheSovietpowerSovietUnionProcess1.Exploratorytrip------"ping-pongdiplomacy"Sino-USrelations“thaw(解凍)”isinneedofanopportunityatthattime.MaoZedongandZhouEnlaiattachgreatimportance(重視）totheping-pongplayers’exchangebetweenChinaandUSA,sotheyinvitedtheU.S.tabletennisteamtovisitChina,whichbeganthe"pingpongdiplomacy."a"smallballtopromotethebigball"2.Whirlwindtour（旋風(fēng)之旅）---Kissinger（基辛格）'ssecretvisittoChina

3.Icebreakingtrip–Nixon’svisittoChina"Mr.President,youreachedacrossthemostvastoceantoshakemyhand.22yearsofnocontactbetweenus!"---ZhouEnlai"Whenweheldhands,oneeraendedandanothererabegin."

-"MemoirsofRichardNixon"ThetoastchangestheworldAhandshakeacrossthemostvastocean;Atrip,getridofthemostsolidice;Abulletin(公告),shockedtheworldpattern.

Itallhappenedinjustsevendays

February21,1972to28

Sevendaystochangetheworldhistory.------Nixon’svisittoChina4.WatergateTheso-called"Watergate"referstotheheadquartersoftheDemocraticNationalCommittee(民主黨全國(guó)委員會(huì)總部)foundthewiretapping（竊聽）incidentonJune17,1972,theWatergateapartmentsinWashington.ThecauseoftheincidentwasduetoNixontoldCharlesColson（查爾斯·科爾森）togetLarryO'Brien's（拉里·奧布賴恩）personsofintelligence（情報(bào)）,theCommitteewhoengagetheDemocraticPartyheadquartersinthemainresponsibility,.However,astheDemocraticPartyhaslongbeenwary(謹(jǐn)慎的),andtheCIA（中央情報(bào)局）hasconsistentlymonitor(監(jiān)聽)thewhereabouts(在什么地方)oftheeavesdropper（竊聽者）,theeavesdropper’salleffortshadbroughttolight.Atthattime,fivepeoplewerearrested,Thishappenedduringthepresidentialcampaign,Involvedtheofficialsofthe"president'sre-electioncommittee（總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選連任委員會(huì)）,"sosomegovernmentofficialsresigned.Nixondeniedtheincidenthasanythingtodowithhim.Butthecourtforcedhimtohandoverthoserecordingtapes,astheresult,hehadtopayoutthetapes.OnJuly8,1974,theSupremeCourt（最高法院）madeunfavorable（不利的）ruling（裁決）toNixon.Atthesametime,newspaperssenttohimresignationpublicopinion,Congresshadconstantlycalledforhisimpeachment（彈劾）.SinceNixon'slackofpoliticalsupportofCongress,hehadtoresignfromthepresidency,becamethefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.DEEPTHROAT(深喉)MarkFelt(馬克·費(fèi)爾特)-------IntheWatergateprovideimportantinformationforthejournalistLeft:In1972,thehigh-spirited"WashingtonPost(《華盛頓郵報(bào)》)"reporterBernstein(伯恩斯坦)(whohaslonghair),andthenovice(新手)Woodward(伍德沃德).Right:onJune2002,"WashingtonPost"reportedthatyear,"Watergate,"WoodwardandBernsteinreceivedNBC(ABC)(美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司(ABC))interview.UnitedStatespresidentialimpeachmentinhistoryIn1974,as"Watergate"PresidentRichardNixonwasimpeachedBillClintonAndrewJohnson（安德魯·約翰遜）。5.OldageWhenNixonresignedin1974,hehasbeen61yearsold,however,heseemstodoanalmostimpossiblething-tochangehimselfintheAmericanpublicimage,restorehisreputation.Overthenext20years,theNixonconstantlyreflecton(反思）himselfandactivelyparticipateininternationalaf