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RichardMilhousNixon(1913.1.9--1994.4.22)
RichardMilhousNixon----the37thPresidentoftheUSA(1969.1.20-1973.1.20,1973.1.20-1974.8.9)NixonwasbornonJanuary9,1913,California.Hisfatheristheownerofadepartmentstores.HegraduatedfromWhittierCollegeandDukeUniversity(惠蒂爾學(xué)院和迪克大學(xué)).Firstheworkedasalawyer,thenjoinedtheNavy,whenhedemobilized(復(fù)員),hewaselectedtotheSenate.In1946,NixonwaselectedRepublicanU.S.HouseofRepresentatives(美國眾議院共和黨議員)asthebeginningofthecareerinpolitics.In1952,he,asEisenhower(艾森豪威爾)'srunningmate(競選伙伴),waselectedVicePresident,diditfor4years.In1960,1964,Nixonranforpresidenttwice,butfailed.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Nixonreturnedtopoliticsin1968,theyearofU.S.presidentialelection,hebeattheothers,waselectedthe37thpresidentoftheUnitedStates.InJanuary1973hewasre-electedthepresident.Aftertheruling,internally,Nixon’sobjectiveistopreventinflation,torevivetheU.S.economy.Externally,heproposedtheNixonDoctrineandtodirectcontactwithChina.Nixon’sfirstvisittoChinawasinFebruary1972,openedthedoortobilateralrelations(雙邊關(guān)系).DuringhisstayinChinatheU.S.Governmentissuedthefamous“ShanghaiCommunique(公報).”NixonopenedthedoorforSino-USrelations(中美關(guān)系).In1974,becauseof"Watergate,"Nixonresigned,becomingthefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.
1.ElectionNixon,alawyer,servedastheNavy,thehighestrankisjustamajor(少校).Butheisaverypoliticallymindedperson,thesecondyearaftertheendofWorldWarIIwaselectedasmembersofCongress.In1952,he,asEisenhower'srunningmate,waselectedVicePresident.Hewasonly39yearsoldatthetime,becomeoneoftheyoungestVicePresidentinthehistory!In1959hewaselectedRepublican(共和黨)presidentialcandidate.Hetookasteptothepresidency,unfortunately,hewasdefeatedbyJohnF.Kennedyinanarrowvoteinthepresidentialcampaign,sothatstepwasforcedtowithdraw.Afterhisdefeat,NixonworkedasalawyerinLosAngelesandNewYork.Butthesurgingheartisnotwillingtobeordinary,Afternineyears,Nixonreturnedtopolitics,andinthatyear'sU.S.presidentialelection,hedefeatedDemocrat(民主黨)Humphrey(漢弗萊)andindependentcandidatesWallace(華萊士),electedthe37thPresidentofUnitedStates,welcomedthepeakofhispoliticalcareer.Fromtheaboveprofile,wecanknow:Nixonwasborninapoorfamily.ItcanbesaidthatNixonwasapooryoungmanwithoutanybackground,suchapersontogoinpolitics,atthetimewasnotfavored.However,Nixongaveusamiracle(奇跡)!WhatcanwelearnfromthehistoryofNixon'sstruggle?Fromapoorboytothepresident,fromanordinarypersontoaruler…………2.NixonDoctrineSpeakingoftheNixonDoctrine,weshouldfirstmentionthe"TrumanDoctrine(杜魯門主義)."AfterWorldWarII,Germany,Italy,Japan-thethreefascist(法西斯)countriessuffercompletefailure,whileBritainandFranceweakenseverely,onlytheUnitedStates,reliesonthewardevelopedintheeconomicandmilitarypower.Ithasachieveddominanceintheworld.Therefore,onMarch12,1947,theUnitedStatesproposedthe"TrumanDoctrine",infact,tointerfereintheinternalaffairsofothercountries,markingthe"coldwar"begin.Thisisacontraction(方針)toshrinktheworld‘sobligationoftheUSA(收縮美國的全球義務(wù))toadjustthenewpolicyofinternationalrelationsanddiplomacy.Themid-20thcentury,US-SovietColdWarintensified,thegrowthofpowerofthesecondworld,especiallytheriseoftheThirdWorld,theUnitedStatesgetintotheVietnamWar(越南戰(zhàn)爭),andthebreakoutofthedomesticvarietyofthecrisis,theNixonDoctrinecameintobeing.ThecentralpointofitistodefendtheUnitedStateswillnolongerbearthefullresponsibilityfortheworld'sfreecountriesHowever,totheNixonera,facingnewcircumstances,theNixonDoctrinewasputforward.194770sEuro-centricstrategyforglobaloffensive(歐洲為中心的全球性進攻戰(zhàn)略)Tostrategicdefenseonthedefensive(轉(zhuǎn)為戰(zhàn)略防御處于守勢)"TrumanDoctrine”and“NixonDoctrine”3.Sino-USrelations(中美關(guān)系)"Createaworldofpeace,"the37thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesRichardNixon?WithoutChinaandits750millionpeopletoparticipate,therecanbenotstableandlastingpeace.
-<<NixonBiography>>P.244Nixon'svisittoPakistan(巴基斯坦),healsosaid:"ChinaandtheU.S.Ahavebeenrecriminated(反責),hostilebetweeneachotherfor20years,Iwouldliketoendthissituation."-<<NixonBiography>>P.208Background
USA
China
ThebreakdownofSino-Sovietrelations,ChinafacespressureChina'snationalstrength,enhancetheinternationalstatusTheUnitedStatesboggeddown(陷入困境)intheVietnamWarWesternEuropeandJapanchallengetheUnitedStatesTheyweredefensiveintheSovietpowerSovietUnionProcess1.Exploratorytrip------"ping-pongdiplomacy"Sino-USrelations“thaw(解凍)”isinneedofanopportunityatthattime.MaoZedongandZhouEnlaiattachgreatimportance(重視)totheping-pongplayers’exchangebetweenChinaandUSA,sotheyinvitedtheU.S.tabletennisteamtovisitChina,whichbeganthe"pingpongdiplomacy."a"smallballtopromotethebigball"2.Whirlwindtour(旋風之旅)---Kissinger(基辛格)'ssecretvisittoChina
3.Icebreakingtrip–Nixon’svisittoChina"Mr.President,youreachedacrossthemostvastoceantoshakemyhand.22yearsofnocontactbetweenus!"---ZhouEnlai"Whenweheldhands,oneeraendedandanothererabegin."
-"MemoirsofRichardNixon"ThetoastchangestheworldAhandshakeacrossthemostvastocean;Atrip,getridofthemostsolidice;Abulletin(公告),shockedtheworldpattern.
Itallhappenedinjustsevendays
February21,1972to28
Sevendaystochangetheworldhistory.------Nixon’svisittoChina4.WatergateTheso-called"Watergate"referstotheheadquartersoftheDemocraticNationalCommittee(民主黨全國委員會總部)foundthewiretapping(竊聽)incidentonJune17,1972,theWatergateapartmentsinWashington.ThecauseoftheincidentwasduetoNixontoldCharlesColson(查爾斯·科爾森)togetLarryO'Brien's(拉里·奧布賴恩)personsofintelligence(情報),theCommitteewhoengagetheDemocraticPartyheadquartersinthemainresponsibility,.However,astheDemocraticPartyhaslongbeenwary(謹慎的),andtheCIA(中央情報局)hasconsistentlymonitor(監(jiān)聽)thewhereabouts(在什么地方)oftheeavesdropper(竊聽者),theeavesdropper’salleffortshadbroughttolight.Atthattime,fivepeoplewerearrested,Thishappenedduringthepresidentialcampaign,Involvedtheofficialsofthe"president'sre-electioncommittee(總統(tǒng)競選連任委員會),"sosomegovernmentofficialsresigned.Nixondeniedtheincidenthasanythingtodowithhim.Butthecourtforcedhimtohandoverthoserecordingtapes,astheresult,hehadtopayoutthetapes.OnJuly8,1974,theSupremeCourt(最高法院)madeunfavorable(不利的)ruling(裁決)toNixon.Atthesametime,newspaperssenttohimresignationpublicopinion,Congresshadconstantlycalledforhisimpeachment(彈劾).SinceNixon'slackofpoliticalsupportofCongress,hehadtoresignfromthepresidency,becamethefirstU.S.presidenttoresign.DEEPTHROAT(深喉)MarkFelt(馬克·費爾特)-------IntheWatergateprovideimportantinformationforthejournalistLeft:In1972,thehigh-spirited"WashingtonPost(《華盛頓郵報》)"reporterBernstein(伯恩斯坦)(whohaslonghair),andthenovice(新手)Woodward(伍德沃德).Right:onJune2002,"WashingtonPost"reportedthatyear,"Watergate,"WoodwardandBernsteinreceivedNBC(ABC)(美國全國廣播公司(ABC))interview.UnitedStatespresidentialimpeachmentinhistoryIn1974,as"Watergate"PresidentRichardNixonwasimpeachedBillClintonAndrewJohnson(安德魯·約翰遜)。5.OldageWhenNixonresignedin1974,hehasbeen61yearsold,however,heseemstodoanalmostimpossiblething-tochangehimselfintheAmericanpublicimage,restorehisreputation.Overthenext20years,theNixonconstantlyreflecton(反思)himselfandactivelyparticipateininternationalaf
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