自考英語寫作應(yīng)試能力加技巧完結(jié)篇

自考英語寫作應(yīng)試能力加技巧完結(jié)篇根據(jù)全國高等教育自學(xué)考試指導(dǎo)委員會最新頒布的《英語寫作基礎(chǔ)自學(xué)考試大綱》的規(guī)定，英語寫作基礎(chǔ)這一課程著重培養(yǎng)考生英語寫作的基本技能，重點(diǎn)教授英語寫作的最基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容：句子的組成、段落的寫作、概要及應(yīng)用文寫作。通過本課程的學(xué)習(xí)，要求考生掌握句子、段落以及應(yīng)用文最基本的寫作理論與技巧，以便寫出主題較為突出、內(nèi)容較為充實(shí)完善、語言較為通順流暢、格式符合要求的短文，為學(xué)習(xí)本科階段的英語寫作課程打下堅實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。英語寫作基礎(chǔ)考試題型：《英語寫作基礎(chǔ)自學(xué)考試大綱》的規(guī)定“本課程試卷采用的題型主要包括：判斷題、改錯題、改寫題、概要寫作、應(yīng)用文寫作等”。判斷題、改錯題、改寫題等主要考核應(yīng)考生對句子(TheSentence)和段落(TheParagraph)基本知識點(diǎn)如改寫句子包括改寫掉尾句(periodicsentence)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)(parallelstructure)等和判斷主題句(topicsentence)等掌握情況；例如：Ⅰ.Revisethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotherequirement1.Theplanbegantoshakenoticeablyassoonasitliftedofftherunway.(periodicsentence)2.JamesJoyce'sUlysses,alongandcomplicatednovelandwhichisonourreadinglist,hasbeenbannedbytheschoolboard.(parallelstructure)Ⅱ.Readthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandselectthebesttopicsentencefromthefourpossibleanswersthatfollowtheparagraph.Topicsentence:.Actually,thisideaisfarfromthetruth.TheAborigineshavebeenabletosurviveforcenturiesintheharshenvironmentofthedesertbecausetheirmindsarehighlytrainedintheknowledgeoffoodsources.Sincetheyhavenomeansofstoringfood,theirentireattentionmustbedirectedtowardtheirdailysearchforfood.Fromtheyoungestchildtotheoldestmemberofthetribe,foodgatheringisthetoppriority.TheAboriginespossessaprofoundunderstandingofthelifearoundthem.a.Intheearliestyears,childrenaretaughtwhenfoodsripen,wherefoodsaretobefound,whenanimalssleepformonthsandproduce,andwherewaterislikelytobefound.b.TheAboriginse'in－depthknowledgeoftheenvironmentaroundthem.c.TheinteriorofAustraliaisaridandinhospitabletohumanbeings.d.Manyobservershavemistakenlythoughtthattheaborigines,withsofewtools.musthavealowerintelligencethanotherraces.概要寫作和應(yīng)用文寫作則不僅要求應(yīng)考生掌握寫概要的基本要領(lǐng)及應(yīng)用文寫作的技巧，同時要求他們將寫句子和段落的技巧融合在應(yīng)用文寫作之中，最終寫出格式正確、用詞得當(dāng)、表達(dá)得體的應(yīng)用文來。概要(Precis)寫作主要是先給出一篇文章，然后給出寫概要的指令，如“Readthefollowingpassageandwriteaprecisinoneparagraphofabout100words.Trytowriteinyourownwordsasfaraspossible.”應(yīng)用文(PracticalWriting)寫作由三部分組成：便條(Note)、信函(Letter)和個人簡歷(Resume)。它們寫作的形式必須根據(jù)要求寫出或是某種便條，或是某種信函，或是個人簡歷。如下面是一則未能赴約而表示歉意的便條寫作指令：Writeanoteofapologyabout70－100wordstoyourfriendsaccordingtothesituationdescribed:Youhavemadeanappointmentwithyourfriendstohavelunchtogether.Butforsomereasonsyoucannotkeeptheappointment.Pleasestateyourreasonsandexpressyourregretforbreakingtheappointment.Youcouldalsoexpressyourhopeforthegathering.再如：下面是一則打算上大學(xué)繼續(xù)深造的申請信寫作指令：Youareplanningtofurtheryourstudiesinacollegeoruniversity.Writeanapplicationtothatinstitution.Inyourletter,providethenecessaryinformationaboutyourself,tellthemyourwanttostudymathandfindoutaboutthepossibilityofreceivingfinancialsupport.(150－200)從上述的幾種題型中，尤其是后三種，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，無論是概要、便條還是信函等寫作都是一種根據(jù)所提供信息的短文寫作把這些已知信息寫成一篇具有連貫性的概要、便條、信函或個人簡歷。換言之，就是考核應(yīng)考生的基本寫作能力。下面重點(diǎn)討論怎樣寫概要和應(yīng)用文。首先談?wù)勗鯓訉懜乓?Precis)。要寫好一篇文章的概要應(yīng)考生應(yīng)具備兩種基本能力。首先應(yīng)具備理解原文，掌握全文中心思想的能力；其次應(yīng)具有用簡練的語言將原文的中心思想表達(dá)出來的能力。一般說來，概要的篇幅為原文的1/3至1/4，因此在寫概要時務(wù)必注意語言的概括和精練。概要寫作一般按下列步驟進(jìn)行：1.認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀原文兩遍，理解和掌握全文的內(nèi)容。2.仔細(xì)地閱讀考題指令，明確了解考題要求，在原文上標(biāo)出重點(diǎn)，如議論文中的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)；記敘文中的發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局等。3.再一次閱讀原文，并將所需要采用的要點(diǎn)列出。要點(diǎn)的記錄應(yīng)盡可能簡潔明了。4.根據(jù)記錄的要點(diǎn)寫出概要的初稿，并盡可能不參照原文，除非當(dāng)你需要核實(shí)某個要點(diǎn)。這將十分有益于用自己的語言組織內(nèi)容，而不是照抄原文中的某些詞句。完成初稿后應(yīng)數(shù)一數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)，但千萬不可在寫完每一句句子即數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)。這樣不僅浪費(fèi)寶貴的時間，而且會攪亂寫作的思路。5.進(jìn)行一些必要的修改和調(diào)整后，謄清完稿，并在最后注明具體字?jǐn)?shù)。應(yīng)考生在重讀謄清稿時，有兩點(diǎn)還應(yīng)牢記：首先，你寫出的概要內(nèi)容必須忠實(shí)于原文，或者說精確(accurate)。概要中所有的內(nèi)容和信息必須來源于原文，既不可篡改原文內(nèi)容也不能包括原文未涉及到的內(nèi)容。其次，概要讀起來應(yīng)是一完整連貫的段落。要取得這一完整連貫，就應(yīng)該使用一些連接詞(link－words)，如‘but’,‘a(chǎn)nd’,‘however’,‘a(chǎn)lso’等連接要點(diǎn)；同樣，也可使用諸如‘since’,‘though’,‘evenif’，‘when’,‘a(chǎn)fter’,‘before’等詞。請看下面一例子：Thesentrywatchedahawkthathoveredoverhead,lookingforsomeunsuspectingpreytopounceupon.Thenheheardthedistant,muffledroarofplanes,thensilence.Forthepastweekhehadbeentoldtotakenoteofeverythingthathappenedonthehillwithinhisrangeofvision,andtoreportanythingsuspicious.Thehillledtoanexperimentalfactory,wherenewandsecretweaponsweretested.Therewasathreatofwarandthefactorywouldbeinvaluabletotheenemy.Sotheapproachestoitwerewatcheddayin,anddayout.Heshiftedhisposition;hefeltthathehadbeencrouchingintheheathersincethebeginningofthetime,butonlyacoupleofhoursoftheday'sdutyhadpassed.Suddenlyhesawsomethingfallingfromtheskylikesnow,onlyitwasnotsnow.[Heputouthishandandcaughtbitsofthatweredriftingnearhim.Theywerethinstripsofmetaltoconfusedelicateinstruments,sothatitwouldnotbepossibletodetectthelandingofenemycraf.Nextheheardalong,low,continuousroarfromtheeastandsawbundlesdescendingfromtheskywhichlookedlikeumbrellasopening,butwhichbeknewtobeparachuteswithmenhangingfromthem.Hewantedtogoatoncetogivethealarm,buthehadtobesurethattheparachuteswerenothisownmenoutonanexercise.Themenwereongroundnow.Oneofthempointedinthedirectionofsecretfactoryandtheyallbeganmarchingtowardit.Hehadnomoredoubtsandsetoffatoncedownthehill.Hecrawledslowly,sometimesonhisstomach,sometimesonhisside,weavingdecidedthathehadamplecoverandstartedtorun.Buthehaderred,forbulletsweresoonwhistlingpasthim.Hedroopedflatontheground.Nobodycametosearchforhim,sohecounteduptoahundredandthenbegancrawlingagain.Hemovedtortuouslyandassilentlyashecouldtohiscampatthefootofthehill.]Describeinnotmorethan80wordswhatthesentrysawanddidfromthemomentwhenthestripsofmetalfellfromtheskyuntilhegotbacktohiscamp.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Donotincludeanythingthatisnotinthepassage.MODEL1.Points(SawandDid)1)Putouthands;caughtstripmetal.2)Sawbundles.3)Waited.4)Sawmenonground.5)Onepointed;allmarched.6)Wentdownhill.7)Crawled-stomach,side-tostream.8)Startedrunning.9)Droppedflat(why?-bullets).10)Counted100;crawled.11)Silentlytocamp.2.RoughDraft(LinkingofPoints)Whenthesentryheldouthishandtocatchwhatwasfallingoutofthesky,hefoundthatitwasstripsofmetal.Thebundlesbegancomingdown.Thesentrywaiteduntilmenappearedontheground.Oneofthempointedandthesentrysawthemmarchtowardsthefactory.Crawlingonhisstomachandonhisside,thesentrymoveddownhill.Hebeganrunningwhenhecametoastream,butdroppeddownwhenhewasshotat.Aftercountinguptoahundredtohimself,hebegancrawlingsilentlyagaindownhill.(95words)3.FairCopy(CorrectedDraft)Aftercatchingholdofmetalstripsfallingoutofthesky,thesentrysawbundlesdescendingand,afteratime,somemenappearedontheground.Oneofthempointedandtheyallbeganmarchingtowardsthefactory.Thesentrycrawleddownhillonhisstomachandonhisside.Whenhecametoastream,hebeganrunningbutdroppeddownwhenthemenshotathim.Hecounteduptoahundred,thensilentlystartedcrawlingagaintowardshiscamp.(80words)不管是私人信函、商業(yè)信函還是各類便條都是重要的交際形式。所以，要寫好各種信函和便條，首先要掌握其寫作的語言，同時必須熟悉并運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)內(nèi)容的方式及格式。只有做到這兩點(diǎn)，考試時才能真正做到胸有成竹，得心應(yīng)手。就格式而言，不論寫哪一種都有其特定的格式。英語書信，在形式上可分為下面六個部分：1.信頭(TheHeading)：包括發(fā)信人地址和寫信日期。2.受信者(InsideAddress)：包括受信人姓名、地址。3.稱謂(TheSalutationorGreeting)如DearSir,Gentlemen,。4.正文(TheBody)：是信的主要部分，包括寫信人所要表達(dá)敘述的事情。5.結(jié)束語(TheComplimentaryClose)--如YoursTruly,Yoursrespectfully等6.簽名(TheSignature)。現(xiàn)舉一實(shí)例說明英文書信格式：1.8765SunsetStreetHollywood56Calif.U.S.AMay1719982.Mr.AlanLiu122NinghaiRoad,NanjingP.R.C.3.DearSir,4.Thisistoconfirminwritingourtelephoneconversationofyesterdayregardinganinterviewyouhavebeenkindenoughtograntme.GreenBookmagazinehasassignedmeashortarticleonthehibernationofanimals.AsCuratorofMammalsattheZoologicalPark,yiuareoneofthreeporminentzoologistsIplantointerviewbeforewritingthepiecefromnotesIhavealreadycarefullyresearched.Theothertwotobeinterviewedareyourcolleagues,Dr.FullerandDr.Meade,oftheUniversitystaff.Icanmatchmyplantosuityourschedule,butsomedayearlynextmonthwouldbebestforme.Idon'tplantobringaphotographerasthispieceistobeillustratedbyratheramazingpicturesIalreadyhaveofhibernatinganimals.Aself－addressed,stampedenvelopeisenclosedandIwouldappreciateareplyassoonasyoucanarrangeaconvenienttime.5.Sincerelyyours,6.JohnWarner寫這封信的人用正式而又簡單的語言，開門見山而又不失禮貌地說出了寫這封信的目的--只是核實(shí)他要確定的事實(shí)。便條和書信的格式基本相同，只不過要比正式書信要簡單一些。如可省略信頭、結(jié)語等。信函和便條的最大區(qū)別在于表達(dá)的方式不同：前者要求用正式的書面語言，而后者則常常使用非正式的口頭語言。請看下面一個請柬：DearLucy,Canyouthinkofasinglegoodreasonwhyyoushouldn'tspendnextweekendwithus?I'vejustbeenoutlookingatthegarden,andit'sbeautiful,you'lllikeit.Also,I'mgoingtohaveayoungmanhereafriendofAlva's.HisnameisPeterGroesbeck.Otherinformationyoucanfindoutforyourself.Bringyourbathingsuit,wewillmeetyourusualSaturdaymorningtrain.Affectionately,AlanLiu請看下面一則留言條(Message):July20,1998Jack,HerearethetwoticketsImentionedyesterdayfortheBeijingOpera“FarewellToMyConcubine."Youmaybringanybodyalongwithyou.Ihopeyou'llenjoyit.XiaoZhang由于便條主要是寫給朋友和熟人的，形式上可簡單化，語言上可口語化。但如果便條是寫給陌生人、生意上的合作伙伴或年尊者，語言就應(yīng)該較正式化。還有一點(diǎn)值得強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，請柬等便條一定要寫得直接、簡明、完整；時間、地點(diǎn)、對象都應(yīng)交代的一清二楚，千萬不可使人模棱兩可，捉摸不定。一般說來，試卷上所有試題做完后，仍應(yīng)有余留的幾分鐘。在這幾分鐘里，應(yīng)從改錯(Proof－reading＆ErrorCorrection)的角度出發(fā)，重點(diǎn)檢查語言錯誤。著重點(diǎn)應(yīng)在語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語等方面。請看下列例子：1.Havingstudiedyourreportcarefully,Iamconvincedthatneitherofyoursolutionsarecorrect.(主謂不一致)Havingstudiedyourreportcarefully,Iamconvincedthatneitherofyoursolutionsiscorrect.2.Whenhetriedtomakeareservation,hefoundthattherestaurantthathelikeswascompletelyfilledbecauseofaweddingfunction.(時態(tài)錯誤)Whenhetriedtomakeareservation,hefoundthattherestaurantthathelikedwascompletelyfilledbecauseofaweddingfunction.3.Ifhemadebetteruseofhistime,hewillbemorelikelytofinishhisresearch.(語氣錯誤)Ifhemadebetteruseofhistime,hewouldbemorelikelytofinishhisresearch.4.TheclimatehereisoftensaidtobesimilartooneofJapan.(代詞誤用)TheclimatehereisoftensaidtobesimilartooneofJapan.5.Thefirememwereunabletodetermine