BBC紀錄片對中國形象構(gòu)建的批判性話語分析

附件1：ACriticalDiscourseAnalysisoftheImageConstructionofChinaintheBBCDocumentaryDesignedinChina摘要本文從批評性語篇分析的視角，運用Fairclough的三維分析框架，對BBC紀錄片《中國設(shè)計》中的語言進行分析，對其中中國形象的構(gòu)建進行研究。Fairclough(2001:91)提出的三維分析框架將語言視為語篇和社會實踐，包含三方面：描述文本的形式特征；闡釋文本與交際之間的關(guān)系；解釋交際與社會情景間的關(guān)系。本文研究下列三個問題：（1）《中國設(shè)計》中構(gòu)建了怎樣的中國形象？（2）該紀錄片是如何構(gòu)建中國形象的？（3）哪些因素影響了中國形象的構(gòu)建？研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：（1）該紀錄片主要塑造了“富有創(chuàng)新力”、“發(fā)展迅速”、“有對外依賴傾向”、“缺乏秩序”四方面的中國形象。（2）在形象構(gòu)建過程中，詞匯的選擇、修辭手法的運用以及語句之間的銜接等方面都體現(xiàn)了制作人的態(tài)度和意圖。（3）上述形象構(gòu)建受到經(jīng)濟、社會和文化因素的影響。本文具有一定的實踐意義。（1）本研究有助于讀者辯證地看待外媒所構(gòu)建的中國形象，并且深入了解其背后意圖。（2）本研究為中國媒體如何有針對性地構(gòu)建中國形象提供了參考，并且為增強中國形象構(gòu)建的客觀性和全面性提出了一些建議。關(guān)鍵詞：批評性語篇分析；Fairclough的三維分析框架;中國形象構(gòu)建；BBC紀錄片《中國設(shè)計》AbstractFromtheperspectiveofcriticaldiscourseanalysis,thisthesisappliesFairclough'sThree-dimensionalModel(TDM)totheanalysisofthelanguageintheBBCdocumentaryDesignedinChinasoastoexploretheimageconstructionofChina.Fairclough’sTDM(2001:91)considerslanguageasdiscourseandassocialpractice,includingthreeaspects:describingtheformalpropertiesofthetext;interpretingtherelationshipbetweentextandinteraction;explainingtherelationshipbetweeninteractionandsocialcontext.Thisthesishasthefollowingthreequestions:(1)WhatareChina’simagesthatareconstructedinDesignedinChina?(2)Howaretheseimagesconstructedinthisdocumentary?(3)WhatarethefactorsthatinfluencetheimageconstructionofChina?Majorfindingsareasfollows:(1)ThisdocumentarymainlyportraysChinaasacountrywhichis"creative","growingrapidly","externaldependent"and"lackofregulations".(2)Intheprocessofimageconstruction,thechoiceofwords,theuseofrhetoricaldevicesandlocalcoherencemightreflecttheattitudeandintentionoftheproducers.(3)TheimageconstructionofChinaisinfluencedbyeconomic,socialandculturalfactors.Thisstudyhassomepracticalsignificance.(1)ThisresearchhelpsreadersdialecticallyregardtheChina’simagesshapedbyforeignmedia,aswellasgainanin-depthunderstandingofitsunderlyingintentions.(2)ThisthesisprovidesareferencefortheChinesemediatotheimagesofChina,andgivessomesuggestionsforenhancingtheobjectivityandcomprehensivenessoftheimageconstructionofChina.Keywords:CriticalDiscourseAnalysis;Fairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel；China’sImageConstruction;BBCDocumentaryDesignedinChina

ContentsIntroduction 1ResearchBackground 1ResearchObjectives 2ResearchSignificance 3OrganizationoftheThesis 3Chapter1LiteratureReview 51.1PreviousStudiesofNationalImages 51.1.1Self-ConstructionofChina’sImages 51.1.2OtherConstructionofChina’sImages 71.2RhetoricalStudiesofDocumentaries 81.2.1ApplicationofRhetoricinDocumentaries 91.2.2FunctionsofRhetoricinDocumentaries 101.2.3TheRelationshipBetweenRhetoricandContext 101.3PreviousStudiesBasedonFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel 111.3.1StudiesofNewsReports 111.3.2StudiesofPublicSpeeches 12Chapter2TheoreticalFrameworkandMethodology 142.1TheoreticalFramework 142.1.1AnIntroductionofFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel(TDM) 14Description 16Interpretation 17Explanation 192.1.2ApplicabilityofTDMinThisStudy 202.1.3ApplicationofTDMinThisStudy 202.2Methodology 212.2.1DataCollectionandSampleSelection 222.2.2ResearchQuestions 232.2.3ResearchMethods 24QualitativeAnalysis 24InterdisciplinaryApproach 24Chapter3AnalysisoftheImageConstructionintheData 263.1DescriptionofChina’sImages 263.1.1BeingCreative 263.1.2GrowingRapidly 283.1.3BeingExternalDependent 293.1.4LackingRegulations 303.2InterpretationoftheImageConstructionofChina 323.2.1InterpretationoftheMeaningofUtterance 323.2.2InterpretationoftheLocalCoherence 333.2.3InterpretationoftheTextStructure 343.3ExplanationofImageConstruction 353.3.1EconomicFactors 353.3.2SocialFactors 363.3.3CulturalFactors 38Conclusion 40MajorFindings 40Implications 41Limitations 42SuggestionsforFurtherResearch 43References 44Acknowledgments 49吉林大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文IntroductionThisthesismakesananalysisofthedocumentaryDesignedinChinaonChina’simages,applyingFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel.Thischapterfirstlyintroducestheresearchbackgroundofthisthesis,thenexplainstheresearchobjectivesandsignificanceaswellaspresentstheorganizationofthisthesis.ResearchBackgroundInrecentyears,asourcountryisgettingclosetothecenteroftheworldstage,China’simagesalsoattractmoreandmoreattention.However,inthepast,mostoftheChina’simagescreatedbyforeignmediawereseriouslypolarized.Inaddition,thepresentstudiesofsuchissuealwaysconcentrateonthefieldsofinternationalrelationsandcommunicationswhiletherelevantstudiesoflinguisticshavealongwaytogo.Atpresent,theresearchesofnationalimagesamongChineselinguistsmainlygiveprioritytowesternmainstreamprintmedia.Forexample,manyscholarsmakecriticalanalysesoftheimagesofChinabasedonthereportsinNewYorkTimes,TheWashingtonPost,ChinaDailyandsoon,butlanguageindocumentariesisrarelyselectedasdiscourses.SinceprejudiceandstereotypestillexistintheimageconstructionofChina,itisnecessarytooptmorediscourseswithvariousthemesanddisplayarealChinathroughmorecomprehensiveanalysisandresearches.Thus,media,whichplayakeyroleintheconstructionofChina’simages,isworthusingtorecognizethesignificanceofChina’sdevelopmentandinnovationtothewholeworld.Asaresult,moreobjectiveandfairimagesofChinawillappearinfrontofallthecountries.Inthisdissertation,theauthorchoosesoneoftheBBClatestdocumentaries,DesignedinChinaastheresearchsubject,whichisaboutnewchangesoftechnologicalinnovationincontemporaryChina.Intheformoftravelnotesandexperientialinterviews,thereportersledaudiencetovisitBeijing,Chengdu,Zhangjiajie,Shenzhen,Guangzhou,Dongguan,etc.,inordertoobservesomenewchangesthattechnologyproductsandsocialnetworksthathavebroughttothedailylifeofChinesepeople.Ontheonehand,itthinkshighlyofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinChina,butontheotherhand,itexpressesdissatisfactionwithChinaonissuessuchastransportation,socialorderandenvironmentalprotection.ThecontradictoryimagesofChinaremindtheauthoroftheusageofcriticaldiscourseanalysis(CDA)whichwillbeintroducedinChapter2.ResearchObjectivesInthisstudy,Fairclough’sThreeDimensionalModel(1992)isusedasthemaintheoreticalframeworktoanalyzethelanguageusedinthedocumentary,DesignedinChina.IntheprocessofscrutinizingtheconstructionoftheChina’simagesinthisdocumentary,theauthorwillanswerthefollowingquestions:(1)WhatareChina’simagesthatareconstructedinDesignedinChina?(2)Howaretheseimagesconstructedinthisdocumentary?(3)WhatarethefactorsthatinfluencetheimageconstructionofChina?Thisthesisaimstoprovethatthedocumentariesarenotobjectiveandcomprehensiveenoughastheiroriginalimpressionstotheaudience.Meanwhile,theauthortriestothetrueintentionofwesternmediawhenconstructingsuchcontradictoryChina’simages.Additionally,byindicatingtheshortcomingsoftheimageconstructioninthisdocumentary,newwayscanbefoundtopromoteobjectivityoftheimageconstructionofChina.ResearchSignificanceFirst,bysummarizingthecontradictoryimagesofChinainthedocumentary,itwillalsoexplorethepurposeofitsconstructionaswellaspointoutthedrawbacksinitsconstruction.Second,therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocialcontextisexploredintheprocessofanalysisandargumentation,whichhelpsreaderstodialecticallytreattheimagesofChinabuiltbyBBC,sotheycangainadeeperunderstandingoftheintentionbehindthetexts.Third,itmightprovideareferenceforChinesemediatodisseminatetheimagesofChina.Tosomeextent,thisresearchcouldgivesomesuggestionsonenhancingtheobjectivityandcomprehensivenessoftheimageconstructionofChina.OrganizationoftheThesisAtthebeginning,theauthorgivesabriefintroductionoftheresearchbackground,researchobjectivesandsignificanceaswellastheorganizationofthisthesis.InChapter1,theauthorintroducespreviousstudiesofnationalimagesandrhetoricalstudiesofdocumentaries.Atthesametime,previousstudiesbasedonFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModelarealsolisted.InChapter2,theauthorpresentsthetheoreticalframework,includingFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel:description,interpretationandexplanationandmainmethodologyofthethesis.Meanwhile,theapplicabilityandapplicationofthistheoryinthisstudyarealsoexplained.Inaddition,themethodologyofthisresearchisintroducedinthischapter.InChapter3,asfordescription,theauthorsummarizesthepositiveimagesandthenegativeimagesconstructedinthedocumentary.Intermsofinterpretationandexplanation,theauthordiscussesthepurposesoftheconstructionandthereasonsforit,endingwiththeproblemsofirrationalityandincompletenessintheconstruction.Inconclusion,theauthorpointsoutthemajorfindings,andshowstheimplicationsandlimitationsofthethesis.Atlast,theauthormakessomerecommendationsforthefurtherresearch.Chapter1LiteratureReviewThischaptermainlyconsistsofthreeparts:previousstudiesofnationalimages,rhetoricalstudiesofdocumentariesandstudiesbasedonFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel.Allthetheoreticalbackgroundwillbepresentedplainlyinthischapter.1.1PreviousStudiesofNationalImagesNationalimagesarewidelyconsideredasessentialsymbolsofacountry’scomprehensivestrengthsandglobalstatus,whichhavebeenattractingmanyscholarsallovertheworldformorethansixtyyears.Atfirst,thestudiesinthisfieldwereusedtodescribetherelationshipamongthecountriesintheinternationalcommunity.Lateron,theresearchesbegantobeappliedintoalmostalltheaffairsofcountries’development.Theauthoranalyzesthenumerousstudiesfromtheperspectiveofapproachesofconstruction.Classifiedbythesubjectofconstruction,theapproachesofimageconstructioncanbeself-constructionandotherconstruction,whichareintroducedinthissectionrespectively.1.1.1Self-ConstructionofChina’sImagesSelf-constructionofChina’simagesindicatestheprocessofshapingbyChinesemedia.Ouyang(2019:2)describeslivelythatself-constructionislikemonologue.ThiskindofresearchesinChinastartedlate.Atfirst,itwasonlyarebuttalofforeignprejudice.Lateron,beforeChinaheldsomeinternationalevents,theshapingandpublicizingofChina’simagesincreasedaccordingly.Especiallyinthepastseveralyears,Chinesegovernmentsrealizethesignificanceofself-constructionofnationalimages,andmanydomesticmediaareencouragedtoconstructandpropagateChina’simageswhichalsoattractChinesescholars’attention(Ouyang,2019:1).WiththeadvancementoftheBeltandRoadinitiate,therelevantimageshavebeenincreasinglyenriched.Asforthestrategiesofself-construction,Liu(2002:64)givesseveralsuggestions.Ifacountryappearslessfrequentlyinthemediawithbothpositiveandnegativeimages,itisadvisabletouselarge-scalemediaeventstoconstructthenationalimagesmoreactively.Bycontrast,ifacountryisfrequentlyreportedbyinternationalmediaandtheimagesaremainlynegative,thebestwayforthedomesticmediaofthecountryistoreducethenewsaboutthecountryandhighlightthebrightsideofthecountry.Atthesametime,Liu(2014:106)warnsthatthreebiases,subjectiveorientatedbias,externalorientatedbiasandnewsorientatedbiasneedtobeavoidedintheChina’sacademiccircleswhenstudyingthenationalimages,whichspecifiesthedirectionofthedevelopmentofrelevantresearches.Asawhole,asYan(2016:17)andZhang(2017:82)say,Chinesevoicehasnotloudenoughyet,andself-constructionneedstomeettheinternationaldemandbetteraswellaskeeptheimagesrealandcomprehensive.1.1.2OtherConstructionofChina’sImagesOtherconstructionofChina’simagesmeanstheimagesformedbyforeigncountries’media,whichislikeamirrorreflectingtheperceptionofothers.Ro?ker(2012:27)emphasizesthatotherconstructionmaybeinfluencedbyinterculturalconfrontationsduringinternationalcommunication.Similarly,GuoandLi(2017：96)discoverthatChina'simagesintheWesternperspectivekeepchangingwithChineseandforeignculturalexchanges.WhenChina’simagesappearedfirstlyintheinternationalcommunity,theywereconstructedbyforeignmediaoutoftheirinterestandpurposes.Forinstance,Zhao(2019:19)focusesontheChina’simagesshapedinAmericanfilms,andhenoticesthatimagesofChinaHollywood'smoviesareapparentlydescribingChina,buttheyactuallyusesomeChineseelementstospeakabouttheircountriesorconstructChina’simagesintheirownmind.WiththedevelopmentofChina,itsimageshavebecomepolarized.Zhang(2017：81)analyzestheimagesofourcountryinforeigndocumentaries.Shenotesthatsome"otherconstruction"documentarieshaveconstructedtwocontradictoryimagesofChina:someofthemhavecreateda"troubledChina"whichworriestheworld;othershavepresenteda“risingChina”whichmaythreatenthebenefitsofinternationalcommunitywithitsgreatpowers.ZhaoandLiu(2016:35)findoutthatChinaisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheinternationalstagewhichcausesitisanecessityfortheworldtounderstandChinesecultureandChinesespirit.Asaresult,thedocumentaryproducersoftheWestgraduallychangethenegativeimpressionofChina(JiaandZhu,2013:49).However,therearealsovariousvoicesthatquestiontheimageofChinaandtheChinese.Astheaboveanalysisshows,theauthorfindsthatthegoalofshapinganddisseminatingChina'simagesistoeliminatemisunderstandingsbetweendifferentcountriesandestablishimagesofChinabasedoncurrentconditionsinChina.Nevertheless,asfarasthepresentstudiesareconcerned,thisgoalisfarfrombeingachieved.Fordomesticmedia,combiningtheadvantagesofself-constructionwithotherconstructionisstillaconspicuouschallenge.1.2RhetoricalStudiesofDocumentariesRhetoricalstudiestraditionallyfocusonwrittentextstocreatealiteraryeffect.Whenappliedtodocumentarystudy,rhetoricgetsnewvitality.Forexample,BaoandKong(2004:82)introducetheconcept“rhetoricalstudyofdocumentaries”,indicatingthattherhetoricalstudiesofthepicture,thesound,thepicturestructureandthesoundstructurecouldunifythestructureofthesoundandpictureinthedocumentary.Withinterdisciplinaryfeatures,thesestudiesinvolveboththerhetoricofthe"semantics"ofthepictureandthesound,aswellastherhetoricofthe"grammar"ofthepictureandsound.Theauthornoticesthatfordocumentaries,thestudiesonvisualandaudiorhetorichavedevelopedrapidly,butthelinguisticresearchesontherhetoricofdocumentarieshavebeenneglected.Verydifferentfromthosenewspaperreports,textsincludingcommentariesindocumentariesworkasauxiliarymeansconveyingtheinformationthatcan’tbeexpressedclearlyinthepicture.Therefore,thethesisfocusesontherhetoricstudiesonthelanguageindocumentariesinthefollowingaspects.1.2.1ApplicationofRhetoricinDocumentariesRhetoricalmethodsareusedvariouslyinlanguageunits,likevocabulary,sentencesandtext.AsChineseisinfluencedbyancientstyles,itexcessivepursuesgorgeouswordsandrepeatedsynonyms;Englishwritingsrequiresimpleandclear,logicalandrigorousexpression.Thus,Chinesedocumentariesincludemoreexquisitewordselection,whileEnglishdocumentariesusuallypaymoreattentiontothearrangementofsentences.Therhetoricoflanguagemainlycomesfromitssemantics,andvocabularyasthesmallestunitoflinguisticsymbolsisalsothesmallestunitofmeaningoflanguage,sovocabularyhascertainrhetoricalfunctions,especiallyinvolvingsometechnicalterms.Jiang(2019:67)pointsoutthatinthedocumentarieswithengineeringandtechnologythemes,reportersalwaysdescribecomplicatedmachinesinametaphoricaloranexaggeratedway.Asforthesentencesandtexts,thestructureofsentencesandthechangesofsentencelengtharemainwaystoshowrhetoricaleffectandevenexpressfeelings.Forinstance,LiandNie(2013:52)studythecommentaryinthedocumentary,BeijingOperaandfindthattheusageofanadiplosisconciselyshowsthetrackwiththedevelopmentofBeijingOpera,aswellasrevealscountlessPekingOperapractitioners’feelingsoftemporaryandhelpless.1.2.2FunctionsofRhetoricinDocumentariesGenerallyspeaking,BaoandKong(2004:84)believethatthefunctionsofrhetoricindocumentariesmakethesoundandthepicturenaturalaswellasdecent.Furthermore,documentariesarenotonlyusedtorecordtheobjectsbutalsotobehaveandrepresenttheinnerworldofthecharacters,underwhichcircumstances,languagewithrhetoricshowsitsadvantages.XiongandXiong(2001:53)alsothinkrhetoricplaysanirreplaceableroletodecodethecharacter’swordswithextremelyrichnarrativefactorsandemotionalconnations.What’smore,Yang(2006:4)alsofocusesonauthenticityofdocumentaries,whichmeansthatnorhetoricalmethodscanimpairtheauthenticityofdocumentaries.Theauthorfindsthatmostofthestudiesemphasizethefunctionsofstrengtheningtheaudience'stheunderstandingofpicturesindocumentariesinamacroway,whileitisraretoseesystematicstudiesontheeffectoflanguagerhetoric.1.2.3TheRelationshipBetweenRhetoricandContextKe(2013:76)concludesmanyelementsofthecontextindocumentariesandholdstheopinionthattomakethetextarranged,differentcontextsandrhetoricalneedsshouldbeconsideredcarefully.Onlyinthisway,thestructureofthetextcanbeclearlyrecognized,buildingabridgebetweentheconcretephysicalworldandtheabstractculturalworldwhichmakethetextaccessibletoaudience.Morespecifically,Ke(2013:77)believesthatsomerhetoricaldevices,suchasthefrequentuseofdemonstrativepronounsarealsoinseparablefromcontext.Whentheproducersindicatethethingsoutofthescreenorsomethingabstract,theprecisemeaningsmustappearintheircontexttoavoidambiguousness.Therefore,thecontexthassignificantinfluenceonrhetoricindocumentaries.Sincethelanguageindocumentariesisacomplextext,therhetoricalstudieshavehelpedaudiencestounderstandandexplorethelanguageusageofdocumentaryfrommanyaspects.InChapter3,theauthorcombinestherhetoricalstudieswithCDA,inordertoexplorethefunctionsofrhetoricinimageconstruction.1.3PreviousStudiesBasedonFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModelFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel(TDM)providesanoriginalwayfordiscourseanalysis,whichmakesresearchesfindtherelationshipbetweendiscourseandsocialpractice.Thankstoitspracticalsignificance,realfactorsandhiddenpurposesunveiledbyscholarsareworthattention.Aftercollectionandarrangement,twocategoriesarepresentedinthissection,whicharestudiesofnewsreportsandpoliticalspeeches.1.3.1StudiesofNewsReportsSincenewsreportscoveralmosteveryaspectofsociety,thestudiesofthisfieldareabundant.Theauthorselectssomeofthemwhichcontainhottopicstodiscusstheapplicationofthetheory.Ontheonehand,someresearchespayattentiontothewesternreportscommentingthehotissues.Asanexample,WangandShi(2017:203-204)analyzethenewsreportsofDavidCameron’sresignationinTheTimes.Inthethreedimensionsanalysis,thepaperfindsouttheneutralattitudeofthereporterstowardsCameron’spoliticalviewsandhisresignation.Finally,theauthorsagreethatthereportsmakesomepositiveandmaturecommentsonthisissue,whichshowtheirsupportforConservativeParty.Ontheotherhand,manyscholarsmakeacomparisonbetweenthereportsonthesametopicfromdifferentmediasoastoexplorethefactorsinfluencingthedifferentreportingmodes.TheauthorselectsseveralstudiesonthereportsoftheSouthChinaSeaissueasexamples.Xin(2018:21)comparestheEnglishreportsinNewYorkTimesandWashingtonPostwithhundredsofChineseonesonmanyChinesemediawebsitesandinChinesenewspapers.He(2018:180)makesacomparisonbetweenthereportsinCNNandWashingtonPost.Throughtheanalysisofthetexts,bothofthemdiscoverthattheAmericanmediacreateapositiveimageoftheirowncountryandanegativeimageoftheirrival,China,whichinfluencedbythecloserelationshipandcommoninterestsbetweentheUSandthePhilippines.1.3.2StudiesofPublicSpeechesPublicspeechesalwaysembodycertainpoliticalpurposeswhichbaseoninterests.Therefore,theyaresuitablematerialsforcriticaldiscourseanalysis.Theauthorcollectsseveralthesesinordertoshowthewaysthespeakersachievetheirpurposesofthespeeches.Liu(2017:62)usesTDMtogetherwithCriticalMetaphorAnalysistoanalyzetheanti-terrorismspeechesgivenbyTheresaMay.BycombiningtheusageofmetaphorandthecontextofterrorisminEngland,theauthorfindsthatTheresaMayregardsterroristsasevilandcowardice,andencouragesallthecitizenstouniteasawhole.Asforthepurpose,theprimeministermakesitclearthateverymeasureincludingwarslaunchedbytheBritishgovernmenttocombatterroristsisfurtherlegitimized.Inspiteofrevealingindividualpurposesthroughanalyzingpublicspeeches,thiskindofresearchcanalsopresenttheidentitiesshapedbyspeakers.Forexample,XiongandHan(2018:20)analyzepresidents’speechesatthegraduationceremonyofuniversities.Bystudyingthelexicalchoice,especiallythepronouns,thepresidents’aimofconductingkindandequalimagesisunveiled.LiuandZhao(2017:74-75)discussPresidentXi’sspeechinUNSustainableDevelopmentSummit.Accordingtotheirresearchonthediplomaticprincipleof“JusticeandRighteousness”,PresidentXishapesChinaasacountrythatiswillingtotakeactiveresponsibilityininternationalaffairs.Meanwhile,PresidentXiinsiststhatChinawilladheretothepresidentdiplomacytofacetheuncertaintiesandchallengesinthefuturewhichwinstherecognitionoftheinternationalcommunity.

Chapter2TheoreticalFrameworkandMethodologyInthischapter,thetheoreticalframeworkandmethodologywillbeillustrated.TheauthorwillpresentcriticaldiscourseanalysisandFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel.Furthermore,theprocessofdatacollectionandsampleselection,researchquestionsandresearchmethodswillalsobeexplained.2.1TheoreticalFrameworkAsFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModelisappliedasthetheoreticalframeworkinthisthesis,theauthorintroducesitinthissectionandthetheoreticaldevelopmentofCDAisalsomentionedbriefly.What’smore,theapplicabilityandapplicationofthisframeworkinthisresearchareexplainedinthelastpartsofthissection.2.1.1AnIntroductionofFairclough’sThree-dimensionalModel(TDM)The1970switnessedtheemergencyoftheformofdiscourseandtextanalysisthatacknowledgedtheroleoflanguageinformingpowerrelationsinsociety.Thismethodoftextanalysiswasdrawnuponthefunctionalistlinguistictheoryknownas“systemiclinguistics”representedbyHalliday(2000:18).Sincethen,moreattentionwaspaidtotherelationshipbetweenthetextproduction,textinterpretationandthesocialstructure.TheworkofKressandHodge,Fowler.,VanDijk,FaircloughandWodakalldevelopedtheprinciplesandmainproceduresofCriticalLinguistics.ThenthelabelCDAbecameprevalentbythe1990s,whichwasappliedinmanydifferentfieldssuchassocial-psychology,sociolinguisticsandmediastudies.Firstly,criticallinguistsbelievethatlanguageisasocialpractice.Itisnotatransparentandobjectivecommunicationintermediarythattraditionallinguistsbelieve,nordoesitmerelyreflectsocialstructure.Secondly,discourseistakenasthetextualreflectionofsocialpracticewhichembodiesideologythroughapersonalizedstatementofopinion.Itcanbesaidthatdiscourseisasocializedideologythatmanipulatesundertheoutershelloflanguage.Lastly,criticallinguistsemphasizethatcriticalanalysisisinseparablefromcontext.Meanwhile,thereisnoeternalconnectionbetweenlanguagestructureanditstextualmeaning,thatistosay,thesamelanguagewillhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.Therefore,criticalanalysismustbelinkedtocontext.Faircloughisoneofthegreatestcontributorsinthestudyofcriticaldiscourseanalysis.Sinceusingoftheconceptof"criticaldiscourseanalysis"in1989forthefirsttime,hehaswrittendozensofpapersinthenexttwentyyears.Ingeneral,hedrawsnutritionfromthecriticallinguisticsrepresentedbyFowler,combiningFoucaultandDerrida'sdeconstructivetheories,andusesHalliday'ssystemicfunctionalgrammarasthemainlanguageanalysistooltoformananalyticaldiscourseform,whichfocusesontherelationshipbetweenlanguage,power,andideology.Innovatively,hetakeslanguageassocialpracticeandpaysattentiontothechangesinthesocietyandculture.Aboveall,heputsforwardhisThree-DimensionModelwhichempathizesthatdiscourseshouldbeseenassimultaneouslyalanguagetext,discoursepracticeandsocial-culturalpractice(Fairclough,2001:97).Thefollowingfigureshowsthismodelclearly.Furthermore,hecreatesthreestepsofcriticaldiscourseanalysis:thedescriptionofthelanguagetext,interpretationofdiscoursepracticeandexplanationofsocialpractice.Theywillbeexplainedindetailonebyanother.DescriptionThisstageisthefundamentalpartofthismodel,whichconcentratesontextanalysis,includingthestudyofmanylinguisticproperties,suchasvocabulary,grammar,cohesionandtextstructure.Concerningaboutvocabulary,lexicalchoice,usageofwordswithdifferentemotionsandmodalityareincluded.Lexicalchoiceisdeliberateratherthanrandom,whichmeanstheprocessofwordchoosingpossibly