第二部分第三講

第三講定語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中，

修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。一、定語(yǔ)從句的種類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句可以分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。1.限制性定語(yǔ)從句它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)不可用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。如果關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞通?？梢允÷?。Doyouknowthegirlwhojustcamein?你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)剛剛進(jìn)來(lái)的女孩嗎？Shanghaiisacity(that)I’vealwayswantedtovisit.上海是我一直想?yún)⒂^的城市。ThetimewhenIfirstmetMr.Whitewasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.我第一次遇見(jiàn)懷特先生是我一生中非常困難的時(shí)期。2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句它只是對(duì)先行詞作附加補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。Theoldwoman，wholivesonherown,hasacatforcompany.這個(gè)老婦人一個(gè)人住，養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。Beijing,whichisthecapitalcityofChina，isaverybeautifulcity.中國(guó)的首都北京是一座非常美麗的城市。二、關(guān)系詞的用法在定語(yǔ)從句中，

關(guān)系詞起著連接主句與從句、指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系詞在從句中作何種成分。1.關(guān)系代詞的用法(1)幾個(gè)常見(jiàn)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法關(guān)系代詞先行詞所作成分是否可省that物/人主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，前有介詞時(shí)不可省略which物主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)who人主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)whom人賓語(yǔ)whose物/人定語(yǔ)不可以省略Howdoyoulikethefilmwhich/thatwasshownlastSunday?你認(rèn)為上周日上映的電影怎么樣？HeworkedoutthemostdifficultproblemthatIhadeverseen.他解答出了我所見(jiàn)過(guò)最難的題目。Childrenwhoarenotactiveorwhosedietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.不愛(ài)活動(dòng)或飲食富含高脂肪的孩子體重會(huì)增加很快。Hehasmovedintoahousewhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.他已經(jīng)搬進(jìn)了一個(gè)窗子朝向大海的房子。(2)關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法辨析在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中指代物時(shí)，which和that一般可通用。但要注意以下幾種情況：①只用that而不用which的情況?先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)HenryisthemostenergeticyoungmanthatIhaveevercomeacross.亨利是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最有活力的年輕人。?先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)Thisisthethirdtimethattheyhavemet.這是他們第三次見(jiàn)面。?先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)Hetalkedabouttheschoolsandteachersthathehadvisited.他談?wù)摿怂菰L過(guò)的學(xué)校和老師。

?先行詞為all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時(shí)I’dliketotellyousomethingthatmightmakeyousurprised.我想告訴你一件可能會(huì)讓你吃驚的事情。?先行詞前面有thevery，theonly，thesame，any，few，little，no，all，oneof等詞修飾時(shí)ThisistheveryroomthatIsleptinthatevening.這正是我那天晚上睡覺(jué)的房間。②只用which而不用that的情況?引導(dǎo)非限制定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)IborrowedthebookSherlock

Holmesfromthelibrarylastweek，whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.我上周從圖書(shū)館借了《夏洛克·福爾摩斯》這本書(shū)，這是我的同學(xué)推薦給我的。?在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)IwasputinapositioninwhichIhadtoacceptIwaslessimportant.我被置之于我不得不接受我不重要的境地。2.關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞先行詞所作成分when＝介詞＋which時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)where＝介詞＋which地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)why＝for＋which原因原因狀語(yǔ)WewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextSundaywhentheweathermaybebetter.＝WewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextSundayonwhichtheweathermaybebetter.我們把野餐推遲到下周日，那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)變好。WhenIarrived，hetookmetoseethehousewhereIwouldbestaying.＝WhenIarrived，hetookmetoseethehouseinwhichIwouldbestaying.當(dāng)我到達(dá)時(shí)，他帶我去看了我將要住的房子。ThereasonwhyIdon’ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.＝ThereasonforwhichIdon’ttrusthimisthatheoftentellslies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。[名師指津]

where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不僅僅修飾具體的地點(diǎn)，還可以修飾抽象的地點(diǎn)，此時(shí)先行詞常為situation，case，point等抽象名詞。Hegotintoasituationwhereitwashardtodecidewhatwasrightandwrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)什么成分，而不僅僅取決于先行詞是什么。如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，就用關(guān)系代詞；如果關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，就用關(guān)系副詞。試比較：4.“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞的選用先行詞是人whom先行詞是物which介詞的選用先行詞的意義和搭配

從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞的搭配

根據(jù)句子的意思判斷

表示“整體和部分關(guān)系”常用of

Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?還記得你加入我們俱樂(lè)部的那一天嗎？(on與theday搭配)TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichtheGreensaredevoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事業(yè)。(bedevotedto為固定搭配)Johninvitedabout40peopletohiswedding，mostofwhomarefamilymembers.約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當(dāng)中絕大部分都是家人。[名師指津]

whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，個(gè)別情況下也可以用“介詞＋when/where”。IwishtothankProfessorSmith，withoutwhosehelpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.我想要感謝史密斯教授，沒(méi)有他的幫助，我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)取得這么大的成就。Sheclimbeduptothetopofthehill，fromwhereshecouldhaveagoodviewofthewholetown.她登上山頂，從那里她可以一覽全城風(fēng)光。5.as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句及其與which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1)as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句其主要結(jié)構(gòu)有：thesame...as...，such...as...，as/so...as...等。主句中出現(xiàn)thesame，as，such，so修飾先行詞，需選擇as作關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。It’sthesamepersonaswewantedtofindyesterday.我們昨天要找的是同一個(gè)人。SuchgirlsasheknowsaregoodatEnglish.他所認(rèn)識(shí)的女孩都擅長(zhǎng)英語(yǔ)。Shewillmarryaswealthyamanasshecanfind.她將嫁給她能找到的任何一個(gè)有錢(qián)人。[名師指津]

thesame，such，so引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別thesame，such，so可以與as或that搭配。as引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中充當(dāng)成分；而that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整。Itissobreathtakingaparkthateveryonewantstovisitit.(結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)Itissobreathtakingaparkaseveryonewantstovisit.(定語(yǔ)從句)(2)as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)都可以代指整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容，其主要區(qū)別如下：關(guān)系詞從句位置意義as放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中間皆可正如which只能放在主句之后這一點(diǎn)Aseveryoneknows，Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.每個(gè)人都知道，中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著悠久歷史的美麗國(guó)家。Thesunheatstheearth，whichisveryimportanttous.太陽(yáng)使地球暖起來(lái)，這對(duì)我們?nèi)祟?lèi)很重要。[名師指津]

當(dāng)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)為被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用as引導(dǎo)。asbeannounced，asbeexpected，asbeknown，asbereported，asbesaid，asbeshownTheairqualityinthecity，asisshowninthereport，hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.正如報(bào)告所顯示的那樣，在過(guò)去的兩個(gè)月里，這個(gè)城市的空氣質(zhì)量已有所改善。三、定語(yǔ)從句的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題1.定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致

(1)定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要與先行詞一致。Heisthemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou.Thepicturesthat/whichlookbeautifulweredrawnbyhim.(2)as/which作主語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句指全句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱(chēng)。Liquidwaterchangestovapor，whichiscalledevaporation(蒸發(fā)).Asisusual，Hanscametoschoollatethismorning.2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的區(qū)別區(qū)分辦法主要看前后句之間是否有and，but等并列連詞或分號(hào)等的存在，若有，則為并列句；如果只有逗號(hào)，且逗號(hào)后的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面某一名詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，則為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。Inourclassthereare46students，ofwhomhalfwearglasses.(定語(yǔ)從句)Inourclassthereare46students，andhalfofthemwearglasses.(并列句)3.定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別where可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，二者的區(qū)別主要看有無(wú)先行詞。Ricegrowswellintheplacewherethereisenoughwater.(定語(yǔ)從句)Ricegrowswellwherethereisenoughwater.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句)[針

對(duì)

訓(xùn)

練]Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchoffatandsalt，________isnotgoodforthehealth.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)2.Sarah，________hastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)3.Myeldestson，________worktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.(2017·天津卷)4.Thelittleproblems__________________wemeetinourdailylivesmaybeinspirationsforgreatinventions.(2017·北京卷)5.In1963theUNsetuptheWorldFoodProgramme,oneof________purposesistorelieveworldwidestarvation.(2017·江蘇卷)whichwhowhosethat/which/不填whose6.MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)7.Istillrememberthefarm________myparentsworkedtenyearsago.8.Iboughtagreatmanybooks，________whichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.9.Thereissowarmahouse________wewanttolivein.10.Theonlything________isslowerthanbeforeisthewaywedrive.whenwhereonasthat11.Thereisnosimpleanswer，________isoftenthecaseinscience.12.Theyhavereachedthepoint________theyhavetoseparatewitheachother.13.Rememberthatthereisstillonepoint________wemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.14.Thereason________whichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear.15.Lilytookafewfriendstomybirthdayparty，noneof________Iwasfamiliarwith.aswherewhichforwhomⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)1.Intheirsparetime,theyareinterestedinplantingvegetablesintheirgarden,thatisontherooftopoftheirhouse.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)____________2.Aroundmeinthepicturearethethingstheywereveryimportantinmylifeatthattime：carmagazinesandmusicalinstruments.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)________________3.ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.__________________________

4.Havingteainthelateafternoonprovidesabridgebetweenlunchanddinner,thatmightnotbeserveduntil8o’clockatnight.____________that→whichthey→that/whichwhat→which/that或去掉whatthat→which5.Wewentuptotheroof，fromwhichwehadagoodviewoftheprocession.____________6.Thechildren，allofthemhadplayedthewholedaylong，werewornout.____________7.Myhouse，thatIboughttwoyearsago，hasgotalovelygarden.____________8.Whichweknow，smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.____________9.Thisisthemuseumwherewevisitedlastsummer.____________________________10.Isthisthereasonwhyheexplainedforhisrudenessatthemeeting？which→wherethem→whomthat→whichWhich→As

where→which/that或去掉wherewhy→which/that或去掉whyⅢ.翻譯句子1.上周你看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人已離開(kāi)了城鎮(zhèn)。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))2.桂林是座具有2000年歷史的城市。(which/that在從句子中作主語(yǔ))3.住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很好。(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))4.他給我們講了許多我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的有趣的人和事。(that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))Themanwhom/thatyousawlastweekhasleftthetown.Guilinisacitywhich/thathasahistoryof2，000years.Themanwho/thatlivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishwell.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersonsthatwehadneverheard.5.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)6.我去年買(mǎi)的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)7.正如一句諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)，“只工作，不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻?！?as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)8.在漢語(yǔ)演講比賽中獲得一等獎(jiǎng)，這是我做夢(mèng)也沒(méi)有想到的。(which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)CharlieSmith，whowasmyformerteacher，retiredlastyear.Myhouse，whichIboughtlastyear，hasgotalovelygarden.Asasayinggoes，“AllworkbutnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”IwonthefirstprizeintheChinesespeechcompetition,whichwasbeyondmywildestdreams.Ⅳ.語(yǔ)法填空LaughterYogaisanewformofexercise1.________promotestheuseoflaughterasaformofphysicalexercise.It2.________(create)inthemid-1990sasasocialexperiment.AlthoughitcamefromIndiaand3.________(definite)includessomeyoga，don’texpectittohavemuchincommonwiththeyogaclasses4.________(offer)atyourlocalstudioorgym.LaughterYogaattachesmoreimportancetotheformerthantothelatter.Themethodbeganin1995whenDr.MadanKatariacalledonagroupofstudentsinapark5.________(test)whetherintroducingregularlaughterintopeople’sliveswouldimprovetheirwell-being.Katariaalsointroduceddeepbreathingandsimplestretchesintotheexercises.Medicalresearchhassuggested6.________laughingisagoodwaytoreducestressandhelppeoplefeelgood.Kataria’sLaughterClubsarepoppingupinresponse7.________people’sneedtohandle8.________(press).KatariaalsooffersbooksandDVDstopeople9.________don’thaveaccesstoalocalLaughterClub.However，connectingwithotherhumansisabigpartofLaughterYoga’ssuccessin10.________(help)peoplefeelbetterandexperiencemorejoy.答案

1.that/which2．wascreated

[由后面的inthemid-1990s可知，此句是對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的描述，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，又因?yàn)镮t(指代LaughterYoga)與create之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填wascreated。