中國(guó)瑞士商會(huì)-中瑞職業(yè)教育行業(yè)白皮書

中瑞職業(yè)教育白皮書中瑞職業(yè)教育白皮書序………………03FOREWORD……………………一、瑞士職業(yè)教育體系概述……06I.OverviewoftheSwissVocationalEducationSystem………二、中國(guó)職業(yè)教育的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀…………………24II.TheStatusQuoofVocationalEducationinChina…………三、未來(lái)的中瑞職業(yè)教育發(fā)展之路……………44swisscham.crgNnihubIII.FuturePathforVocationalEducationinChinaandSwitzerland……………序親愛(ài)的讀者請(qǐng)讓我從兩個(gè)事實(shí)開(kāi)始說(shuō)起：?十多年來(lái)，瑞士一直被評(píng)為“全球最具創(chuàng)新力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)體”；?瑞士是歐洲青年失業(yè)率最低的國(guó)家之一。即使是在疫情期間，瑞士的失業(yè)率也始終處于低位。在我看來(lái)，除了優(yōu)秀的企業(yè)、一流的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、高效的政府機(jī)構(gòu)以外，教育體系是造就瑞士繁榮又有韌性的經(jīng)濟(jì)的第四大關(guān)鍵因素。出類拔萃的公立學(xué)校、富有成效的職業(yè)教育體系（VPET）和世界一流的大學(xué)院校共同組成了瑞士教育體系。由中國(guó)瑞士商會(huì)發(fā)起的《中瑞職業(yè)教育白皮書》旨在詳細(xì)描繪瑞士的職業(yè)教育體系。職業(yè)教育體系在瑞士國(guó)內(nèi)備受推崇。三分之二的瑞士年輕人在完成義務(wù)教育后都選擇了學(xué)徒備受追捧。我自己的四個(gè)孩子都參加了學(xué)徒課程，有幾個(gè)后來(lái)選擇了繼續(xù)深造。憑不是終點(diǎn)，而是個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)和職業(yè)發(fā)展的起點(diǎn)。瑞士的教育體系在職業(yè)學(xué)校和普通高校之間也設(shè)置了許多持續(xù)進(jìn)步、相互流動(dòng)的通道。企業(yè)在認(rèn)識(shí)到參與職業(yè)教育體系的意義后，主動(dòng)當(dāng)起了領(lǐng)軍者。在中國(guó)的瑞士企業(yè)更是承擔(dān)著將瑞士特色職業(yè)教育體系引入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的重要使命。這份白皮書便是在這個(gè)目標(biāo)下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。自從我擔(dān)任瑞士駐華大使以來(lái)，中國(guó)一直在為推進(jìn)勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)和技能提升而大力建設(shè)職業(yè)教育體系，這令我倍感振奮。我相信中瑞在職業(yè)教育領(lǐng)域的合作將取得累累碩果，惠及兩國(guó)人民。讓我們以本白皮書為契機(jī)，攜手培育更多中瑞英祝您在閱讀本書的過(guò)程中，盡情享受思想碰撞的火花。白瑞誼瑞士駐華大使DearreadersLetmestartwithtwofacts:?Formorethanadecade,Switzerlandhasbeenrankedastheworld’smostinnovativeandcompetitiveeconomy.?SwitzerlandhasoneofthelowestyouthunemploymentratesinEurope,evenduringthepandemic-hityears.Myclaimis:Oneofthereasonsforourstrongandresilienteconomyis–nexttoperformingcompanies,excellentinfrastructuresoreffi-cientstateorganization-oureducationsystem.Itconsistsofgoodpublicschools,successfulvocationalandprofessionaleducationsystem(VPET)andexcellentuniversities.ThisWhiteBook–establishedbySwissChamberChina–isdedi-catedtotheSwissVPETsystem.Thissystemenjoyshighrecogni-tioninoursociety.TwothirdsofyoungpeopleinSwitzerlandchoosetostartanapprenticeshipaftertheircompulsoryeducation.Thevalueofskillsiswellrecognized,asskilledprofessionalsarehighlysoughtafterbythelabourmarket.Takemyselfasanexample,allofmy4childrendidanapprenticeship–andpartlystudiedlater.ThesuccessofourVPETsystemispoweredbyitspermeability.Anapprenticeshipdiplomaisnottheend,butonlythebeginningofone’spersonalandcareerdevelopment.TheSwisseducationsystemoffersabundantopportunitiestoprogressandtotransitbe-tweentheacademicandthevocationaltrack.ThesuccessofourVPETsystemisrootedintheleadingroleofthecompanies.Theyaremotivatedtotaketheleadbecausetheyseethevalueintheirengagement.ForSwisscompaniesinChina,itisimportantthattheybringtheVPETaspectofSwitzerlandtotheChi-nesemarketaswell.ThisWhitePaperservesexactlythispurpose.SincemyappointmentasSwissAmbassadortoChina,IamgladtoseethatChinaistakingeffortswithVPETinordertotrainandupskilltheworkforce.Ibelievethatthereisalottobenefitbetweenourtwocountries.Let’sinvestintoyoungpeople!Let’stakethisWhitePaperasagoodstart!Iwishyouaninterestingreadingandalotofinspiringexchanges.JürgBurriAmbassadorofSwitzerlandtoChina瑞士職業(yè)教育體系概述瑞士職業(yè)教育體系概述瑞士是現(xiàn)今世界上最富有的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之一，在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇公布的全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力報(bào)告以及世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織公布的全球創(chuàng)新指數(shù)中，多年來(lái)瑞士均位居榜首。瑞士政府一直將教育與科技發(fā)展作為首要戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，而在其教育體系中，職業(yè)教育發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用，該教育體系為企業(yè)輸送了大量匹配市場(chǎng)需求的人才。根據(jù)2021年教育科研與創(chuàng)新國(guó)務(wù)秘書處（SERI）數(shù)據(jù)顯示，瑞士全國(guó)共頒發(fā)30000個(gè)高等職業(yè)教育證書，提供了87786個(gè)學(xué)徒崗位，共有240個(gè)基礎(chǔ)職業(yè)培瑞士職業(yè)教育體系全稱為VocationalandProfessionalEducationandTraining（VPET）。VPET體系與就業(yè)市場(chǎng)高度關(guān)聯(lián)，為瑞士企業(yè)每年持續(xù)穩(wěn)定的輸送各層次人才。VPET體系分為兩個(gè)部分：高中職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)（VET）和高等專業(yè)教育。Asoneoftherichestdevelopedcountriesintheworld,SwitzerlandhasheldontotheNo.1positionintheGlobalCompetitivenessReportpublishedbytheWorldEconomicForum(WEF)andtheGlobalInno-vationIndex(GII)releasedbytheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)formanyyears.AmajorcontributortosuchachievementsistheSwisseducationsystemwhichhaslongbeenlisted,togetherwithtechnologicalprogress,asthemostimportantstrategicobjectivesbytheSwissgovern-ment,andintheSwisseducationsystem,vocationaleducationplaysapivotalrole.TheresultinghighlyeducatedprofessionalsformanexcellentpoolforcompaniesbasedinSwitzerland.Accordingtostatis-ticspublishedbytheStateSecretariatforEducation,ResearchandInnovation(SERI),30,000tertia-ry-levelprofessionaleducationqualificationshavebeengrantedin2021.Acrossthecountry,87,786ap-prenticeshipswereavailableandtherewere240traininginstitutionsofferingvocationaleducationpro-grams,resultingaverylowyouthunemploymentrate—only3.2%.TheSwissvocationaleducationsystem,knownasVocationalandProfessionalEducationandTraining(VPET),ishighlyresponsivetolabormarketandprovidesasteadysupplyoftalentsforSwisscompa-nieseveryyear.Itisdividedintotwosectors:upper-secondarylevelvocationaleducationandtraining(VET)andtertiary-levelprofessionaleducation."雙軌制"：學(xué)習(xí)與培訓(xùn)并行在瑞士，大約三分之二的年輕人在完成義務(wù)教育后會(huì)進(jìn)修為期兩年（獲得聯(lián)邦VET證書）或三到四年（獲得聯(lián)邦VET文憑）的高級(jí)VET課程，多年來(lái)這一比例較為穩(wěn)定。雙軌迄今為止最普遍的職業(yè)教育和培訓(xùn)形式?！半p軌制”指的是學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)和企業(yè)培訓(xùn)兩相結(jié)合，進(jìn)入該VET體系的學(xué)生通常每周有一到兩天時(shí)間在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)理論知識(shí)，其余三到四天時(shí)間則在企業(yè)或第三方培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)中跟隨導(dǎo)師學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)用技能。這種“雙軌制”的人才培養(yǎng)方式是瑞士職業(yè)教育的一大特色，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了校企雙軌、產(chǎn)教融合的理念，在能讓學(xué)生提前融入自己感興趣的工作的同時(shí)，也并未過(guò)分限制學(xué)生的職業(yè)選擇。企業(yè)日常生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)，讓學(xué)生直觀地接觸實(shí)際工作生產(chǎn)，了解行業(yè)最前沿的技術(shù)，并鍛煉思考與應(yīng)對(duì)能力。"學(xué)徒身份"：緊貼勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)VET體系最大的特點(diǎn)是其與勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的緊密聯(lián)系。學(xué)生并非是以實(shí)習(xí)生而是以學(xué)徒身份進(jìn)入企業(yè)，因此企業(yè)會(huì)正常發(fā)放薪水。例如鐘表技術(shù)的學(xué)徒可以在職業(yè)教育培訓(xùn)中心實(shí)踐；財(cái)政金融專業(yè)的學(xué)生則可在銀行內(nèi)出任柜員，真正面對(duì)并處理日常工作中的問(wèn)題。此模式讓瑞士在人力資源極其有限的情況下，不僅維持了國(guó)民生產(chǎn)生活的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)營(yíng)，也使其各產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了高速的發(fā)展。瑞士極具特色的“學(xué)徒制”立足企業(yè)的需求，將企業(yè)與學(xué)校深度綁定，共同分擔(dān)人才培養(yǎng)成本。另外，瑞士政府專門建立了全國(guó)范圍的“學(xué)徒市場(chǎng)”，學(xué)生可以在網(wǎng)上提交申請(qǐng)書并通過(guò)企業(yè)的職業(yè)面試以獲得崗位?！皩W(xué)徒市場(chǎng)”主要有兩個(gè)方面：供給方（提供學(xué)徒職位的主辦公司）和需求方（尋找學(xué)徒職位的年輕人）。國(guó)家在其中發(fā)揮著調(diào)解作用：確保參與學(xué)徒培養(yǎng)的公司獲得并提供更好的條件，鼓勵(lì)其開(kāi)放學(xué)徒職位，并幫助年輕人選擇職業(yè)?！皩W(xué)徒制”在瑞士就業(yè)市場(chǎng)中具有舉足輕重的作用，銀行業(yè)、精密儀器制造業(yè)、制藥業(yè)、手表行業(yè)等都有學(xué)徒的身影。大部分瑞士企業(yè)都會(huì)為學(xué)生提供學(xué)徒職位，通常企業(yè)會(huì)為學(xué)生提供1年左右的工作機(jī)會(huì)，由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的資深員工對(duì)學(xué)徒進(jìn)行工作指導(dǎo)，并在其工作期間正常發(fā)放薪Dual-trackModel:LearningandTrainingGoHandinHandUponcompletingcompulsoryeducation,abouttwo-thirdsofyoungpeopleinSwitzerlandopttounder-takeanupper-levelVETprogramlastingtwoyears(withaFederalVETCertificate)orthreetofouryears(withaFederalVETDiploma).Thisproportionhasremainedsteadyformanyyears.Dual-trackVETpro-gramsarebyfarthemostprevalentformofvocationaleducationandtraining.Thedual-trackmodelisacombinationofacademiceducationandin-companytraining.Studentsstudy-ingaVETprogramtypicallyspendoneortwodaysonacademiclearningandthreetofourdaysinthehostcompanyorathird-partytraininginstitution,wherehe/shelearnspracticalskillsunderamentor.Thisdual-trackapproachtotalentdevelopmentisoneofthedistinctivecharacteristicsoftheSwissvoca-tionaleducation.Byintegratingacademiceducationandin-companyworkexperienceadual-trackpro-gramexposesstudentstopotentialcareerpathsthattheyareinterestedinbyofferingabroadselectionofapprenticeships.Moreover,onanapprenticeshipinthedual-trackmodel,studentswillbehiredaspaidemployeesinsteadofbeingtreatedasexpendableinterns.Theywillgetinvolvedinthecompany’sdailyoperationundertheguidanceofmentors,gainrealworkexperience,catchupwithlatesttechnolo-gies,andhoneproblem-solvingskills.Apprenticeship:HighlyResponsivetotheLaborMarketNeedsThemostdistinctivecharacteristicoftheSwisdentsareemployedasapprenticesratherthaninternsandtheyareentitledtopay.Forexample,astudenttrainedasawatchmakercanpracticeatavocationaleducationtrainingcenter,andafinancestudentcanapplyforabanktellerapprenticeship,wherehe/shewillencounterandsolveproblemsintherealworkcon-text.ThismodelhasenabledSwitzerlandtomaintainsocioeconomicstabilityandhigheconomicgrowth,de-Switzerland'suniqueapprenticeshipmodelisdeeplyrootedintheneedsofthelabormarket,Theclosecon-nectionbetweencompaniesandschoolsalsoenablesthemtosharethecostoftalentdevelopment.Inaddi-tion,theSwissgovernmenthassetupanationwideapprenticeshipmarket,allowingstudentstosubmitplicationsonlineandenrollinanapprenticeshipprogramafterpassinginterviews.Therearetwosidestotheapprenticeshipmarket:supplyside(hostcompaniesthatofferapprenticeshippositions)anddemandside(youngpeoplelookingforapprenticeshippositions).Thegovernmentactsasanintermediary:itensuresthebestpossibleapprenticeshipconditionsforhostcompanies,encouragestheprovisionofapprenticeshipposi-tionsandgoodworkenvironment,helpsyoungInSwitzerland,apprenticeshipsplayapivotalroleinthejobmarket,whichcanbefoundinawiderangeofsectors,suchasbanking,precisioninstrumentsmanufacturing,pharmaceuticals,watchmaking,etc.ManySwisscompanieshaveestablishedapprenticeshipprograms,whichtypicallylastforoneyear.Apprenticeswilllearnunderexperiencedme"一個(gè)使命——三個(gè)伙伴"瑞士職業(yè)教育體制可概括為“一個(gè)使命、三個(gè)伙伴”。為實(shí)現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量的職業(yè)教育這一使命，聯(lián)邦、各州政府和協(xié)會(huì)（專業(yè)組織）三方共同致力于將瑞士VPET體系推向更高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。“三個(gè)伙伴”各司其職，在政策研究、法律制定、資金供給等多方面合力支持該體系的建設(shè)。聯(lián)邦、各州政府和專業(yè)組織均出資支持VPET體系，其教育支出由三方共同承擔(dān)。聯(lián)邦層面負(fù)責(zé)職業(yè)教育的機(jī)構(gòu)是教育科研與創(chuàng)新國(guó)務(wù)秘書處（SERI）和瑞士聯(lián)邦職業(yè)教育學(xué)院（SFIVET其主要職責(zé)是保證職業(yè)教育的質(zhì)量、制定發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、專業(yè)人員與考官培訓(xùn)、職業(yè)教育的科研與調(diào)查等，并承擔(dān)職業(yè)學(xué)校公共開(kāi)支的四分之一。SERI2019年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，瑞士VPET系統(tǒng)的公共支出約為36億瑞士法郎。這些資金的絕大部分是由各州作為執(zhí)行伙伴提供的，其中72%的開(kāi)銷用于職業(yè)學(xué)校，12%的開(kāi)銷用于專業(yè)教育機(jī)構(gòu)，7%的開(kāi)銷用于VET的預(yù)備課程。2019年，聯(lián)邦撥款9.29億瑞士法郎用于支付VPET系統(tǒng)的總成本，高達(dá)10%的聯(lián)邦資金更是被指定用于促進(jìn)VPET開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目和服務(wù)于公眾利益的特定活動(dòng)。州政府層面負(fù)責(zé)職業(yè)教育的機(jī)構(gòu)是州立職業(yè)教育培訓(xùn)辦公室和職業(yè)學(xué)校（或?qū)I(yè)學(xué)院）。其中州立職業(yè)教育培訓(xùn)辦公室負(fù)責(zé)職業(yè)教育行動(dòng)（VPETA）的實(shí)施，監(jiān)督學(xué)徒培訓(xùn)情況和職業(yè)學(xué)校運(yùn)行情況、為企業(yè)開(kāi)具學(xué)徒培訓(xùn)許可、統(tǒng)籌學(xué)徒培訓(xùn)市場(chǎng)等，并承擔(dān)職業(yè)學(xué)校公共開(kāi)支的四分之三。職業(yè)學(xué)校則負(fù)責(zé)為學(xué)徒提供中高職理論教育與相關(guān)服務(wù)。協(xié)會(huì)及專業(yè)組織一方面負(fù)責(zé)召集能夠?qū)嵭袑W(xué)徒培養(yǎng)的企業(yè)，另一方面負(fù)責(zé)界定培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容、確立全國(guó)考核程序、組織行業(yè)課程與資深專家授課，同時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)管理中高職教育培訓(xùn)資金。企業(yè)則需要提供學(xué)徒實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)，傳授專業(yè)技能。瑞士通過(guò)完善的職業(yè)教育法律法規(guī)體系，明確了聯(lián)邦、州、行業(yè)和企業(yè)在職業(yè)教育體系中的職責(zé)權(quán)利，為職業(yè)教育營(yíng)造了良好的發(fā)展環(huán)境，吸引利益相關(guān)方自愿參與到職教決策過(guò)程中來(lái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了原本由政府和學(xué)校為主的管理模式向職業(yè)教育利益相關(guān)方共同參與式治理模式的轉(zhuǎn)換。長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，職業(yè)教育體系持續(xù)關(guān)注并致力于迎合勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的需求，為學(xué)徒設(shè)立有效的職教計(jì)劃，這使得他們?cè)趯W(xué)徒期間的產(chǎn)出往往就會(huì)超過(guò)培訓(xùn)成本?！癘neMission,ThreePartners”TheSwissvocationaleducationsystemisalsocharacterizedbyits“osionofhigh-qualityVPETisamissioncollectivelyshoulderedbytheConfederation,thecantons,andas-sociations(professionalorganizations),whoarejointlycommittedtothehighestpossiblequalitystandardoftheSwissVPETsystem.Eachofthethreepartnershasitsownroletoareassuchaspolicyresearch,laTheVPETsystemisfundedbytheConfederation,thecantonsandprofessionalorganizations,andthecostsTheConfederationisrepresentedbySERIandtheSwissFederalInstituteforVocationalEducationandTraining(SFIVET).Theirresponsibilitiesinclude,amongothers,qualityassurance,developmentstrategies,trainingsofprofessionalsandexaminers,scientiAccordingtothestatisticspublishedbySERI,publicexpenditureontheSwissVPETsystemstoodaroundCHF3.6billionin2019.Thevastmajorityofthisfundingwasprovidedbythecantonsasimplementingpart-ners:72%oftheexpenditurewasspentonvocationalschools,12%onprofessionaleducationinstitutions,and7%onpreparatorycoursesforentrytoVET.In2019,theConfederationcontributedCHF929milliontocoverthetotalcostsoftheVPETsystem.Upto10%ofthefederalfundingwasearmarkedtopromoteVPETdevelopmentprojectsandspecificactivitiOnthecantonlevel,VPETtasksareperformedbycantonalVETofficesandVETschools(orprofessionaleducationinstitutions).ThecantonalVETofficesareresponsiblefortheProfessionalEducationandTrainingAction(VPETA),supervisingapprenticeshipsandtheoperationofvoca-tionalschoolsandprofessionaleducationinstitutions.Theyarealsoinchargeofissuingpermitsauthorizinghostcompaniestotakeonapprentices,coordinatingtheapprenticeshipmarket,andcovering3/4ofthepublicexpenditurespentonvocationalschools.Vocationalschoolsareresponsibleforprovidingapprenticeswithupper-secondaryortertiaryacademiceducationandotheTheprofessionalorganizations(includingtradeassociations)organizehostcompanies,definethecon-tentofVPETprograms,establishthenationalqualificationprocedures,developtrainingcourse,hireexpertsasteachersandmanageVPETfunds.Businessesprovideapprenticeshipsandimpartprofessionalcompe-TherespectiveareasofresponsibilityandrightsoftheConfederation,cantons,professionalorganizationsandcompaniesaresetforthinthewell-establishedVPETlawsandregulations.Thisenablingenvironmenthasalsomotivatedstakeholderstoparticipateindecision-makingintheVPETfield,thusfacilitaformationfromagovernment-andschool-basedmanagementmodeltoastakeholdergovernancemodel.Moreover,withconsistentorientationtowardstheneedsofthelabormarket,effedeliveredtoapprentices,whoseproductiveoutputhasalreadyexceededthetrainingcosts.Anotherpieceof教育的流通性瑞士的職業(yè)教育和普通教育既有各自完整的體系，又互聯(lián)互通。義務(wù)教育結(jié)束后，約三分之二的學(xué)生選擇職業(yè)教育與培訓(xùn)，近三分之一的學(xué)生選擇進(jìn)入普通高中就讀，少數(shù)學(xué)生則會(huì)在做出選擇前過(guò)渡性地體驗(yàn)不同的學(xué)習(xí)生活。高等教育階段大致分為高等職業(yè)學(xué)校、應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)（UAS）和普通高校三類。應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)是兼具綜合性大學(xué)和高等職業(yè)院校兩類特點(diǎn)的“混合型大學(xué)”。普通高校包括各州立大學(xué)以及兩所聯(lián)邦理工學(xué)院等綜合性大學(xué)。完成高中階段VET課程并獲得職業(yè)資格后，部分學(xué)生會(huì)選擇直接就業(yè)，其余學(xué)生可以選擇進(jìn)入高等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)，還可以參加聯(lián)邦職業(yè)高中會(huì)考后進(jìn)入應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)和普通高校學(xué)習(xí)。普通高中畢業(yè)生也可以在完成一段時(shí)間實(shí)習(xí)以后，進(jìn)入應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)或高等職業(yè)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。PermeabilityInSwitzerland,theVPETandgeneraleducationsystemarecharacterizedbytheirownclearlyde-finedpathwaysandahighdegreeofpermeability.Uponcompletingcompulsoryeducation,aroundtwothirdsofyoungpeopleinSwitzerlandopttoun-dertakeVET,whilenearlyone-thirdenrollinageneralhighschool.Asmallnumberofstudentswillchoosetransitionaloptionstogaindifferentlearningandlifeexperience.Ontertiarylevel,therearemainlythreeoptions:professionaleducationinstitutions,SwissUniversi-tiesofAppliedSciences(UAS),andgeneraluniversities.UASisahybridofgeneraluniversitiesandprofessionaleducationinstitutions.GeneraluniversitiesencompasscantonaluniversitiesandtwoSwissFederalInstitutesofTechnology.AftercompletingaVETprogramandobtainingvocationalqualifications,somestudentsmaychoosetoenterthejobmarket,whileothersmayapplyforprofessionaleducationinstitutionsortaketheFederalVocationalBaccalaureateExamination(FVB)andenteraUASorageneraluniversity.GraduatesofgeneralhighschoolscanalsoapplyforaUASorprofessionaleducationinstitutionafteraperiodofinternship.圖片來(lái)源：VocationalandProfessionalEducationandTraininginSwitzerlandFactsandFigures20高等職業(yè)學(xué)校、應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)和普通高內(nèi)容的設(shè)置上，兩種教學(xué)模式之間相互借鑒、互融互通，為學(xué)生在后續(xù)方向的選擇上提供了極大的便利性。在瑞士，有大約220種不同職業(yè)的一級(jí)聯(lián)邦專業(yè)考試，以及大約170種不同職業(yè)的二級(jí)聯(lián)邦專業(yè)考試，通過(guò)考試常，VET和專業(yè)教育非常靈活：學(xué)生可以追求更高級(jí)的教育和培訓(xùn)機(jī)會(huì)，從職業(yè)教育與試（FVB）為持有聯(lián)邦VET文憑的人提供更多的通識(shí)教育，并允許他們進(jìn)入瑞士應(yīng)用科學(xué)能力測(cè)試（UAT），那么也可以進(jìn)入州立大學(xué)或瑞士?jī)伤?lián)邦理工學(xué)院之一。近年來(lái)，VET畢業(yè)生獲得FVB的比例一直在穩(wěn)步上同時(shí)綜合性大學(xué)的學(xué)生也可以轉(zhuǎn)向接受職業(yè)教育。繼續(xù)教育和培訓(xùn)（CET）也在部分學(xué)生的考慮范圍內(nèi)。Source:VocationalandProfessionalEducMixededucationpathwaysarealsoavailablethankstothehighpermeabilityamongprofes-sionaleducationinstitutions,UASsandgeneraluniversities.Generaleducationandvocationaleducationdrawoneachother’sstrengthsandformcomplementarycurriculum,whichhasgreatlyfacilitatedpathwaytransfer.InSwitzer-land,therearefederalprofessionalexaminationsatlevel1foraround220differentprofessionsandatlevel2foraround170differentprofes-sions.Successfulcandidatesaregrantedaqual-ificationcertificate.VETandprofessionaleduca-tionareveryflexible:studentscanpursuemoreadvancededucationandtrainingopportunitiesandmovefromVETtogeneral/universityeduca-tion.TheFederalVocationalExamination(FVB)providesmoregeneraleducationforholdersofthefederalVETdiplomaandallowsthemtoentertheSwissUniversityofAppliedSciences(UAS).FVBholderswhogoontopasstheUni-versityAptitudeTest(UAT)havetheoptionofenrollinginacantonaluniversityoroneofthetwofederalinstitutesoftechnology.Thepercent-ageofVETgraduateswithaFVBhasbeenonasteadyriseinrecentyears.Meanwhile,studentsfromgeneraluniversitiescantransfertoprofessionaleducationinstitu-tions.Continuingeducationandtraining(CET)optionsarealsoavailable.職業(yè)教育熱門專業(yè)瑞士以金融、制造、醫(yī)藥三大行業(yè)聞名于世，這一點(diǎn)在職業(yè)教育中也得到了充分的體現(xiàn)。根據(jù)SwitzerlandGlobalEnterprise調(diào)查顯示，2019年度義務(wù)教育畢業(yè)生選擇職業(yè)教育培訓(xùn)在高等教育階段，瑞士目前擁有8所公立以及1所私立應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)，每年向社會(huì)輸送一萬(wàn)多名畢業(yè)生。其中，瑞士的三大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)包攬前三名，占總畢業(yè)生數(shù)量的61%。按專業(yè)領(lǐng)域和畢業(yè)層級(jí)分列的應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生人數(shù)建筑規(guī)劃與施工建筑規(guī)劃與施工855175工程與信息技術(shù)2647329化學(xué)與生命科學(xué)428158農(nóng)林業(yè)900商業(yè)管理和服務(wù)4526974設(shè)計(jì)665243體育3623音樂(lè)、戲劇和其他藝術(shù)885119應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)10538社會(huì)福利工作152786應(yīng)用心理學(xué)200105健康2018149總計(jì)13982347來(lái)源:VocationalTraininginSwitzerlandSwitzerlandisrenownedworldwideforitsfinance,manufacturingandpharmaceuticalindustries.Thisisalsowellrepresentedinvocationaleducation.AccordingtotheSwitzerlandGlobalEnterprisesurvey,in2019,themostsought-afterupper-secondaryVETprogramwasbusinessmanagement,with12,814stu-dents.Thesecondmostpopularprofessionwashealth,with4,920students.Onthetertiarylevel,thereareeightpublicandoneprivateUASsinSwitzerland.Morethan10,000stu-dentsgraduatefromtheseuniversitieseachyear,61%ofwhomstudyprogramsrelatedtothethreemostrenownedindustries.GraduatesofuniversitiesofappliedsciencesbyfieldofstudyandlevelofgraduationArchitecture,ConstructionandPlanningChemistryandLifeSciencesAgricultureandForestryBusiness,ManagementandServicesMusic,TheaterandotherArtsAppliedLinguisticsSocialWorkAppliedPsychology2,6474,5262,01803,471TheTenMostFrequentlyChosenInitProfessionalTrainingProgramsProfessionBusinessadministrationCarespecialist十大初始專業(yè)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目工商管理工商管理12814健康專員4920零售專員4339護(hù)工3794信息技術(shù)工程師2194快遞員1778零售助理1556廚師1540插畫師1536繼續(xù)教育與終身學(xué)習(xí)瑞士擁有一套完備的職業(yè)考試和資格認(rèn)證制度,中等、高等、繼續(xù)教育以及勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)之間以各種資格證書和學(xué)歷文憑為紐帶相互連結(jié)，為學(xué)生提供極為有利的背書。瑞士的教育體系為人們提供了終身學(xué)習(xí)的條件。VET體系構(gòu)成了終身學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，并開(kāi)辟了廣泛的就業(yè)前景。職業(yè)繼續(xù)教育則給成人提供各類職對(duì)于成年人來(lái)說(shuō)，主要有四種不同的途徑可以獲得聯(lián)邦VET證書或聯(lián)邦VET文憑：第一個(gè)途徑是參加常規(guī)的雙軌VET項(xiàng)目；第二個(gè)途徑是在常規(guī)的雙軌VET項(xiàng)目中獲得高級(jí)職位；第三個(gè)途徑是可以在不完成培訓(xùn)的情況下獲準(zhǔn)進(jìn)入資格程序；在職業(yè)規(guī)劃中，人們或多或少會(huì)都會(huì)遇到轉(zhuǎn)行或進(jìn)修的問(wèn)題，這也體現(xiàn)了職業(yè)教育終身化的必要性。經(jīng)過(guò)近年的科學(xué)評(píng)估和嚴(yán)密論證，瑞士聯(lián)邦政府認(rèn)為當(dāng)前職教體系的主要策略和定位是正確而有效的。他們進(jìn)一步提出要將戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)聚焦于現(xiàn)有法律工具的綜合利用和協(xié)同配套，致力于推動(dòng)“終身學(xué)習(xí)”，以期人才能夠和未來(lái)需求更加緊密結(jié)合。ContinuingEducationandTraining(CET)&LifelongLearningWithclearlydefinedexaminationsandqualifica-tionprocedures,theSwissupper-secondaryed-ucation,tertiary-leveleducation,CETandthelabormarketarecloselyconnectedbyqualifica-tioncertificatesandacademicdiplomas,whicharesolidevidenceofstudents’expertiseandskills.TheSwissVETprogramspavethewayforlifelonglearningandopensawiderangeofcareerprospects,whileCEToffersadultsaccesstoavarietyofvocationaleducationandtrainingcourses,suchasfurthertrainingandcareerswitchtraining.Foradults,thereareseveralwaystoobtainaFederalVETCertificateoraFederalVETDiplo-ma.Thefirstpathwaytovocationalqualificationsconsistsofenrolmentinaregulardual-trackVETprogram.Thesecondpathwayistoobtainad-vancedplacementinaregulardual-trackVETprogram.Thethirdpathwayistoobtaindirectadmissiontothequalificationprocedurewithouthavingtocompletetraining.Thefourthpathwayistoobtainvalidationofnon-formalandinformallearning(VNIL)Vocationaleducationshouldbeanongoingpro-cessoverthelifespanbecausetheneedofacareerswitchorfurthereducationisverylikelytoariseinone’sprofessionallife.TheConfeder-ation,afterscientificevaluationandrigorousargumentationinthepastfewyears,hascon-cludedthatthemainstrategiesandpositioningofthecurrentVPETsystemarecorrectandeffective.Itisalsoproposedthatthestrategiesshouldfocusonpromotinglifelongeducationbyleveragingthesynergyoftheexistinglegalframeworktobetteraligntalentdevelopmentwiththerequirementsoftomorrow.治理和加強(qiáng)職教合作伙伴之間的關(guān)系、推動(dòng)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的數(shù)字化和智能化、鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)提供更多“學(xué)徒制”培訓(xùn)、基于個(gè)性化職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展提供咨詢治理和加強(qiáng)職教合作伙伴之間的關(guān)系、推動(dòng)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的數(shù)字化和智能化、鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)提供更多“學(xué)徒制”培訓(xùn)、基于個(gè)性化職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展提供咨詢服務(wù)等?！毕鹊男袠I(yè)引導(dǎo)作用，瑞士聯(lián)邦政府通過(guò)不斷調(diào)整VEPT系統(tǒng)的戰(zhàn)略部署并吸收新元素，使得該系“VPET2030計(jì)劃”：--中國(guó)教育報(bào)不僅如此，瑞士聯(lián)邦政府還構(gòu)建了不僅如此，瑞士聯(lián)邦政府還構(gòu)建了一個(gè)專門的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)，及時(shí)向社會(huì)公布該項(xiàng)目建設(shè)情況及項(xiàng)目信息。為進(jìn)一步鞏固瑞士職教系統(tǒng)的全球領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)，2018年聯(lián)邦政府提出了一個(gè)面向瑞士職業(yè)教育2018年11月的會(huì)議上，“VPET2030計(jì)劃”指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)了第一批具體措施，以進(jìn)一步鼓勵(lì)職教系統(tǒng)內(nèi)多元參與主體積極規(guī)劃未來(lái)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目。該計(jì)劃還提出要確保職教系統(tǒng)保持高效結(jié)構(gòu)，多關(guān)注那些因?yàn)槭I(yè)而重返工作崗位的人、殘疾人和外來(lái)移民，要在未來(lái)投入更加充足的資金。該計(jì)劃的具體措施將包括：實(shí)施“2030通識(shí)教育”、加快職業(yè)教育和培訓(xùn)方案的合作審查與修訂、減少職教參與主體的官僚主義、優(yōu)化SwitzerlandhasestablishedastrictadmissionsystemforvowhocanbedividedintothefollowingPositioningTeachingcontentQualificationVocationalschoolteachersAcademiceducationProfessionaleducationinstitutionuniversitygraduatesWorkplacetrainersTrainersathostcompaniesyearsofworkingexperience.ContinuousInnovationintheVocationalEducationSystemForthefurtherdevelopmentofvocationaleduca-tiontosupportthegloballeadingindustries,theConfederationstrivestomaintainthevitalityoftheVPETsystemthroughstrategicadjustmentsandcontinuousinnovation.In2018,SwitzerlandrolledouttheVPET2030.“inresponsetochangesinthemarketbothonamacroandmicrolevel.TofurtherconsolidatethegloballeadershipoftheSwissVPETsystem,theConfederationintroducedafuture-orientedstrategyforthedevelopmentofvocationaledu-cationinSwitzerlandin2018-VPET2030.AtitsmeetinginNovember2018,theVPET2030SteeringCommitteeapprovedthefirstpackageofmeasurestoencouragevariousstakeholdersintheVPETsystemtoformulatedevelopmentprojects.Thisstrategyalsoproposestomaintainanefficientstructure,paymoreattentiontothereemploymentofdisplacedworkers,peoplewithdisabilitiesandimmigrants,andincreasefund-ing.Measuresspecifiedinthestrategyinclude:implementing“GeneralEducation2030”,accel-eratingthecollaborativereviewandrevisionofVPETprograms,reducingbureaucracy,optimiz-inggovernanceandstrengtheningVPETpart-nerships,drivingdigitalizationandtechnologiesintrainingprograms,andencouragingcompa-niestoprovidemoreapprenticeshippositions,andprovidingpersonalizedcareercounsellingservices,etc.”-ChinaEducationDailyMoreover,theConfederationhasbuiltanonlineplatformtokeepthepublicupdatedontheprogressandinformationofVPET2030.發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀