秘籍04 閱讀理解-主旨大意題-備戰(zhàn)2023年高考英語(yǔ)搶分秘籍解析版（全國(guó)通用）

秘籍04閱讀理解-主旨大意題目錄高考預(yù)測(cè)考查概率預(yù)測(cè)；難度預(yù)測(cè)；考向預(yù)測(cè)應(yīng)試秘籍?？碱}型解題技法分析典例剖析單題訓(xùn)練（文體分類）篇章模考題訓(xùn)練誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥常見錯(cuò)點(diǎn)梳理習(xí)題訓(xùn)練鞏固名校模擬2023最新省市名校模擬題考點(diǎn)綜合訓(xùn)練高考預(yù)測(cè)概率預(yù)測(cè)☆☆☆☆☆難度預(yù)測(cè)☆☆☆☆考向預(yù)測(cè)記敘文的考查（重點(diǎn)句的把握）說(shuō)明文的考查（文章結(jié)構(gòu)；誰(shuí)明對(duì)象）議論文的考查（中心論點(diǎn)的把握）應(yīng)試秘籍記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文三種體裁的閱讀文章，都會(huì)要求在理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。1．從考點(diǎn)頻率看，（必考點(diǎn)；15個(gè)閱讀理解題；主旨題占比1-3個(gè)）2．從題型難度看，較難；基本幾種在題型句式的替換方面；細(xì)節(jié)知識(shí)總結(jié)方面正確選項(xiàng)特征干擾選項(xiàng)特征1.涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。2.確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。1.過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過(guò)大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容。2.以偏概全，主次不分所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。3.移花接木，偷換概念所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案。4.無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無(wú)聯(lián)系。類型一標(biāo)題歸納題一、常見設(shè)問方式·Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.·Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?·Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?·Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis______.二、解題必備知能(一)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：1．概括性——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短；2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符；3．醒目性——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。(二)巧用3大方法確定文章標(biāo)題1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文章對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)；3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。典例剖析例子1GoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder￡5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant，”sheexplains.“Ipay￡5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列節(jié)目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.27．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB．BalancingOurDailyDietC．MakingYourselfaPerfectChefD．CookingWellforLess[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括文意本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道?！对绨灿?guó)》的節(jié)目主持人蘇珊娜·瑞德新推出了一檔節(jié)目——SaveMoney:GoodFood，向觀眾展示如何用較少的預(yù)算做出美味營(yíng)養(yǎng)的飯菜。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A通過(guò)明智的吃來(lái)保持健康文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容，但這不是文章主要內(nèi)容。以偏概全，主次不分B平衡我們的日常飲食文中沒有提到平衡日常飲食。無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套C讓你自己成為一個(gè)完美的廚師文中只是提到用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜，沒有說(shuō)做一個(gè)完美的廚師。以偏概全，主次不分D用的少，烹飪好文章圍繞用較少的預(yù)算做出美味的飯菜展開的。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文[答案]D類型二文章大意題一、常見設(shè)問方式·What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?·Thepassageismainlyabout________.·Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.·Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?·Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?·Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily________.·Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis________.·Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.例子2Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Newlanguageswillbecreated.B．People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C．Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D．Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括文意文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言的種類隨著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展而逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A新語(yǔ)言將會(huì)被創(chuàng)造。文章介紹的是語(yǔ)言的減少而不是新語(yǔ)言的創(chuàng)造。移花接木，偷換概念B人們的生活方式會(huì)反映到語(yǔ)言上。文中沒有這種說(shuō)法。無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套C人類的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言越來(lái)越少。文章介紹了世界上語(yǔ)言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及現(xiàn)在很多語(yǔ)言面臨消亡的威脅這一現(xiàn)象。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文D地理決定語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展。文中沒有這種說(shuō)法。無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套[答案]C類型三段落大意題一、常見設(shè)問方式·WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?·Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.·Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.·WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?·Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?二、解題必備知能歸納段落大意的2種方法方法1：概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)如果該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說(shuō)明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；(2)如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；(3)如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；(4)如果按總分總的順序，段落結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)難度較低，我們可以很明顯的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會(huì)在一段中討論兩個(gè)平行的內(nèi)容，整個(gè)段落可以從中間處分開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)的答案通常也會(huì)是很明顯的并列關(guān)系；(6)如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過(guò)各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。例子3TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.…28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括段意該段沒有主題句，但是從以下幾個(gè)方面說(shuō)明了飛車theTransition的相關(guān)情況：①制造商：TerrafugiaInc.②首飛成功：completeditsfirstflight③上市時(shí)間：withinthenextyear④飛車名字：theTransition⑤飛車構(gòu)成：twoseats,fourwheelsandwings⑥飛行時(shí)速：around70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair⑦耗油：5gallonsperhourintheair;Ontheground,35milespergallon由以上信息可以看出該段主要描述了飛車theTransition的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A飛車theTransition的基本數(shù)據(jù)。A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉概括和總結(jié)。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段B飛車的一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)。該選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤在于以下兩點(diǎn)：①該段介紹了名字為theTransition的飛車；而不是全部飛車(flyingcars)。②該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是優(yōu)點(diǎn)。無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套C飛車的潛在市場(chǎng)。原文沒有提及。無(wú)中生有，生搬硬套D飛車theTransition的設(shè)計(jì)商。該選項(xiàng)僅僅是文章中的一個(gè)方面。以偏概全，主次不分[答案]A誤區(qū)點(diǎn)撥【題型一精確歸納標(biāo)題】AnexperimentalcleanupdevicecalledRemoveDEBRIShassuccessfullycastanetaroundadummy(仿真的)satellite,imitatingatechniquethatcouldonedaycollectspacebornegarbage.Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace.Millionsofpiecesofjunkareturningaroundinorbittheresultof50yearsofspacetravelandfewregulationstokeepspaceclean.Atorbitalspeeds,evenasmallbitofpaintcrashingwithasatellitecancausecriticaldamage.Variouscompanieshaveplanstosendthousandsofnewsatellitesintolow-Earthorbit,alreadythemostcrowdedarea.TheRemoveDEBRISexperimentisrunbyacompanyandresearchersledbytheU.K.’sSurreySpaceCenterandincludesAirbus,Airbus-ownedSurreySatelliteTechnologyLtd.andFrance’sArianeGroup.GuglielmoAglietti,thedirectorofSurreySpaceCenter,saidthatanoperationalversionoftheRemoveDEBRlStechnologywouldcastanetthatremainsfastenedtothemainsatellitesothedebriscanbedraggedoutoforbit.Itcouldtargetlargepiecesofjunk,includingdeadsatellitesupto10meterslong.TheRemoveDEBRISsatellitewillconductafewmoreexperimentsinthecomingmonths,includingtestingnavigationfeaturesthatcouldhelpguidethesatellitetoaspecificpieceofdebris.JonathanMcDowell,anastrophysicistattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,saidthesuccessofthisweek’sexperimentwasexciting,buthecautionedagainst“over-publicizing”it.Therearestillenormousbarrierstoclearbeforeoperationalcleanuptasksareunderway,hesaid,andthemostdiscouragingisfiguringouthowtofundsuchprojects.Aglietti,theSurreyprofessorwhohelpedleadtheRemoveDEBRISproject,said“Thechallengewilllieinpersuadingtherelevantauthoritiestosponsorthesetasks.”AgliettisaidhehopesRemoveDEBRISwillconductafewcleanuptasksperyear,targetingthelargestpiecesofjunkinthemostcrowdedorbits.340What’sthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheRemoveDEBRISProjectIsPerfectB.HowRemoveDEBRISIsInventedintheLabC.WhytheRemoveDEBRISSatelliteIsInventedD.SatelliteCollectsSpaceJunkfortheFirstTime【解析】A主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace.“專家告訴CNN，本周進(jìn)行的這次測(cè)試被廣泛認(rèn)為是太空清潔技術(shù)的首次成功演示。它象征著解決太空垃圾這一關(guān)鍵問題的第一步?！笨芍?，本文主題是“衛(wèi)星首次收集太空垃圾”。故選D?！绢}型二概括文章大意】Languageswillcontinuetodiverge.EvenifEnglishweretobecometheuniversallanguage,itwouldstilltakemanydifferentforms.IndeedthesamecouldhappentoEnglishashashappenedtoChinese:alanguageofintellectualswhichdoesn’tvaryhugelyalongsidealargenumberofvariationsusedbylocalpeoples.Wewillcontinuetoteachotherlanguagesinsomeform,andnotjustforreasonsofpracticaluse.Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth;itforcesyoutounderstandanotherculturalandintellectualsystem.SoIhopeBritisheducationwilldevelopamorerationalapproachtotheforeignlanguagesavailabletostudentsinlinewiththeirpoliticalimportance.Becausesomanypeoplebelieveitisnolongerimportanttoknowanotherlanguage,Ifearthattimedevotedtolanguageteachinginschoolsmaywellcontinuetodecline.Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoreexhaustingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.Technologywillcertainlymakeadifferencetotheuseofforeignlanguages.Computersmay,forinstance,relievethehardworkthatavasttranslationrepresents.Butnoonewhohasseenacomputertranslationwillthinkitcansubstituteforliveknowledgeofthedifferentlanguages.Amachinewillalwaysbebehindthetimes.Stillmoreimportantisthefactthatnocomputerwillevergetattheassociationsbeyondthewordsassociationsthatmaynotbeexpressedbutwhichcarrymuchofthemeaning.InlanguageslikeArabicthatcontextisveryimportant.Languagescomewithheavyculturalbaggagetoo—inFrenchorGermanifyoumisstheculturalreferencesbehindawordyou’reverylikelytobemissingthemeaning.Itwillbeveryhardtoteachallthattocomputer.AllthepredictionsarethatEnglishwillbespokenbyadecliningproportionoftheworld’spopulationinthe21stcentury.Idon’tthinkforeignlanguageswillreallybecomelessimportant,buttheymightbeperceivedtobe—andthatwouldintheendbe—averybadthing.15．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Learningforeignlanguagesisachallengingjob.B．Learningalanguageisgoodforyourmentalhealth.C．Culturalbackgroundblockstheunderstandingofalanguage.D．Computersplayanimportantroleinlearningforeignlanguages.【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。學(xué)好外語(yǔ)是一項(xiàng)有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，因?yàn)閷W(xué)語(yǔ)言不僅要對(duì)一套復(fù)雜的規(guī)則而且要對(duì)語(yǔ)境非常敏感?！窘馕觥緼主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Butyoucanarguethatlearninganotherlanguagewellismoreexhaustingthan,say,learningtoplaychesswell—itinvolvessensitivitytoasetofcomplicatedrules,andalsotocontext.可知，學(xué)好外語(yǔ)比學(xué)好象棋更費(fèi)力，因?yàn)閷W(xué)語(yǔ)言不僅要對(duì)一套復(fù)雜的規(guī)則敏感而且要對(duì)語(yǔ)境非常敏感。故可以推斷出本文主要講述的是學(xué)外語(yǔ)是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)性的工作。故選A?！绢}型三總結(jié)段落大意】Thereareasmanykindsofcareers(職業(yè))astherearepeople.Theyvarygreatlyinthetypeofworkinvolved(涉及)andinthewaystheyinfluenceaperson'slife.Thekindofcareeryouhavecanaffectyourlifeinmanyways.Bymakingwisedecisionsconcerningyourcareer,youcanhelpyourselfbuildthelifeyouwant.Todothat,youneedasmuchinformationaspossible.Themoreyouknowaboutyourself,thebetterableyouwillbetochooseasatisfyingcareer.Whatdopeoplehopetoobtainfromacareer?Somepeopledesireahighincome.Somehopeforfame.Othersseekforadventure.Stillothersintendtoservepeopleandmaketheworldabetterplace.Beforeyoubegintoexplorecareerfields,youshoulddetermineyourvalues.yourinterests,andyouraptitudesthatwillmakeyoucompetentforyourfuturework.Mostpeoplearehappiestinjobsthatfittheirvalues,interests,andskills.Eachpersonhasmanyvalues,whichvaryinstrength.Forexample,moneyisthestrongestvalueforsomepeople—thatis,wealthismoreimportanttothemthananythingelse.Asaresult,theyfocustheirthoughts,behaviour,andemotionsonthegoalofearningahighincome.Othervaluesincludedevotingtoreligion,takingrisks,spendingtimewithfamily,andhelpingothers.Beforemakingacareerdecision,youcanaskyourselfwhatismostimportanttoyouandexamineyourbeliefstobetterknowyourvalues.Forexample,isitimportanttoyoutoworkasamemberofateam?Orwouldyouratherbeinchargeorworkalone?Ifworkingaloneorbeinginchargeisimportanttoyou,independenceisprobablyoneofyourprimaryvalues.294Whatdoesthewriterconveytousinthelastparagraph?A．Thecontentsofourvalues.B．Thefoundationsofourvalues.C．Theplacestoachieveourvalues.D．Thewaystounderstandourvalues.【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了職業(yè)對(duì)我們的影響很大。在開始探索職業(yè)領(lǐng)域之前，我們應(yīng)該確定自己的價(jià)值觀、興趣和能力。對(duì)自己了解得越多，我們就越有能力選擇一個(gè)滿意的職業(yè)?！窘馕觥緿主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Beforemakingacareerdecision,youcanaskyourselfwhatismostimportanttoyouandexamineyourbeliefstobetterknowyourvalues.Forexample…primaryvalues.可知，在做職業(yè)決定之前，人們應(yīng)該了解自己的價(jià)值觀。你可以問自己什么是最重要的，通過(guò)反思你的信仰來(lái)增強(qiáng)你對(duì)自己價(jià)值觀的理解。然后通過(guò)舉例說(shuō)明如何了解自己的價(jià)值觀。由此可知，本段主要介紹了幾種理解自己價(jià)值觀的方法。故選D。名校模擬練1.（2023?四川成都?成都外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校?？寄M預(yù)測(cè)）MaeveHigginsoncesetherselfatask.TheIrish-borncomedianwantedtoseewhatlifewouldbelikeifshestoppedlaughingatthingsthatweren’tfunny.Turnsoutitwasn’taseasyasshethought.“Itwassohard,”shesays.“Laughterisalubricant(潤(rùn)滑油)andisexpected,andit’sreallyhardnottodoit.”Higginssuggeststhere’ssomethingparticularlyspecialaboutbeingpartofthesharedexperiencethatislivecomedy—thatcuriousmagicthatoccurswhenpeoplecometogetherspecificallytolaugh.Comedyismorethanjustapleasantwaytopassanevening,humourmorethansomethingtoamuse.They’reinterwovenintooureverydayexistence.Whetheryou’resharinganamusingstoryatapartyortellingadarkjokeatafuneral,humouriseverywhere.Butwhatisitfor?Andcanhumour,ascomedy,changehowwefeel,whatwethinkorevenwhatwedo?Asanessentialpartofhumaninteraction,humourhasbeenonthemindsofthinkersforcenturies.OneofthemostenduringtheoriesofhumourwasputforwardbythephilosopherThomasHobbes.Itassertsthathumourappearstomakefunoftheweakandexertsuperiority.Whilethisisclearlythefunctionofsomecomedy,it’sfarfromacompleteexplanationfortheoverallpurposeofhumour.Forsomecomedians,it’snotjustaboutgettinglaughs—it’saboutchangingwhatwethinkandmaybeevenwhatwedo.Ifthere’sonecomicwhoisreallytypicalofthis,it’sJosieLong.Asocialjusticeactivistandacomedian,Longhasareputationfordelightful,optimistichumourandstorytelling.Ashercareerhasevolved,shehasconsciouslyputsocialandpoliticaltopicsattheheartofheract.Shebelievesthatcomedianshavearoletoplayinchallengingsomeofthemostpressingissuesoftheday.BritishcomicStephenKAmossellsoutvenuesseatingthousands,yearin,yearout.Amosfirmlybelievesthatwhencomicsconsciouslydealwithpressingorcontroversial（有爭(zhēng)議的）socialissueslikeracism,theycanreachpeopleonamuchmoremeaningfullevelthanthatachievedbybrieflyliftingsomeone’smood.Andwhileitmaybedifficulttoquantify,hesays,thesocialandpsychologicalimpactofcomedydeservesmuchgreaterrecognition.Theresearchbacksthisup.Althoughtheroleofcomedyistobeentertainingfirstandforemost,SharonLockyer,asociologistwhostudieshumour,hasidentifiedanumberofpossibleotherfunctions.Theseincludechallengingstereotypes(刻板印象).Amos’sworkfrequentlysettlestheissuesofracebychallengingstereotypes.”Idon’tdothingsforshockvalue,”hesays.“Idostuffthatmatterstome.Intheolddaysitwasjustaboutdoingjokes.We’vemovedon—peoplearetalkingaboutthingsthatmatter.”1．Whatdothefirsttwoparagraphsmainlytalkabout?A．Thebenefitsoflaughing.B．Whatacomedian’sdailyworkisabout.C．WhyMaeveHigginschosetobeacomedian.D．MaeveHiggins’understandingoftheappealofcomedy.2．WhatdoestheunderlinedphraseinParagraph4mostprobablymean?A．Protecttheweakfromtheevil.B．Encouragepeopletobestronger.C．Bedeterminedtoimproveoneself.D．Showyouarebetterthanotherpeople.3．Accordingtothearticle,howdoescomedyhaveaneffectonsocialissues?A．Bygraduallyinfluencingpeople’sattitudes.B．Byurgingpoliticianstotryandsolvetheissues.C．Byquicklyyetthoroughlychangingpeople’sthinking.D．Bycallingonthewholesocietytopayattentiontotheissues.4．Accordingtothearticle,comedyincludesthefollowingrolesexcept________.A．gettingpeopletolaughB．promotingsocialprogressC．influencingpeople’sideasD．makingpeoplemoreproductive【答案】1．D2．D3．A4．D【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章通過(guò)Higgins對(duì)喜劇具有的吸引力的理解引出喜劇所具有的作用，包括讓人開懷大笑、影響人們的想法和促進(jìn)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的“MaeveHigginsoncesetherselfatask.TheIrish-borncomedianwantedtoseewhatlifewouldbelikeifshestoppedlaughingatthingsthatweren’tfunny.Turnsoutitwasn’taseasyasshethought.“Itwassohard,”shesays.“Laughterisalubricantandisexpected,andit’sreallyhardnottodoit.””（MaeveHiggins曾經(jīng)為自己設(shè)定了一個(gè)任務(wù)。這位愛爾蘭裔喜劇演員想看看如果她停止嘲笑那些不好笑的事情會(huì)怎樣。事實(shí)證明，這并不像她想的那么容易。她說(shuō)：“那太難了”?！靶κ且环N潤(rùn)滑劑，并且被人期待，要做到不笑真的很難”。）根據(jù)第二段的“Higginssuggeststhere’ssomethingparticularlyspecialaboutbeingpartofthesharedexperiencethatislivecomedy—thatcuriousmagicthatoccurswhenpeoplecometogetherspecificallytolaugh.”（Higgins提到作為現(xiàn)場(chǎng)喜劇的共享體驗(yàn)的一部分，這是很特別的東西，當(dāng)人們特意聚在一起為了笑時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生奇特的魔力。）由此可知，前兩段主要討論的是MaeveHiggins如何看待喜劇的魅力和吸引力的，即Higgins對(duì)喜劇具有的吸引力的理解。故選D。2．短語(yǔ)猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線短語(yǔ)前面的“humorappearstomakefunoftheweak”（幽默的作用似乎是為了取笑弱者。）and后面的內(nèi)容是幽默的第二個(gè)作用，它應(yīng)該與“取笑弱者”的感情色彩類似，而A項(xiàng)（保護(hù)弱者遠(yuǎn)離邪惡），B項(xiàng)（鼓勵(lì)人們變得更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)）和C項(xiàng)（決心提高自己）均不能與and之前的內(nèi)容相匹配。由此可知，劃線短語(yǔ)最可能的意思是“表明你比其他人更優(yōu)秀”。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的“Amosfirmlybelievesthatwhencomicsconsciouslydealwithpressingorcontroversial（有爭(zhēng)議的）socialissueslikeracism,theycanreachpeopleonamuchmoremeaningfullevelthanthatachievedbybrieflyliftingsomeone’smood.Andwhileitmaybedifficulttoquantify,hesays,thesocialandpsychologicalimpactofcomedydeservesmuchgreaterrecognition.”（StephenKAmos堅(jiān)信當(dāng)喜劇演員有意識(shí)地處理諸如種族主義之類的緊迫或有爭(zhēng)議的社會(huì)問題時(shí)，喜劇演員所能帶給人們的意義要比短暫提升某人的情緒要有意義得多。他說(shuō)，盡管這可能難以量化，但喜劇對(duì)社會(huì)和心理的影響值得更多的認(rèn)可。）由此可知，喜劇通過(guò)逐漸影響人們對(duì)某些問題的態(tài)度從而對(duì)社會(huì)問題產(chǎn)生影響。故選A。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段的“Forsomecomedians,it’snotjustaboutgettinglaughs—it’saboutchangingwhatwethinkandmaybeevenwhatwedo.”（對(duì)于一些喜劇演員來(lái)說(shuō)，喜劇的作用不僅僅在于使人開懷大笑，還在于改變我們的想法，甚至改變我們的工作。）根據(jù)第六段的“Ashercareerhasevolved,shehasconsciouslyputsocialandpoliticaltopicsattheheartofheract.Shebelievesthatcomedianshavearoletoplayinchallengingsomeofthemostpressingissuesoftheday.”（隨著事業(yè)的發(fā)展，她有意識(shí)地將社會(huì)和政治話題作為行為的核心。她認(rèn)為，喜劇演員可以在挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)今最緊迫的問題中發(fā)揮作用。）由此可知，喜劇的作用包括：讓人開懷大笑、影響人們的想法和促進(jìn)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，而文中并未提到D項(xiàng)（使人們更有工作效率）。故選D。2.（2023?福建福州?福建省福州第一中學(xué)校考一模）AnartistinOakland,Californiaisusinghisskillstohelpthehomeless.GregKloehnbuildsverysmallsheltersthatmakelifeonthestreetsalittlemorecomfortable.Thestructuresofferthehomelesssomesafetyandprotectionfrombadweather.Eachlittlehousealsohaswheelsonthebottomsoitcangowhereveritsownergoes.GregKloehnhasgivenawayatleast20tinyhouses.Severalareontheroadsidenearanactiverailroad.Onarecentday,Mr.KloehnstopsatonetovisitOscarYoung.Thetwomenhug.InsidehislittleshelterMr.Younggetsrelieffromcoldnightsonthestreets.Mr.KloehnalsovisitsSweet-Pea,anotherfriendwhoalsolivesinoneofthelittlehomestheartistbuilt.Shesaysitkeepshersafeandprotectsherbelongings.Inthemornings,Mr.Kloehnsearchesthestreetsforbuildingmaterials.Hegatherswhathecanandtakesittohisstudio.There,heputsthehousestogether.Emptycoffeebagsbecomeroofmaterial.Awashingmachinedoorandrefrigeratorpartbecomewindows.Nails,screwsandthestickyglueholdallthepiecestogether.Theartistalsoattachesasmallelectricaldevicetothehouse.Thedeviceispoweredbythesun.Someofthepeoplelivingonthestreetsoncehadnormalhousesoftheirown.Butsomeofthepeoplesaytheyhavelearnedtolivewithlessandtheyarethankfultothatman.Mr.Kloehnsayshisworkisnotasocialproject.Hesaysheisjustsomeoneusinghisskillstohelphishomelessneighbors.5．ThefollowingaretheadvantagesofthesmallsheltersEXCEPT________.A．savingpowerandenergyB．protectingpossessionsofthehomelessC．decoratingthestreetswheretheyareD．keepingthehomelesssafeandcomfortable6．Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat________.A．GregKloehnhassoldatleast20tinyhousesB．a(chǎn)nactofkindnesshasmadepeoplesimpleandgratefulC．thesheltersareimmovableD．thegovernmenthasgotinvolvedintheaction7．Thepassageislikelytakenfrom________.A．a(chǎn)nofficialreportB．a(chǎn)nartreviewC．a(chǎn)sciencemagazineD．a(chǎn)newsreport8．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Anartistcreateshomesforthehomeless.B．Amorecomfortableshelteronthestreets.C．AsuccessfulsocialprojectinOakland.D．Anartistmakesalivingbydesigningsmallshelters.【答案】5．C6．B7．D8．A【分析】這是一篇記敘文。全文講述了一位藝術(shù)家用廢舊物品制造小房子并捐贈(zèng)給無(wú)家可歸的人的故事。5．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒第三段最后一句“Thedeviceispoweredbythesun.(這個(gè)裝置是由太陽(yáng)供電的)”可知，這種小房子很省電，所以選項(xiàng)A是它的優(yōu)勢(shì)，排除選項(xiàng)A；根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Shesaysitkeepshersafeandprotectsherbelongings.(她說(shuō)，這能保證她的安全，保護(hù)她的財(cái)產(chǎn))”可知，這種小房子可以保護(hù)無(wú)家可歸者的財(cái)產(chǎn)，所以選項(xiàng)B是它的優(yōu)勢(shì)，排除選項(xiàng)B；根據(jù)第一段第一句和第二句“GregKloehnbuildsverysmallsheltersthatmakelifeonthestreetsalittlemorecomfortable.Thestructuresofferthehomelesssomesafetyandprotectionfrombadweather.(GregKloehn建造了非常小的庇護(hù)所，讓街道上的生活更加舒適。這些建筑為無(wú)家可歸者提供了一些安全保障，并保護(hù)他們免受惡劣天氣的影響)”可知，這種小房子確保無(wú)家可歸者的安全和舒適，所以選項(xiàng)D是它的優(yōu)勢(shì)，排除選項(xiàng)D；文中沒有提到這種小房子可以起到裝飾作用，所以選項(xiàng)C不是它的優(yōu)勢(shì)，故選A。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒第二段最后一句“Butsomeofthepeoplesaytheyhavelearnedtolivewithlessandtheyarethankfultothatman.(但一些人說(shuō)，他們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)用更少的錢生活，他們對(duì)那個(gè)人心存感激)”可知，一個(gè)善舉讓人們變得簡(jiǎn)單和感恩。故選B。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“AnartistinOakland,Californiaisusinghisskillstohelpthehomeless.(加利福尼亞州奧克蘭市的一位藝術(shù)家正在用他的技能幫助無(wú)家可歸的人)”可知，文章第一句就概括了全文，表明文章要講的事情，所以這是新聞報(bào)道中的導(dǎo)語(yǔ)。根據(jù)最后一段“Mr.Kloehnsayshisworkisnotasocialproject.Hesaysheisjustsomeoneusinghisskillstohelphishomelessneighbors.(克勒恩先生說(shuō)，他的工作不是一個(gè)社會(huì)項(xiàng)目。他說(shuō)，他只是一個(gè)用自己的技能幫助無(wú)家可歸的鄰居的人)”可知，這是轉(zhuǎn)述受采訪的人說(shuō)的話。由此推知，這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。故選D。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句和第二句“AnartistinOakland,Californiaisusinghisskillstohelpthehomeless.GregKloehnbuildsverysmallsheltersthatmakelifeonthestreetsalittlemorecomfortable.(加利福尼亞州奧克蘭市的一位藝術(shù)家正在用他的技能幫助無(wú)家可歸的人。GregKloehn建造了非常小的庇護(hù)所，讓街道上的生活更加舒適)”可知，文章主要是講一位藝術(shù)家為無(wú)家可歸的人建造家園。故選A。3.（2023秋?廣東深圳?高三統(tǒng)考期末）Ontheoutside,12-year-oldLunaseemslikeyouraveragekid.It'snotuntilyougettoknowherthatyoulearnthatLunaisanythingbutaverage.Bomwithaheartdefect(缺陷)calleddextrocardia,Lunahashadthreeopen-heartoperationsandcontinuestopursueherinterestsinartandfashion.ButwhenLunawasapproachedbyathleticshoecompanySauconytodesignashoeforsaleacrossthecountry,itcameasquiteasurprise.“Thisissoincredible.IgottousemyartandcreativityforsomethingnewthatI'dneverthoughtI'dbeabletodesign,“Lunasaid.SheisoneofsixpatientsfromBostonChildren'sHospital(BCH)whohavepartneredwithSauconytodesigntheirownshoetolaunchtheShoeswithSoulcampaign.“Ratherthanjustadonation,wewantedtocreateanexperienceandamomentthatwouldnotonlyraisemoney,butalsoawarenesstohighlightalltheamazingworkthat'sbeingdoneatBCH,“saysChris,Saucony'svicepresident.“Specifically,wewantedtogivesomeoftheBCHkidsanopportunitytosharetheirstoryandtheirtalentswiththeworld.”Luna'sdesignisfashion.uOnthetongue,theydigitalizedoneofmydrawings,andthenonbottomit'sareallybrightpinkcolor,andontheinside,thesoleoftheshoeisactuallyanotherdrawingIdidofasunset,“shesaid."Thinkingaboutkidseverywherearoundtheworldwearingmyshoeisamazing.Itblowsmymind.”TheincomefromtheshoesaleswillbenefittheBostonChildren'sHospitalCardiacFitnessProgram,whichencourageskidsto“findyourpossible"throughpersonalizedexerciseprogramstailoredforeachindividualpatient'sheartcondition.“Itfeelsreallygoodtohelppeopleandit'sreallysomethingIcanrelateto,“saysLuna.“TheadviceIwouldgiveakidorsomeonelikemeisnevergiveup.Therearealotofkidsouttherewithyourconditionandyou'renotalone.”9．WhatcanwelearnfromChris'words?A．It'sunwisetoraisemoney.B．It'soptionaltoseekdonations.C．It'swonderfultostudyart.D．It'snecessary