修辭與文體Publicspeech講義

修辭與文體PublicspeechPublicSpeechPublicspeechesincludespeechesatgatherings,academiclectures,religiouspreaches,etc.Althoughpublicspeechesareoralpractices,yetmostofthemhavetobepreparedbeforehandinwrittenform.Ifatypeofspeakingisadailypractice,suchaslecturingdailytothestudents,itmaynotbesoformalastorequireapreparationofcommittingeverywordtopaper.Writinganoutlineforthespeechmayservethepurpose

Butifitisaveryformalspeakingtothepublic,suchasspeakingatamassmeeting,afull-lengthtextofthespeechhastobeprepared.Formalpublicspeechescaremuchaboutrhetoricaleffect.Somepublicspeechesarequiteargumentative.Onedistinctivefeaturesofpublicspeechisappealtoemotions.

StructureofpublicspeechAtthepresenttime,bothoralspeechandwrittencompositionuniversallyacceptthethree-partdivision:theintroduction,thebody(argumentforrgumentativespeechorwriting)andtheconclusion.Inapublicspeech,thereshouldbeasalutationprecedingtheintroducingparagraph.

Structureofpublicspeech1) SalutationA. TheinclusivenessofsalutationB.Theappropriatenessofsalutation2)Introduction3) Argument4) Conclusion1) SalutationForapublicspeech,justlikealetter,thesalutationisindispensable.Anappropriatesalutationnotonlyshowspolitenesstotheaddressees,butalsobringsaboutintimacybetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.Thereareatleasttwopointstobemadeclearconcerningthesalutation.Oneisinclusivenessandtheotherisappropriateness.A. TheinclusivenessofsalutationSalutationinaspeechmustbeinclusive.thatis,thespeakershouldsaluteallthosepeoplewhoarelisteningtoyourspeech.Neglectorcarelessomissionofanyofthemwillcausediscontent,evenseriousconsequences.Don’tfeelbotheredtoincludealltheaddresseesinyoursalutation.

B.TheappropriatenessofsalutationSalutationsmayvaryfromoccupations(suchasSenators,Judges),totitles(suchasPresident,Chairman),tohonorific(suchasYourMajesty,YourExcellency,YourEminence,YourHoliness,HolyFather),togender(Ladies,Gentlemen).Orsimplytorelationshipsbetweemthespeakerandaudience(FellowStudents,FellowCountrymen,Guests),etc.Allthesesalutationsmuststrictlyconformtotheidentitiesoftheaudience.

Inmodernspeeches,honorificsalutationsareusedonlytosaluteroyaltiesorimportantreligiouspeople.GovernmentleadersorotherimportantfigurescansimplybesalutedasMr.(Mrs.)+Title,suchasMr.President,Mrs.Cliton,Mr.Chairman,orAmbassador.

2)IntroductionAusualformalintroductionofaspeech,justlikeapieceofwriting,maybeoneparagraphinwhichthethemeorcentralideaisintroduced.Apartfromthecentralideathatshouldbestatedintheintroduction,thespeakeroftentriestosaysththatcancreateanatmosphereofintimacybetweenthespeakerandtheaudience.3) ArgumentThespeakershoulddevotemostofhisspeakingtothemiddlepart,theargumentofthespeech.Theargumentmayconsistofmanyparagraphsandbedividedintoseveralpartsforelaborationordetaileddiscussion.

4) ConclusionAstheconclusionofapieceofwriting,theendinginaspeechmayvaryaccordingtothedifferenttopics:asummaryofthewholespeech,aspeculationofthefuture,suggestionstosolveproblems,andveryoftenthanksfortheaudiencetoattendhisorherspeech.LanguageFeaturesofPublicSpeech1) SyntacticalFeaturesA) TheuseofshortsentencesB) TheuseofParallelismsC) TheuseofRepetitionsD) TheuseofRhetoricalQuestions2) LexicalFeaturesA) TheuseofshortbutformalwordsB) FigurativeuseofwordsC) UsingwordsappealingtoemotionsLanguageFeaturesofPublicSpeech1) SyntacticalFeaturesInpublicspeeches,simplesentencesandshortcompoundorcomplexsentencesarethemainpatternsused,withsomealternationbetweenthemfromtimetotime.Mostofthesesentencesaredeclarativeandgrammaticallycorrect.Butinordertoincreaserhetoricaleffect,thespeakermayalsoemploysomespecialsentencesorstructuressuchasinterrogativesentences,sentenceswithparallelstructures,sentenceswithrepetitions.A) TheuseofshortsentencesApublicspeechisaformalspokenformoflanguage.Itcannotuselongcomplicatedsentences.B) TheuseofParallelismsParallelismsorparallelstructurescanbeusednotonlytohelporder,clarify,emphasize,andbeautifyathought,butalsotocreatesomerhythmiceffect.A.forwhatyousaid,andforwhatyouaredoingB.forchildrenintheworld,forthehomeless,forthevictimsofinjustice.C.lightanddarkness,duskanddawn,crimeandpunishment,crueltyandcompassion,goodandevilC) TheuseofRepetitionsRepetition,aspecialkindofparallelism,ismoreemphaticandmoreaestheticallyeffective.A.Thevictimsofinjustice,thevictimsofdestinyandsocietyB.somuchviolence,somuchindifference,C.ourwork,ourdreams,ourhopes.D)TheuseofRhetoricalQuestionsRhetoricalquestionsaremorepersuasivethandirectstatement.A.doweheartheirpleas?dowefeeltheirpain,theiragony?B.isitaphilosophy?Isthereaphilosophyofindifferenceconceivable?Canonepossiblyviewindifferenceasavirtue?2) LexicalFeaturesA) TheuseofshortbutformalwordsShortformalwordsarepreferredinpublicspeeches.Pronounsofthefirstandsecondpersonsaremorefrequentlyused.

B) Figurativeuseofwordsa. Metaphorsb. OxymoronsC) Usingwordsappealingtoemotions

Weobservetodaynotavictoryofparty,butacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganend,aswellasabeginning;signifyingrenewal,aswellaschange.ForIhaveswornbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemn

oathourforebearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthreequartersago.今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利，而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個結(jié)束，也象征著一個開端；意味著延續(xù)也意味看變革。因為我已在你們和全能的上帝面前，宣讀了我們的先輩在170多年前擬定的莊嚴誓言。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethaninmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.Sincethiscountrywasfounded,eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.ThegravesofyoungAmericanswhoansweredthecalltoservicesurroundtheglobe.

公民們，我們方針的最終成敗與其說掌握在我手中，不如說掌握在你們手中。自從合眾國建立以來，每一代美國人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對國家的忠誠。響應召喚而獻身的美國青年的墳墓遍及全球。Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain,notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,“rejoicinginhope;patientintribulation”,astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,poverty,disease,andwaritself.

現(xiàn)在，號角已再次吹響---不是召喚我們拿起武器，雖然我們需要武器；不是召喚我們?nèi)プ鲬?zhàn)，雖然我們嚴陣以待。它召喚我們?yōu)橛永杳鞫缲撈鹇L斗爭的重任，年復一年，從希望中得到歡樂，在磨難中保持耐性，對付人類共同的敵人---專制、社團、疾病和戰(zhàn)爭本身。Canweforgeagainsttheseenemiesagrandandglobalalliance,NorthandSouth,EastandWest,thatcanassureamorefruitfullifeforallmankind?Willyoujoininthathistoriceffort?

為反對這些敵人，確保人類更為豐裕的生活，我們能夠組成一個包括東西南北各方的全球大聯(lián)盟嗎？你們愿意參加這一歷史性的努力嗎？Inthelonghistoryoftheworld,onlyafewgenerationshavebeengrantedtheroleofdefendingfreedominitshourofmaximumdanger.Idonotshrinkfromthisresponsibility.Iwelcomeit.Idonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergeneration.Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit.Andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.在漫長的世界歷史中，只有少數(shù)幾代人在自由處于最危急的時刻被賦予保衛(wèi)自由的責任。我不會推卸這一責任，我歡迎這一責任。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時代的人交換位置。我們?yōu)檫@一努力所奉獻的精力、信念和忠誠，將照亮我們的國家和所有為國效勞的人，而這火焰發(fā)出的光芒定能照亮全世界。

Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Myfellowcitizensoftheworld,asknotwhatAmericawilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman.因此，美國同胞們，不要問國家能為你們做些什么、而要問你們能為國家做些什么。全世界的公民們，不要問美國將為你們做些計人，而要問我們共同能為人類的自由做些什么。

Finally,whetheryouarecitizensofAmericaorcitizensoftheworld,askofusherethesamehighstandardsofstrengthandsacrificewhichweaskofyou.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,a