考點(diǎn)28非應(yīng)用文寫作觀點(diǎn)類說明文（原卷版）

考點(diǎn)28非應(yīng)用文寫作：說明文（原卷版）【命題解讀】短文類寫作包括通知、倡議書、演講稿、新聞報(bào)道、日記、約稿、宣傳稿等類別。 以下對(duì)觀點(diǎn)類、說明文等提供對(duì)應(yīng)的模板和基本寫作技巧。說明文【布局思維導(dǎo)圖】說明文用來解釋或探討各種問題，如機(jī)器的制造過程，自然現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因，工程的規(guī)劃或問題的解決方案等等。【說明事物的順序】我們可以按以下三類順序說明事物：1、時(shí)間順序，即按事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展的先后順序進(jìn)行說明。2、空間順序，即按事物空間位置的順序，由上至下，由近及遠(yuǎn)或由里至外地說明。3、邏輯順序，即按人們認(rèn)識(shí)事物的規(guī)律進(jìn)行說明，如由概括到具體，由整體到部分，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，由表及里，由原因到結(jié)果，由主要到次要，由特點(diǎn)到用途等?！菊f明事物的方法】1、定義法。定義法的目的是讓不知此事物的人對(duì)此物有一個(gè)起碼的了解，以利于下文的展開。如：Athermometerisaninstrumentusedformeasuringtemperature.就是對(duì)thermometer下了一個(gè)定義。有些事物也許不好下個(gè)明確定義，但我們可以交待這個(gè)事物的背景，來源，或列舉出它的一些典型特征，以便讓讀者明白。這類事物可以是術(shù)語，也可以是外國(guó)人所不了的中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)事物，如龍舟節(jié)等。2、舉例說明法。舉出具有代表性的例子，能夠真切地說明事物，化抽象為具體，使段落變得有血有肉，豐富起來。舉例時(shí)常用的表達(dá)有：forexample(例如)，forinstance(例如)，asanexampleof(作為……的例子)，take…forexample(以……為例)等。3、比較法。為了突出事物鮮明的特點(diǎn)，我們常把它與其他事物進(jìn)行比較。比方說我們想向讀者介紹什么是“電腦”，我們可以說“It’sakindofelectricalorartificial(人工的)brain.”這樣把電腦和人腦進(jìn)行了比較，從而使人們對(duì)“電腦”有更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。[來源:]4、細(xì)節(jié)描述法。介紹一種事物，僅用概述性的詞語如beautiful,friendly,boring,good或bad是不夠的。作者要提供一些細(xì)節(jié)，使被描述的對(duì)象更加形象具體，從而加深讀者的印象。除上述幾種方法外，我們還可以通過引經(jīng)據(jù)典(即引用專家、名人等的話語)、列舉數(shù)字等其他方法說明一件事物，從而使文章更加嚴(yán)密，內(nèi)容更具有科學(xué)性，更有說服力。也可以綜合運(yùn)用多種方法?！緦懽髂０濉磕０?1（主題型）①________isamosteffective_______to_______.②Formostpeople,it’salmostimpossibleto______.③________isreally_________.④Withthefunctionsof_______,itenablesusto_______.⑤Itcaneven______.⑥Justimagine,allthiscanbedonewith_______.⑦Aconvenienttoolcancertainlymake_______,butitdoesn’talwayshelp_______.⑧Toomuch_________.⑨Toomany________.⑩Relyingtoomuchon_______makes________.①點(diǎn)明要介紹的事物的必要性②介紹該事物對(duì)多數(shù)人的重要意義③該事物優(yōu)勢(shì)或顯著特點(diǎn)④該事物的作用⑤進(jìn)一步說明該事物的作用⑥說明該事物的重要性⑦承上啟下，介紹事物的另一方面⑧該事物的負(fù)面影響一⑨該事物的負(fù)面影響二⑩總結(jié)說明過分使用該物品給我們帶來的負(fù)面影響。模板02（說明原因型）Nowadays,therearemoreandmore

insomebigcities.Itisestimatedthat

____________________.（用具體數(shù)據(jù)說明某現(xiàn)象）Whyhavetherebeensomany

?Maybethereasonscanbelistedasfollows.Thefirstreasonisthat

__________________.（原因一）Besides,

__________________.（原因二）Thethirdreasonis

__________________.（原因三）Tosumup,themaincauseof

isdueto__________________

.（指出主要原因）Itishightimethatsomethingshouldbedone.Foronething,

__________________.（解決建議一）Foranotherthing,

.Allthesemeasureswillcertainly

__________________.（解決建議二）模板03（描述事物型）WhatIhaveknownabout

isthat

_________________.（具體描述某事物）Firstly,

__________________.（描述要點(diǎn)一）__________________.（具體闡述要點(diǎn)一）Secondly,

__________________.（描述要點(diǎn)二）（具體闡述要點(diǎn)二）__________________.Asacollegestudent,

__________________.（結(jié)合自身描述要點(diǎn)三）Allinall,

__________________.（做出總結(jié)）Therefore,weshould

__________________.（提出建議）模板04（問題解決型）Inrecentdays,therehasbeenaproblem

,whichisbeingmoreandmoreserious.（說明問題及其現(xiàn)狀）First,

__________________.Second,

__________________.（進(jìn)一步闡釋現(xiàn)狀）Weshouldtakeaseriesofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.Foronething,________.Foranotherthing,________.Finally,________.（列舉解決該問題的方法）Personally,Ibelievethat________/Consequently,I’mconfidentthatabrightfutureisawaitingusbecause________.（結(jié)尾段，指出＂我＂的信心及理由）模板05（說明利弊題型）

Nowadays,manypeoplepreferAbecauseitisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourdailylife.Generally/Generallyspeaking/Onthewhole,itsadvantagescanbeseenasfollows./ithasthefollowingadvantages.Firstofall,_________________(A的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一).Besides,/What’smore,_________________A的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之二）.

However,everycoinhastwosides./Everythinghasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent./Itsdisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Oneoftheimportantdisadvantagesisthat_________________(A的第一個(gè)缺點(diǎn))．Tomakemattersworse,/Tomakethematterworse,/Tomakethingsworse/What’sworse,_________________(A的第二個(gè)缺點(diǎn))．

Throughtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethatthepositiveaspectsoverweighthenegativeones./Theaboveanalysisshowsusthatithasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.Therefore,Iwouldliketo_________________(我的看法)．

(FromtheparisonbetweenthesepositiveandnegativeeffectsofA,weshouldtakeitreasonablyanddoitaccordingtothecircumstanceswearein.Onlyinthiswaycanwe_________________(對(duì)前景的預(yù)測(cè))．)【高頻詞句】1簡(jiǎn)要說明圖表內(nèi)容的句型：

從圖表可以看出

The

table/chart

shows

that

…

As

can

be

seen

from

the

chart…From

the

table/chart/forms

we

can

see…The

table

tells

us

that…2表示變化/比較的句型：

There

was

a

great

/

slight

increase/rise

in

…

There

has

been

a

sudden

/slow/rapid

fall/

drop

in…

It

is

20%

lower

/higher

than…

The

number/rate

has

nearly

doubled,

as

against

that

of

last

year.The

number

is

…

times

as

much

as

that

of…It

increases/rises/decreases/reduces

by

…times/

…percent/

2/3.

3說明原因的句型：

The

reason

for

…is

that…

One

may

think

of

the

change

as

a

result

of…The

change

in…

largely

results

from

the

fact

that…There

are

several

causes

for

this

significant

growth

in

…

First…This

brings

out

the

important

fact

that…4

結(jié)尾句型：

In

summary,

it

is

important….

From

what

has

been

discussed

above,

we

may

draw

the

conclusion

that…

Obviously,

if

we

want

to…,

it

is

necessary

….

There

is

no

doubt

that

attention

must

be

paid…【真題1】（2016·浙江卷）“Planningisgood,butdoingisbetter”是一句英國(guó)名言。請(qǐng)以此為題用英語寫一篇100~120詞的短文。要求如下：1.簡(jiǎn)述你對(duì)這句名言的理解；2.用一個(gè)具體事例加以說明；3.給出恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)尾。注意：1.文章的標(biāo)題已給出（不計(jì)詞數(shù)）：2.文中不得以任何形式透露地區(qū)、、老師或同學(xué)姓名等真實(shí)信息，否則按作弊行為認(rèn)定。PlanningIsGood,ButDoingIsBetter________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題2】（2017·江蘇）請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下面有關(guān)我國(guó)電影票房收入（box-officeine）的柱狀圖及相關(guān)文字，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。SaturdayAfternoon.InaShoppingCentre.LiJiang:Hi,SuHua.SaturdayAfternoon.InaShoppingCentre.LiJiang:Hi,SuHua.Whichmovieshallwesee?SuHua:Whatever.We’vegotsomanychoices,KungFuYoga,JourneytotheWest…Eachsoundsgreat!LiJiang:Yeah!Andsomemoviestarsarefantastic.SuHua:Andthehigh-tech!...LiJiang:Perfect!Let’sgetsomefoodfirst.Weonlyhave20minutesleft.SuHua:Nohurry.Thecinemaisonthesamefloor.OneDayin2016.AtHome.Son:Mum,shallwegoandseeafilmtonight?Mother:Whybother?Wecanstayathomeandwatchfilmsonline.It’sconvenientwithournewandfasternetworkSon:Butitfeelsgoodinacinema.Mother:Andtheprice…Wehavetopay50yuanaticket.Son:Only10yuanmorethanlastyear.Mother:Butstillwecannotgetthemoney’sworth.Somefilmsarejustboring…【寫作內(nèi)容】1.用約30個(gè)單詞概述柱狀圖信息的主要內(nèi)容；2.我國(guó)電影票房收入變化的原因有哪些，簡(jiǎn)要談?wù)勀愕目捶ǎㄉ鲜鰧?duì)話僅供參考，原因不少于兩點(diǎn)）；3.談?wù)勀銓?duì)我國(guó)電影票房收入走向的看法，并簡(jiǎn)要說明理由。【寫作要求】1.寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句；2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和名稱；3.不必寫標(biāo)題。【評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】?jī)?nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。【真題3】（2015·江蘇）請(qǐng)閱讀下面文字及圖表,并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章.[寫作內(nèi)容]1.用約30個(gè)單詞概述上述信息的主要內(nèi)容;2.結(jié)合上述信息,簡(jiǎn)要分析導(dǎo)致交通問題的主要原因;3.根據(jù)你的分析,從社會(huì)規(guī)范(rulesandregulations)和個(gè)人行為兩方面談?wù)勀愕玫降膯⑹?不少于兩點(diǎn))。[寫作要求]1.寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句;2.作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和名稱;3.不必寫標(biāo)題。[評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]內(nèi)容完整,語言規(guī)范,語篇連貫,詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。【真題4】（2015·廣東）Sallywalkedontotheplatform,pickedupapieceofchalkandwroteontheblackboard:“Rule1:Wearefamily!“Allstudentsstoppedtolookather.AndshecontinuedwithRule2,Rule3…Inthefollowingweeks,Sallyworkedout10classrulesandpostedthemonthewallsoftheclassroom.Shepatientlyexplainedalltherulestothestudentsandrequireeveryonetofollowthem.Surprisingly,Sallywasnotdrivenoutliketheformerteachers;instead,shewonrespectfromthestudents.Overtheyear,shewitnessedgradualchangeintheclass.Atthegraduationceremony,justassheexpected,shewasveryproudtostandwithaclassofcare,mannersandconfidence.[寫作內(nèi)容]1.用約30個(gè)詞概括上文的主要內(nèi)容。2.用約120個(gè)詞就班規(guī)談?wù)勀愕南敕?，?nèi)容包括：(1)你們班最突出的問題是什么？(2)針對(duì)該問題你會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)一條什么班規(guī)？(3)你認(rèn)為班規(guī)會(huì)帶來什么影響？【寫作要求】1.作文中可以使用親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文的句子。2.作文中不得出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和名稱?！驹u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。【真題5】（2015·浙江）在班級(jí)活動(dòng)中，當(dāng)你的想法與大多數(shù)同學(xué)不一致時(shí)，你是堅(jiān)持自己的觀點(diǎn)并說服別人，還是尊重大多數(shù)同學(xué)的意見？請(qǐng)你以“WhenIHaveaDifferentOpinion”為題，用英文寫一篇100～120個(gè)詞“短文。要求如下：1.從以上兩種做法中選擇一種；2.以具體事例闡述你選擇的理由。注意：短文中，不得以任何形式透露地區(qū)、、同學(xué)姓名等真實(shí)信息。否則，按考試作弊行為認(rèn)定。WhenIHaveaDifferentOpinion_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題6】（2015·重慶）請(qǐng)就以下話題，按要求用英文寫作。Ifyoucouldgiveyouryoungerselfonepieceofadvice,whatwouldyousay?要求：（1）作出回答并說出理由；（2）詞數(shù)不少于60；（3）在答題卡上做答。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題7】[2014·福建卷]如何理解“成功”，不同的人有不同的看法。請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下面的引語(quotation)，按要求用英語寫一篇短文?！癝uccessistheabilitytogofromonefailuretoanotherwithnolossofenthusiasm.”—SirWinstonChurchill內(nèi)容要求：1．你對(duì)該引語的理解；2．你的相關(guān)經(jīng)歷；3．恰當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)尾。注意：1．短文開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；2．文中不能出現(xiàn)考生的具體信息；3．詞數(shù)120左右。ThisquotationfromWinstonChurchilltellsusthat___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題8】[2013·福建卷]孩子的成長(zhǎng)和教育是社會(huì)熱議的話題，現(xiàn)今父母包攬一切、孩子過度依賴等現(xiàn)象十分嚴(yán)重。請(qǐng)閱讀下面的漫畫，按要求用英文寫一篇短文。內(nèi)容要求：1.描述漫畫內(nèi)容；2.分析漫畫所揭示的問題；3.提出你的看法。注意：1.短文開頭已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；2.考生可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，使文章內(nèi)容充實(shí)、連貫；3.詞數(shù)120左右；4.文中不能出現(xiàn)考生的具體信息。參考詞匯：鋪路pavethewayFromthepicturewecanseeafamilyofthreewalkingonalongredcarpet.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題9】[2012·浙江卷]你校正在進(jìn)行“英語讀書周”活動(dòng)。該活動(dòng)要求學(xué)生摘錄名言佳句(quote)并相互交流。以下是某同學(xué)摘錄的句子：“Yourfuturedependsonmanythings,butmostlyonyou”。請(qǐng)按下列要求用英語寫一篇100－120個(gè)詞的短文：1.針對(duì)摘錄句中的觀點(diǎn)談?wù)勀愕目捶ǎ?.舉例說明理由。注意：短文的開頭已給出(不計(jì)詞數(shù))。In_the_English_Reading_Week,_one_of_my_classmates_remended_a_quote_to_us,_which_goes_like_this：“Your_future_depends_on_many_things,_but_mostly_on_you.”___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題10】[2012·湖北卷]請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示，并結(jié)合事例，用英語寫一篇短文。Youcannotchoosewhatyouaregiven,butyoucanchoosehowyoumakeuseofit.注意：①無須寫標(biāo)題，不得照抄英語提示語；②除詩(shī)歌外，文體不限；③文中不得透露個(gè)人姓名和名稱；④詞數(shù)為120左右。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題11】2021.3天津卷：假設(shè)你是晨光的李津。我市為外國(guó)友人提供生活信息的某英文網(wǎng)站新增了《最美中華》欄目，請(qǐng)你給該欄目投稿，介紹一個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)你喜歡或去過的地方。內(nèi)容包括：（1）該地方的基本情況（如名稱、地理位置等）；（2）該地方的特色（如文化、景點(diǎn)等）；（3）你對(duì)該地方的印象和感受。注意：（1）詞數(shù)不少于100；（2）可適當(dāng)加入細(xì)節(jié)，使內(nèi)容充實(shí)、行文連貫。_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題12】2018全國(guó)3卷假定你是李華，你的英國(guó)朋友Peter來信詢問你校學(xué)生體育運(yùn)動(dòng)情況。請(qǐng)給他回信內(nèi)容包括：1.的體育場(chǎng)館；2.主要的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目；3.你喜歡的項(xiàng)目。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【真題13】2016年四川卷某生英文報(bào)正舉辦＂TheSeasonILikeBest＂的征文活動(dòng)，請(qǐng)用英文寫一篇短文投稿，內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括： 1.你最喜歡的季節(jié)； 2.你喜歡該季節(jié)的兩條理由(如：氣候、景色、活動(dòng)、感受……)。注意： 1.詞數(shù)100左右； 2.題目已為你寫好； 3.行文連貫，語篇完整； 4.文中不得透露個(gè)人真實(shí)信息。_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________