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TEACHER:MRLIUGrammarNon-finiteVerbs2021/5/91

找出各句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞并指出其具體形式

1.Don'tteachfishtoswim.

2.Hehadagoodmemorylikeanelephant.

3.Itwouldbeawasteofmoneybuildingsuchaluxuriousvilla.1哪些是動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)形式?2021/5/924.Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.5.Whenaskedwhy,pleasejustkeepsilent.6.Thepresidentwaswarmlywelcomedbytheresidents.1

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式包括主動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語(yǔ)形式和被動(dòng)句各種時(shí)態(tài)下的謂語(yǔ)形式以及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞連用的各種形式。S+V+(O)S+be+PP+…2021/5/93謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高中英語(yǔ)教和學(xué)中具有重要意義,主要表現(xiàn)在寫作,語(yǔ)法填空和閱讀長(zhǎng)難句判斷中。

例如:典型例子:Therearemanypeoplestandatthegate.Standing的誤用1.Togetupearlyisgoodforourhealth.2.Iwanttogetupearly.3.Hisdreamistobeateacher.4.Iseehimsinging.5.Doyouhavesomethingtosay?6.Singinganddancing,thestudentscameintotheclassroom.2021/5/941.性質(zhì):它具有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn),但在句子中起著名詞、形容詞、副詞的作用,充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)的作用,即:除謂語(yǔ)以外一切成分。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞2021/5/952.形式不定式相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞。充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞。作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)形成分3.語(yǔ)態(tài)必須搞清邏輯主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系,從而來確定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞態(tài)的語(yǔ)態(tài)。2021/5/96過去分詞v-ed不定式to+v動(dòng)詞的v-ing非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表將來,主動(dòng)。表進(jìn)行,主動(dòng)表完成,被動(dòng)不定式的被動(dòng)式在表示被動(dòng)的同時(shí)還兼表示未來。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式也表示完成,尤其是表示有明顯先后時(shí)間關(guān)系的完成。現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式在表示被動(dòng)的同時(shí)還將表示進(jìn)行。2021/5/971.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來泛指一個(gè)動(dòng)作,沒有特別的時(shí)間意義。

Swimmingisherfavoritesport.

Learningisimportanttomodernlife.2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Theywentoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.

3.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式有時(shí)也可表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Irememberedsendinghimane-maillastweek.

HesuggestedtakingmydaughtertothezoothenextSunday.A動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式形式

2021/5/98動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作,這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或完成在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。

Havinglivedinthiscityforthreeyears,sheknowsitverywell.點(diǎn)津坊

在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中,作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來代替。Ireallyregrettedmissingsuchanexcitinglecture.

(=Ireallyregrettedhavingmissedsuchanexcitinglecture.)B動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式2021/5/99動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。

Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.

Ican'tstandbeingkeptwaiting.

Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretakentoseetheschoollibrary.

動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式由not加動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成。Hisnot

comingmadeeveryonepresentverydisappointed.

A

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式可直接置于句首作主語(yǔ)。

Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.

2.為了保持句子平衡,通常用先行詞it作形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末。Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.It'sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.C動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式D動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式成分2021/5/910動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)常用句型。

It'snogoodtalkingtohim.Itisuselesstelephoninghim.Heisnotwillingtocome.

It‘sworthmakinganeffort.Thereisnosayingwhenitwillstopraining.

Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.必背2021/5/911

B

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)1.表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容

Herjobiskeepingthelecturehallascleanaspossible.2.表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征

Theproblemisquitepuzzling.1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Oneofmybadhabitis______(bite)nails(指甲).試牛刀2021/5/912

C

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式既可作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),也可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。1能用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞可分兩類,一類是只能用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),另一類是既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。①只能用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(這類動(dòng)詞只能用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),不能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。)Fancymeetingyouhere!

Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.2021/5/913避免錯(cuò)過少延期→avoid,miss,putoff,postpone建議完成多練習(xí)→suggest,finish,practice喜歡想象經(jīng)不住→enjoy,imagine,can'thelp承認(rèn)否定與妒忌→admit,deny,envy逃避冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒→escape,risk,excuse,忍受保持不介意→stand,keep,mind詞組有→admitto/prefer…to/beusedto/leadto/devoteoneselfto/objectto/stickto/bebusy/lookforwardto/(to為介詞)nogood\nouse/It'sworth…/aswellas/can'thelp/It'snouse\good/betiredof/befondof/becapableof/beafraidof/beproudof/thinkof\about/holdoff/putoff/keepon/insiston/counton\upon/setabout/besuccessfulin/goodat/takeup/giveup/burstout/prevent…from…只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見的有:2021/5/914Practice1.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsider_____(go)away.2.Practise_____(put)yourhandtotheground.3.Ican’thelp______(have)thetriptoBritain.4.Don’ttellmeyoualwaysescape_____(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.5.Leaveoff______(bite)yournails!6.Hedidn’tfeellike______(work),sohesuggested_____(spend)thedayinthegarden.7.Youcertainlymustn’tmiss_______(see)thewonderfulfilm.8.Thedoctoradvised______(stay)longerinhospital.9.Weappreciateyour______(want)______(help)usinourdifficulties.10.Michaelhasdelayed______(write)tohertilltoday.11.Thelawforbids______(sell)liquortochildren.12.Theyallsuggested______(give)morechances.13.Canyouimagine______(leave)standingoutsideforawholenight.14.Theybuiltthebankstopreventtheareafrom_______(flood).2021/5/915

這類動(dòng)詞雖然既能用-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),也能用不定式作賓語(yǔ),但用法并不相同,主要有以下幾種情況:有些動(dòng)詞,如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等,后面接動(dòng)詞-ing形式或不定式區(qū)別不是很大。

Theypreferspending/tospendtheirsummervacationinDalian.

Iintendtobuy/buyinganEnglish-Chinesedictionary.

提示

應(yīng)盡量避免接連出現(xiàn)兩上動(dòng)詞-ing形式。

IamstartingtolearnRussian.

IamstartinglearningRussian.②既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)(√)(×)2021/5/916☆有些動(dòng)詞或詞組后可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有所不同。cometodo

表示一個(gè)漸漸發(fā)展的過程

Ihopeweshallbefriendsandcometounderstandoneanother.comedoing

表示陪襯性的動(dòng)作

Itwasalreadytwoo'clockwhenshecamehurryingin.goontodo

做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事

Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.

goondoing

繼續(xù)做同一件事。

Thoughitwasrainingheavily,theywentonworking.有些動(dòng)詞或詞組后可帶動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ),但意義上有所不同。2021/5/917meantodo

想要做某事

Ididn'tmeantohurtyou.

meandoing

意味著要有一個(gè)結(jié)果

Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.

regrettodo

對(duì)即將要做的事表示遺憾

IregrettosayImustleavetomorrow.

regretdoing

對(duì)所做的事感到后悔

Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier.

remembertodo

講的是將來的事,表示“不要忘記”

Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.

rememberdoing

講的是過去的事,表示“記起來”

Irememberpostingthatletter.2021/5/918

forgettodo忘記要做某事

Shenearlyforgottogivetheporteratipforhisservice.

forgetdoing

忘記以前曾做過的事

I'llneverforgetmeetingmyschoolheadmasterforthefirsttime.

stoptodo

停止原來做的事,開始做另一件事

Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.

stopdoing

停止正在做的事

Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thepupilsstoppedtalking.

trytodo

設(shè)法做某事

Imusttrytogeteverythingreadybeforehearrives.

trydoing

試驗(yàn)做某事

Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain?2021/5/919Yourcompositionneedscorrecting/tobecorrected.

Hiscoatwantscleaning/tobecleaned.

Theoldwomanrequireslookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.2作介詞賓語(yǔ)

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作介詞賓語(yǔ)大都和一些固定搭配有關(guān)。need,require,want作“需要”解時(shí),后面接動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式,意義上并無差別,但用動(dòng)詞-ing形式比較普通。2021/5/920

D

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)1動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以在see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel,find,

hear,listento,smell等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),和一個(gè)名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。Weheardthechildrenshoutingupstairs.

Ifeltmyheartbeatingviolently.2動(dòng)詞-ing形式和不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。

在see,watch,notice,hear,feel等感官動(dòng)詞后,既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ),兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了,即動(dòng)作的全過程結(jié)束了。

Hesawagirlgettingonthebus.

Hesawagirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.

2021/5/9213動(dòng)詞-ing形式也可用在have,get,leave,keep,set,catch等表示"致使"的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

Theyshouldnotleaveuswonderingwhattheywilldonext.

Iwon'thaveyourunningaboutintheroom.

Wekeptthefireburningallnightlong.點(diǎn)津坊

如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是一系列的動(dòng)作,通常只能用不定式來表示,不用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。

Isawhimentertheroomsitdownandlightacigarette.

2021/5/922

E

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)1單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作前置定語(yǔ),一般具有兩種含義。

①說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。areadingroom

=aroomwhichisusedforreadingrunningshoes=shoesforrunningaworkingmethod

=amethodofworking

必背

adrawingboard

asewingmachineaswimmingpool

awaitingroom

adiningcar

adrivingpermitasingingcompetition

awalkingstick

②表示所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,也可表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)。developingcountries=countriesthataredevelopinganordinary-lookinghouse=ahousethatlooksordinaryapuzzlingproblem=aproblemthatpuzzlessomebody2021/5/9232作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式如是一個(gè)短語(yǔ),則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。Thebottlecontainingvinegarshouldbesenttothelaboratory.Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.

3某些情況下,動(dòng)詞-ing形式不能用來作定語(yǔ),必須用定語(yǔ)從句。①作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作要與主句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如兩者不能同時(shí)發(fā)生的話,則需使用定語(yǔ)從句?!菊`】Theprofessorcominghereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.

【正】Theprofessorwhocamehereyesterdaywillgiveusalecture.②動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式一般只用來作狀語(yǔ),不作定語(yǔ)?!菊`】Thetemplehavingbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.【正】Thetemplewhichhasbeendestroyedbytheearthquakewillberebuiltsoon.2021/5/924Doyouknowthemeaning?abarkingdog

adisappointingplay

anastonishingadventure

asleepingbaby

boilingwater

failingsight

thesettingsun

thecomingweek

2021/5/925

F

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式可以作狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)詞,在句中表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多位于句首;作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常位于句末。1表示時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。Havingmadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.(=Afterwehavemadefullpreparations...)2表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

Beingill,hedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.(=Sincehewasill...)3表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.=andlefthimalotofmoney.4表示條件,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons...2021/5/9265表示讓步,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis...6表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)。Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.=...andhestaredattheskyforalongtimee.g.________areply,hedecidedtowriteasixthletter.A.NotreceivingB.NottoreceiveC.NothavingreceivedD.HavingnotreceivedC解析沒收信的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在決定寫信這一動(dòng)作之前所以應(yīng)該用havingdone;此題又是表否定含義,分詞的否定式為notdoing/nothavingdone;故選c2021/5/927-ing形式-ing形式主要考查其在句子中作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的用法1.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,___itthemostpopularsportintheworld.(NMET1998)

A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomakeA2.Herushedtothetrainstation,only____thetrainhadgone.A.findingB.foundC.findsD.tofindD解析Makingitthepopularsportintheworld為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),這類分詞短語(yǔ)常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示順其自然,不定式表示突然,出乎意料。如:Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed2021/5/928

A

作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)對(duì)于談話雙方是不言而喻的。

Readingaloudisveryhelpful.(Readingaloud的邏輯主語(yǔ)是泛指任何人,因而無需表達(dá)出來)點(diǎn)津坊

如果作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式需要自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用物主代詞或名詞所有格(即名詞后加's)Hisfather’sfallingillworriedhimgreatly.(hisfather是fallingill的邏輯主語(yǔ))

B

作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是句子中的主語(yǔ),但用作表語(yǔ)的-ing形式也可帶有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。Whatworriesmemostisherstayingtoolateeverynight.(stayingtoolateeverynight的邏輯主語(yǔ)是her)2021/5/929

C

作定語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它修飾的名詞。aninterestingbook=abookthatinterestsitsreadersarunningstream=astreamthatisrunning如果動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被動(dòng)式。

ThemeetingbeingheldinBeijingnowisofgreatimportance.

(themeeting和"舉行"之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的,所以用beingheld)2021/5/930

D

作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式

動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)常是句子中的主語(yǔ)。如要明確動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,也可以在-ing形式前加上名詞或代詞表示邏輯主語(yǔ)。

比較

Heinsistedondoingithimself.(doingit的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)“他”)

Heinsistedonmydoingit.(doingit的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”)Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?

(openingthewindow的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“你”)

Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?

(openingthewindow的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“我”)

E

作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是它前面的賓語(yǔ)。

Weoftenhearhersingingthissong.(singingthissong的邏輯主語(yǔ)是“她”)

Weoftenhearthissong(being)sung.(邏輯主語(yǔ)"thissong"和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)“唱”的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的,所以用動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)式或-ed分詞。)2021/5/931

F

作狀語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式1動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ),其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

Enteringtheclassroom,Ifoundnobodyinit.

如動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作不是句中主語(yǔ)發(fā)出或承受的,那就是誤用。這種無依著的-ing形式,語(yǔ)法上稱之為“垂懸分詞”?!菊`】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautiful.

(lookingoutthroughthewindow的邏輯主語(yǔ)是thegarden,顯然不對(duì))

【正】Lookingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden.【誤】Readingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbarking.(邏輯主語(yǔ)是dog,它不會(huì)看晚報(bào))

【正】Iwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbarking.2如不能和句子中的主語(yǔ)保持一致,該動(dòng)詞-ing形式必須有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),通常由名詞或代詞來?yè)?dān)任。

Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.

Weatherpermitting,thefootballmatchwillbeplayedonFriday.

2021/5/932高中階段有一些固定的動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ),如generallyspeaking,judgingfrom...,considering...,talkingof...,supposing...等,它們的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致。這種動(dòng)詞-ing短語(yǔ)可當(dāng)作一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)。Generallyspeaking,boysaremoreinterestedinsciencethangirls.Judgingfromhisaccent,hemustcomefromCanada.Consideringhowpoorhewas,wedecidedtolethimattendtheconcertforfree.Supposingitrains,whatwillyoudo?必背2021/5/933關(guān)于邏輯主語(yǔ)的問題1.______tothemeetingsurprisedalloftheboards.A.MikecomingB.MikecameC.MikecomingD.Mike’scoming2.It’snouse_______thatyoudidn’tknowtherules.A.youpretendB.youpretendingC.yourpretendingD.yourpretend3.Changethefollowingintothesimplesentences.4.ThatPeterdidn'tattendthemeetingmadeitputoff.→2021/5/9341)changethefollowingintotheinfinitive1.______(die)forpeopleisagloriousthing.2.______(talk)withhimisagreatpleasure.3.______(help)othersisourduty.4.______(see)istobelieve.2)changethesentencesaboveintotheonesusing“it”asinformal.3)A:如果要說明不定式表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)由for引起的短語(yǔ)。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.

不定式1.不定式作主語(yǔ):2021/5/935在"Itis+形容詞+ofsb+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)中,形容詞往往表示人物的性格和特征,如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“Itis+形容詞+forsb+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,形容詞通常表示事物的性質(zhì),如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。

比較

ItisgoodofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.(強(qiáng)調(diào)you的特征=Youaregoodtohelpme.)

Itisgoodforyoutogiveupsmoking.

(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是giveupsmoking這一行為=Foryoutogiveupsmokingisgood.)

Itis+形容詞+for/ofsb+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)2021/5/936

有些及物動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)。常見的動(dòng)詞有:want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget,remember,promise,prepare,learn,expect,agree,determine,prefer,intend,etc.

2.不定式作賓語(yǔ):3.不定式作表語(yǔ)1.Herworkis______(look)afterthechildren.2.Myaimis______(go)toTsinghuaUniversity.3.Sheseemed______(think)abouttheproblem.1.Theywanted______(get)onthebus,didn’tthey?2.Hesaidhewished______(be)aprofessor.3.Iagreed______(go)therewiththedoctor.4.Mydaughterpreferred______(dance)whenshewasinhertwenties.5.Hehadpromised______(give)meahand.2021/5/937一般說來,動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示一般性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,或抽象性的動(dòng)作,時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)。而動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作往往是具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作,特別是將來的動(dòng)作。Smokingisforbiddenhere.(泛指)It'snotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具體)Theypreferstayingindoorswhentheweatheriscold.(泛指)Wouldyouprefertostayathomethisevening?(具體)

Ilikesinging,butIdon'tliketosingthisnight.比較2021/5/938

4.不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

1.Ididn’twantmyparents______(help)me.2.We’dpreferyou____(take)thejobinsteadofZhang.3.Theschoolorderedalltheclassroom______(clean).4.Myparentsexpectme_______(go)toanidealuniversity.5.Joanpromisedthedinner______(cook)beforewereturned.6.Thedoctoradvisedthepatient______(take)twopillseveryfourhours.7.Hedeterminedme_______(tell)everything.2021/5/939不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在其修飾的名詞名代詞之后,與被修飾的名詞或代詞之間是主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或修飾關(guān)系。

1主謂關(guān)系

Thefuturetogreetuswillbebright.

ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.

2動(dòng)賓關(guān)系

OnSundays,healwayshasalotofletterstowrite.

Hecanfindnoonetomakefriendswith.3同位關(guān)系

Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.

4修飾關(guān)系

Nowitistimetobeginourclass.

5.動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)2021/5/940

由于動(dòng)詞不定式與其修飾的詞之間往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,因此,如果該不定式的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。

Shehasachildtotakecareof.

Thereisnothingtoworryabout.

Hehasnofriendtodependon.

I'vegotalotofthingstoseetothismorning.

點(diǎn)津坊2021/5/941不定式作定語(yǔ)鞏固練習(xí)Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.2021/5/942不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示行為的目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。

1.表示目的I’msavinguptobuyacomputer.

6.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出這種目的,也可以用inorder(not)todo,和soas(not)todo結(jié)構(gòu)(soastodo不可以置于句首)。

Heshoutedandwavedinordertobenoticed.

I'llwritedownhistelephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.點(diǎn)津坊2表示結(jié)果

Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.2021/5/943必背

:不定式表示結(jié)果常見于下列句型

1)

so...astodo

Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?

2)

such...astodo

Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.

3)

enoughtodo

Hedidn'trunfastenoughtocatchthetrain.

4)

onlytodo

Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.

5)

too...todo

Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.2021/5/944Practise1.Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthefirstbustothetown.Hegotupearly_______________catchthefirstbustothetown.2.WemustworkhardatEnglishinorderthatwecancontactforeignersfreely.WemustworkhardatEnglish______________contactforeignersfreely.3.Hewassofrightenedthathecouldhardlysayanything.Hewas______frightened_______sayanything.Hewas______brave____________sayanything.4.______(save)thebadlysicklady,thedoctorhadanoperationonher.5.Hehurriedtothestationonly_____(find)thetrainleft.2021/5/945“be+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常有以下兩種情況:

1.

表示命令和指示

Theroomistobelocked.

2.表示計(jì)劃或安排

Wearetobegintheworknextmonth.比較

betodo表示計(jì)劃和安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Anothernewrailwayistobebuiltinmyhometownnextyear.

beabouttodo表示最近即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。不能和具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。

Themanagerwasabouttoleavewhenhissecretarycalledhimback.

7.be+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)2021/5/946"with/without+名詞+不定式“結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中通常起狀語(yǔ)的作用。

Withsomuchworktodo,Ishallnotbeabletogotothecinemawithyou.

Withhimtostayinthehouse,Ifeelquitesafe.

Withoutanythingtoeat,hediedofhunger.

8.with/without+名詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)Ihopetohavemethimattherailwaystation,buthedidn'tturnup.

Wewouldlovetohavegonetothematch,buttheticketswereallsoldout.

Theplanewastohavetakenoffat9:00,butsomethingwentwrong.

9.表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的不定式完成式2021/5/947

10.用作獨(dú)立成分的不定式有一些不定式短語(yǔ)可以作狀語(yǔ)修飾整個(gè)句子,也可被稱為插入語(yǔ)。

Tobehonest,wearenotsuretofindthegirlintheforest.

Heisveryhonest,tobeginwith.totellyouthetruth

說老實(shí)話tobeginwith首先tosaynothingof姑且不說sotospeak可以這么說tobesure誠(chéng)然,固然tobeexact精確地說todohimjustice說句對(duì)他公道的話tomakealongstoryshort長(zhǎng)話短說tobefrank坦率地說tobebrief

簡(jiǎn)言之toconclude

總而言之必背2021/5/948

11.用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義的不定式1.不定式做后置定語(yǔ),與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,但又與該句主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。

Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthisquestion?

2.不定式作形容詞的賓語(yǔ),與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)。

Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.

3.Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中,當(dāng)說話人考慮必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)。

Thereisnothingtoworryabout.

比較

Shehastwoletterstotype.

Shehastwoletterstobetyped.2021/5/94912.用于感嘆句不定式可用于感嘆句,含有驚異、不滿、惋惜或贊美等感情色彩。

Tothinkthatheshoulddothis!

(表示驚訝)

Oh,God,toseeherdance!(表示贊美)

Tothinkthatallthemoneyhasbeenwasted.(表示不滿)2021/5/950

13.不帶to的不定式1.在口語(yǔ)中,動(dòng)詞原形come和go后可接不帶to的不定式。

Gotellher.

Comehaveaglass.

2.在why引起的一些問句中,疑問詞直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或"not+動(dòng)詞原形"。

Whymakesomuchnoise?

Whynotjoinus?3.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather...than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner...than,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut等結(jié)構(gòu)后直接跟動(dòng)詞原形或"not+動(dòng)詞原形"。

You'dbetterlistentoyourteacher'sopinion.

Wehadbestcallforthedoctoratonce.2021/5/9514.如不定式前有行為動(dòng)詞do,那么在表語(yǔ)中的不定式或者介詞except/but之后的不定式可不帶to。

TheonlythingIcoulddowasgohome.

5.兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式并列使用時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),后面的不定式符號(hào)to可省略。

Thelittlegirlhardlyknewwhethertolaughorcry.

Canyouhelpmetocallhimandaskhimtoattendthemeetingat2:00p.m.?

6.在一些固定搭配中用不帶to的不定式。

Heletgotherope.

Ihearsaytherewillbeanearthquakesoon.

Shemadebelieveshewasinnocent.7.在感官動(dòng)詞see,hear,watch,feel,notice以及使役動(dòng)詞make,let,have等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。2021/5/952非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的一些常用特殊謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞:want,hope和wish,agree,decide,mean,manage,promise,expect,pretend,且說兩位算在此,要記牢,要記住,掌握它們靠自己。后接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)省略不定式符號(hào)“to”的一些常用特殊動(dòng)詞:一些動(dòng)詞要掌握,have,let和make,

此三動(dòng)詞是使役,“注意”“觀察(lookat,observe)”“聽到(hear,listento)”see,還有feel和watch,使用它們要仔細(xì)后接“賓補(bǔ)”略去“to”,此點(diǎn)千萬要牢記2021/5/953

14.不定式符號(hào)的單獨(dú)使用1在助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后,如begoingto,usedto,haveto,oughtto,beableto,beaboutto等。

Shemustgobutyoudon'thaveto.2在want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等動(dòng)詞之后。

-DidyougotoseetheGreatWall?

-Iwantedto,butIwastoobusy.3在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等動(dòng)詞之后。

Don‘tdoanythingunlessyourfathertellsyouto.

4在對(duì)話的答語(yǔ)中的happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready,pleased,afraid等形容詞之后。

-Willyoulendmeahand?

-I'mwillingto,butIcan'tnow.2021/5/954如果動(dòng)詞不定式是tobe或tohave,則一般不省略動(dòng)詞。

-Didyoufinishthework?-No,butIhopedtohave.15.介詞to與不定式符號(hào)to的辨別英語(yǔ)中有很多常用短語(yǔ)帶有to,要正確判斷to是不定式符號(hào)還是介詞,千萬不可混淆。

Theseyoungladsarelongingtogotowatchthefootballmatch.

Ifyousticktothetruth,youwillhavenothingtofear.

提示2021/5/955常見的帶不定式的短語(yǔ):

besupposedtodo應(yīng)該做某事bedeterminedtodo決心要做某事failtodo未能做某事goallouttodo全力以赴做某事havethenervetodo有膽量做某事haveagreatmindtodo很想做某事makeupone'smindtodo決定做某事makeapointtodo堅(jiān)持做某事prepareoneselftodo有思想準(zhǔn)備做某事takethetroubletodo不辭辛苦地做某事必背2021/5/956

常見的帶介詞to的短語(yǔ):

beusedto習(xí)慣berelatedto與……有關(guān)getdownto著手做begivento沉溺于putone'smindto

全神貫注于giveriseto引起beequalto勝任devoteoneselfto獻(xiàn)身于leadto導(dǎo)致beopposedto反對(duì)lookforwardto盼望objectto反對(duì)stickto

堅(jiān)持payattentionto注意必背2021/5/957動(dòng)詞-ed形式也是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種,它具有動(dòng)詞的一些特點(diǎn),同時(shí)也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能,在句中可用作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足等。動(dòng)詞-ed形式的特征

1.動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示已完成的動(dòng)作。

除了作形容詞用的動(dòng)詞-ed形式外,動(dòng)詞-ed形式可帶有完成的意義,有的同時(shí)也帶有被動(dòng)的意義。

Bornandbroughtupinthecountryside,hewasinterestedinbiology.

Oneoftheglasseswasfoundbroken.

Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.

動(dòng)詞-ed2021/5/9582.及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式一般表示被動(dòng)的意思。

Givenmoretime,Icouldhavesolvedthatriddle.

(句子的主語(yǔ)I和動(dòng)詞give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)

WhenyouspeakEnglish,besuretomakeyourselfunderstood.

(賓語(yǔ)yourself和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)understand之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)

Theexperiencegainedinthearmywasofgreatvaluetoourstudy.

3.不及物動(dòng)詞-ed形式只表示完成的意義,并不帶有被動(dòng)的含義。

anescapedprisoner

=aprisonerwhohasescapedaretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretiredanewlyarrivedguest=aguestwhohasjustarrivedPeopleshouldpayattentiontothechangedsituation.

2021/5/959A

動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)

1.動(dòng)詞-ed形式在連系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ),說明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。

Thestudentsarefullyprepared.

Whenwegotthere,theshopwasclosed.

要把動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)區(qū)別開來。作表語(yǔ)的-ed形式表示狀態(tài),被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。

PetertheGreatisburiedhere.PetertheGreatwasburiedherein1725.比較2.同一動(dòng)詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。

動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ),主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài),含有被動(dòng)的意思,而動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)具有的特征,含有主動(dòng)的意思。2021/5/960

Theywerefrightenedtohearthefrighteningsound.

Atthesightofthemovingscene,allthepeoplepresentweremoved.

比較:amusing

使人高興的

amused開心的encouraging

鼓舞人心的

encouraged受鼓勵(lì)的disappointing

令人失望的

disappointed

失望的exciting

使人激動(dòng)的

excited

激動(dòng)的puzzling

迷惑人的

puzzled

迷惑的satisfying

令人滿意的

satisfied

感到滿意的worrying

令人煩惱的

worried煩惱的

tiring

引起疲勞的

tired

疲勞的pleasing

令人愉快的

pleased高興的astonishing

令人驚訝的

astonished驚訝的2021/5/961EXERCISES分詞與動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別:1.Ourplanis______(finish)thetaskbeforeMay.2.Tom’sjobwas______(guard)thefactory.3.Hislectureis______(interest),whichmadeus______(interest).4.Thesituationis______(encourage).動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)“是什么”,現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)是特征。-ing動(dòng)詞用于正在進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí),說明主語(yǔ)正在執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作。如:1.Herworkistakingcareofthechildren.(說明主語(yǔ)“是什么”)2.Herworkisinteresting,andsheenjoystakingcareofthechildren.(說明她工作的特征是有意思的)3.Sheistakingcareofthechildren.(說明她正在執(zhí)行的動(dòng)作)點(diǎn)津坊2021/5/962B

動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞和前面的賓語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí),一般應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

1.

在感覺動(dòng)詞see,hear,feel,notice,watch,find等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

IheardtheNinthSymphonyplayedlastnight.

Wefoundalltheriversseriouslypolluted.動(dòng)詞get后也可接動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形

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