英語被動語態(tài)語法講解

初中被動語態(tài)語法講解(一)

語

態(tài)

分

類英語動詞有兩種語態(tài).，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：

Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主動)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被動)漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。(二)

被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give為例，列表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+done一般過去時(shí)：was/were+done一般將來時(shí)：shall/will+bedone一般過去將來時(shí)：should/would+bedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are+being+done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was/were+being+done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have/has+been+done過去完成時(shí)：had+been+done將來完成時(shí)：shall/

will+havebeen+done過去將來完成時(shí)：should/would+havebeen+done

［注］被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。(三)常見的八種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Rice

isgrown

inthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterlabwithoutateacher.We

arenotallowed

toenterlabwithoutateacher.2.一般過去時(shí)：(1)Theyagreedonbuildinganewcarfactorylastmonth.anewcarbuildingfactory

wasagreed

onlastmonth.(2)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessons

werenot

easily

forgotten3.一般將來時(shí)：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Cars

willbesent

abroadbysea.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobs

willbegiven

toschool-leavers.5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessons

arebeingbroadcasted

ontheradio.(2)Wearepaintingtherooms.Therooms

arebeingpainted.6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)Theworkersweremendingtheroad.Theroad

wasbeingmended.(2)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Trees

werebeingplanted

herethistimelastyear.7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：(1)Someonehastoldme

themeetingmightbeputoff.I

havebeentold

themeeting

mightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbook

hasbeenbrought

here.(四）含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+be+

及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。(1)You

musthandin

yourhomeworkafterclass.Yourhomework

mustbehandedin

afterclass.(2)He

canwrite

aletterwiththecomputer.Aletter

canbewritten

withthecomputerbyhim.(五)

被

動

語

態(tài)

的

使

用1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動語態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by

短語?！癕r.White,thecupwasbrokenafterclass.”2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by

短語。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.當(dāng)主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用in+

名詞作狀語，而代替by

短語。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.(六)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法（1）

Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.主語

謂語

賓語→

I

wasinvited

(by

myaunt

)toherdinnerparty.主語

謂語

賓語（2）

Theschool

setupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→

Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetup

intheschool.1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be+

過去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by

的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by

短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in+

地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語。(七)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)所注意的問題1.

把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，其謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.

Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.

(錯(cuò)誤)2.

含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：1.一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell

等。(1)Thebookwasshowedtotheclass.(2)Mybikewaslenttoher.2.一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞for,

如：

build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing

等。(1)Anewskirtwasmadeforme.(2)Themeatwascookedforus.(3)Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.

3.

由動詞+

介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：不及物動詞+

介詞，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout

等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物動詞+

副詞：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout

等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather4.

帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語+

賓補(bǔ))的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞不定式都不帶to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略to

的問題。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.5.

當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody,noone等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody,作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：

Nobodycananswerthisquestion.誤：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.6.

當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing,nobody,noone作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：

Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.誤：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.7.

以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時(shí)，用bywhom放在句首：

Whowrotethestory?誤：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?8.

有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well,badly,easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時(shí)不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook

等。如：(1)Theclothwasheseasily.

這布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.

這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。對比：Thebookssellwell.(主動句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被動句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主動句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被動句)9.

下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。(1)—Doyoulikethematerial?

—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.誤：Itisfeltverysoft.(2)Thefoodtastesdelicious.誤：Thefoodistasteddelicious.(3)Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.誤：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二，謂語是及物動詞leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.誤：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.誤：Herhandwashadburned.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.誤：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,