2021年考研《英語一》真題1

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2021年考研《英語一》真題(完整版)

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2021年研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試試題(英語一)

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogether

thanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonetheless

havepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreat

traditions：theSundayroast.1__acoldwinter'sday,few

culinarypleasurescan2_it.Yetaswereportnow,thefood

policearedeterminedthatthis3__shouldberenderedyet

anotherguiltypleasure4__todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5__apublic

warningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethat

formsinsomefoodscooked6hightemperatures.Thismeans

thatpeopleshould7__crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurn

thin-crustpizzasandonly8__toasttheirbread.Butwhere

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istheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?__9__studies

haveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamagein

mice,thereisno10__evidencethatitcausescancerin

humans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis"_11__tobecarcinogenic"

buthavenohardscientificproof.12__theprecautionary

principle,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowthe

FSAadvice.14—,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancer

foryearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15_.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16__up

onSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withoutthe

Yorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?

_17_,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroast

foods18—,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,

their19__riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.

Constanthealthscaresjust20__withnoonelistening.

1.AInBTowardsCOnDTill

2.AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence

3.ApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcern

4.AintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed

5.AissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceled

6.AunderBatCforDby

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7.AforgetBregretCfinishDavoid

8.ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially

9.AUnlessBSinceCIfDWhile

10.AsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegative

11.AinsufficientBboundClikelyDslow

12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoD

Incontrastto

13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate

14.AAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterall

15.AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattern

16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused

17.ATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneral

18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully

19.ApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetition

20.AfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup

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SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

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eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

21.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"

awardwould.

A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritain

B.promotecooperationamongBrain'stowns

C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stowns

D.focusBrain's1imitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegarded

bysomeas

A.asensiblecompromise

B.aself-deceivingattempt

C.aneye-catchingbonus

D.aninaccessibletarget

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessful

onlyifit

A.endeavortomaintainitsimage

B.meetstheaspirationofitspeople

C.bringsitslocalartstoprominence

D.commitstoitslong-termgrowth

24.“Glasgow“ismentionedinParagraph3topresent

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A.acontrastingcase

B.asupportingexample

C.abackgroundstory

D.arelatedtopic

25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?

A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.Critical

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprint

money.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublish

theirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithout

monetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedwork

ofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelement

intheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientific

knowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisher

needsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,

universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientific

publishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%on

theiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishing

industryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%of

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thescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsof

morethan£；900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalone

spentmorethan£；210min2021toenableresearchersto

accesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch；bothfiguresseem

toriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortsto

changethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeen

theemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierfor

scientificpapers,setupin2021,whichnowclaimstooffer

accesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2021.The

successofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingon

copiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegal

ecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbe

transformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeen

drivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenvery

successful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearch

isnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms：eitherfreely

availablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledfora

yearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbefore

beingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperforthe

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universities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthatthey

maketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwriters

feestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserange

fromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthat

thecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese''article

preparationcosts,'hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateabove

inflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodel

resemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet：labouris

providedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehuge

profitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.

Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“a1icencetoprint

money"partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishers

Elsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

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[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopen

accessterms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientific

publishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

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Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathto

equalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooften

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suchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthat

benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelp

averagepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenator

JasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,to

ensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,providea

caseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthe

state-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.In

ordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,

theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebills

becomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredto

setaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.

Thebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedin

Califomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequire

genderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,

CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,which

expresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably

unconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassifications

unlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policy

interest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,

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evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courts

arelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutional

guaranteeof"equalprotection".

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Female

participationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthe

pereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadily

increasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.Accordingtoa

studybyCatalyst,between2021and2021theshareofwomenon

theboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimary

qualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtoless

experiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatisexactlywhat

happenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender

quota.

WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasing

thenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithout

increasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboards

hasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelite

womenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawayto

promotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargely

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self-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbut

dolitletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewis

andHaddadwills

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalystto

ilustrate_

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategender

quotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

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[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservices

tax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtax

onlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicesto

consumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesinclude

everythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsand

servicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,

andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.Many

Frenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisas

a“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarily

tocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-in

otherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnited

States.

Thedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureof

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PresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthe

measure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.

Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withthe

UniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationinto

whetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,

whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountry

inneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispart

ofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyears

proposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnew

internationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain's

DPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinational

antiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomic

presence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropean

Union,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveall

seriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,

buttheyareal1designedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeand

revenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,

evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.

Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternational

taxsystemhasfailedtokeep；upwiththecurrenteconomy.

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Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,the

OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)

iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensus

bytheendof2021onaninternationalsolution.BothFrance

andtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,

butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponse

raisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsforthe

internationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning：Unlessabroad

consensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltax

system,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmerican

companieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozens

ofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigital

servicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

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[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuresshare

theopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrent

work

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthis

text?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

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PartB

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2_》》_?上龍一考施輔昱密致二二歡迎王堂一《一

Directions：

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefist

A-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextra

choices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.Markyouranswers

onANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeye

contact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeing

investigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontact

withstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncan

showthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butit

canalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturns

towardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontact

thatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabout

eyecontact：

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2_》》_?上龍一考施輔昱密致二二歡迎王堂一《一

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeinto

itsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgaze

isamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchiId.In

adulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbea

complimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone's

attentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignal

availabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedin

studiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormone

oxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentoward

theinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionof

theirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-

functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomay

tendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespond

duringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,

usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonof

theHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateye

contactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,depending

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onthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnection

ortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobe

associatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarial

situations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmight

behelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontact

maybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasa

differentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.

44._________

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseonone

spotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepauses

typicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthen

jumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsinthe

imageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewhole

imageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamystery

althoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45._________

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,a

personalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessand

anxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwith

avoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanen

andcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonly

feeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthat

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2_》》_?上龍一考施輔昱密致二二歡迎王堂一《一

theirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingis

thatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxiety

lookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmore

comfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.

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PartCTranslation

Directions：

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe

underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbe

writtenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduring

the14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsaw

adeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodand

theauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavoured

amorehumanisticapproachtobeing.Renaissanceideashad

spreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withthe

artsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewith

amorelogicaldisposition.46.With(thegapbetween)the

church'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeelipsedbythe

Renaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiods

hadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectual

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2_》》_?上龍一考施輔昱密致二二歡迎王堂一《一

territories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolaus

Copernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstrated

thepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.47.Beforeeach

oftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustained

moreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricview

thattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicus

theorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthat

weknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystem

thatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offering

upsucha