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非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法講解
2021/5/91I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)形式對(duì)照表:
及物與不及物
語(yǔ)態(tài)類別時(shí)態(tài)vt.vi.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)ing一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生)makingbeingmadegoing完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)havingmade(不作定語(yǔ))havingbeenmade(不作定語(yǔ))havinggone(不作定語(yǔ))ed只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后,只說明原因、條件等)×made(表被動(dòng))gone(表完成)inf一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(幾乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生)tomaketobemadetogo完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)tohavemadetohavebeenmadetohavegone進(jìn)行式:(在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)tobemaking×tobegoing2021/5/922.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可作的語(yǔ)法成份
成份類別主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)
狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間條件原因目的結(jié)果方式讓步伴隨不定式×××現(xiàn)在分詞××××過去分詞××××動(dòng)名詞××2021/5/931.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等.1.Toseeyouisglad.=It’sgladtoseeyou.2.Iwanttoseeyou.3.Iwanthimtoseeyou.4.Myhopeistoseeyou.5.Heisthemantoseeyou.6.I’mgladtoseeyou.7.Iwenttoseeyou.8.Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou(作主語(yǔ))(作賓語(yǔ))(作賓補(bǔ))(作表語(yǔ))(作定語(yǔ))(作原因狀語(yǔ))(作目的狀語(yǔ))(作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ))2021/5/941.Swimmingishisfavouritesport.2.Heenjoysswimming.3.Ifoundhim
swimmingintheriver.4.Hisfavouritesportisswimming.5.Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow.6.SwimminginSummer,wecangetcool.(作主語(yǔ))(作賓語(yǔ))(作賓補(bǔ))(作表語(yǔ))(作定語(yǔ))(作狀語(yǔ))2021/5/951.Thiscupisbroken.2.Thisisabrokencup.3.Ifoundthecupbroken.4.BrokenbyTom,thecupcan’tbeused.★過去分詞一般不作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ).(作表語(yǔ)(作表語(yǔ))(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))(作狀語(yǔ))2021/5/963.分詞的用法比較A.在時(shí)態(tài)上1.Chinaisadevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdeveloping.2.Japanisadevelopedcountry=acountrywhichhasdeveloped.3.Ifoundhimgone.=thathehadgone.(表完成)ing分詞表“進(jìn)行”ed分詞表“完成”2021/5/97▲B.在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,ing分詞表“主動(dòng)”,ed分詞表“被動(dòng)”(多為及物動(dòng)詞)1.Isawhimwritingashortnovel.=thathewaswritingashortnovel.2.HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens.=whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens.▲在概念上,ing.表“抽象、習(xí)慣”,不定式表“具體、偶然、將來”.*Swimming(抽象)ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming(習(xí)慣)everyday,butIdon’tliketoswim(具體)today,Iwouldliketoswim(將來)tomorrow.2021/5/98▲C.分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語(yǔ),只能用作狀語(yǔ).Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.×1.Theplatform
built
willbeusedtoperformon.√Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon.√2.Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding,sheleftthemeeting.
Havingbeenusedforalongtime,thecomputerneedsrepairing.
作定語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)2021/5/99D.▲ed+主句(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后);Beinged+主句(強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生);Havingbeened+主句(強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后)如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用ed,一般式來代替.
1.UsedasameansoftrafficinChina,thebikeisveryuseful.
WritteninsimpleEnglish,thebookiseasytoread2.Beingusedbymenow,thebikecan’tbelenttoyou.3.Havingbeenusedformanyyears,thebikeneedsrepairing.Havingbeentoldseveraltimes,
可以寫成=Toldseveraltimes,hecouldn’tunderstandwhatImeant.2021/5/910
4.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別
不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:
⑴.下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ):
aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如:Heofferedtohelpus.Ididn'texpecttofindyouhere.
Theyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitation.
Thelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein.2021/5/911(2)下列動(dòng)詞通常用~ing形式作賓語(yǔ):admit,report,appreciate,deny,
explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。如:1)Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere?2)Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday.
3)Goodnewskeepscoming.Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm.
2021/5/912(3)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義相近:like,love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer,continue,intend,attempt等.e.g:Iprefermaking(tomake)anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition.
Wealllikeplaying(toplay)tabletennis.但也有細(xì)微區(qū)別:*指具體某次的行為常用不定式,指慣常的行為常用~ing形式.如:Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind.(慣常行為)Ihatetosayso,butreallyIcan'tgowithyou.(具體某次行為)2021/5/913Iprefertostayathometoday.(具體某次行為)Hepreferswalkingtocycling.(慣常行為)*一般說來不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞如:realize,know,understand,see,lose等,多用不定式如:IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong.Wehatetolosethechance.Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly.
2021/5/914(4)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接~ing形式意義不同:①stoptodo停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事/stopdoing停下正在做的事e.g.:Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag,Istoppedtohelphim.
Hearingthebell,thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroom.②forgettodo忘記做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘記曾做過某事(此事已做)Heforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostoffice.
I'llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime.2021/5/915③remembertodo記得要做某事(此事未做)/rememberdoing記得某事已做過(此事已做)e.g.:Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.
Youmustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehome.④goontodo繼續(xù)做另一件事goondoing接著做同一件事e.g.:Shestoodupandshookhandswithme,andthenshewentonwritingsomething.
AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovel.⑤trytodo企圖/想做某事trydoing試著做某事(看看有什么后果發(fā)生)e.g.:Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus,buthewouldn’tlisten.
Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.2021/5/916⑥meantodo(意思是)打算做某事meandoing意味著做某事
e.g.:Revolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforce.Sorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyou.⑦regrettodo遺憾地做某事(通常后接say,tell等動(dòng)詞)/regretdoing后悔做了某事e.g.:Iregrettotellthatyoudidn’tpasstheexamagain.Heregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews.2021/5/917(5)動(dòng)詞如:(permit,allow,admit,forbid,imagine,consider)advisesbtodosth\advisedoingsth①advisesbtodosthe.g.:Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate.Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst.
Yousurelycan'tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman.
Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid-night.
Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes.2021/5/918*注意:*在imagine/consider后通常用“tobe…”作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。tobe有時(shí)可省略。e.g.:You'dbetterimagineyourself(tobe)inhisplace.Thesituationwasconsidered(tobe)prettygood.*在consider后,作賓補(bǔ)不定式主要是tobe,行為動(dòng)詞todo則多用tohavedone形式。如:Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie.2021/5/919advise/permit/allow/admit/forbid/imagine/considerdoingsth.e.g.:Thelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglass.Theyshouldn'tallowparkinginthestreet;it'stoonarrow.Canyouimaginemybeingsostupid?Iforbidsmokinginmyhouse.Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice.2021/5/920即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑴
用所給動(dòng)詞的todo或~doing形式填空:1)LittleTomregretted____(waste)somuchtimeplayingcomputergames.2)Theywereexpecting____(get)theresultsoftheexamination.3)Willyouadvisemewhichofthem____(buy)?4)Onthebustheyoungmanpretended____(notsee)theoldwomanstandingbesidehim.havingwasted
toget
tobuy
nottosee
2021/5/9215)WeallconsiderJohn_____(be)anhonestboy.6)Ourbossforbids_____(chat)duringofficehours.7)Therulesdonotpermitplayers____(step)outofbounds.8)Theboybeggedtopermithim____(explain).9)Theyoungmanimagined_____(live)onalonelyisland.10)Itwasuselesstoforbidchildren____(play)here.toplay
livingtoexplain
tostep
chatting
tobe
2021/5/92211)Whyhavetheydelayed_____(open)thenewschool?12)Sheenjoys______(practise)_______(dance)beforethelargemirror.13)Bytakingthebackway,heescaped______(see).14)I’dprefer______(stay)herewaitingforhisarrival.15)Asthemeetingwasbeginning,weallstopped____(talk).opening
practicing
beingseen
tostay
talking
dancing
2021/5/92316)ThiskindofcarisnicebutIcan’tafford____(buy)one.17)I’msorryIforgot____(tell)youaboutthemeeting.18)Shetried____(comfort)mebysayingsomefunnythings19)Goingonwaitingheremeans____(waste)ourtime.20)Theywenton____(work)inthefieldsinspiteoftheheavyrain.working
wasting
comforting
totell
tobuy
2021/5/9242)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:(1)現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),可用very來修飾。如:Thenewsissurprising.(surprising用來說明Thenews的性質(zhì).可以說verysurprising.)Hiswordswereencouraging.(encouraging用來說明Hiswords的性質(zhì).可以說veryencouraging.)*動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)說的是同一件事,不可用very來修飾。如:MyjobisteachingEnglish.(Myjob=teachingEnglish,不可說veryteachingEnglish.)Teachingisalsolearning.(Teaching=learning,不可說verylearning.)2021/5/925(2)注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別。如:Hisviewisveryalarming(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì))Whathelikestodoisstayingathomealoneandreading.(動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示的是某一件事情)HeiswatchingthefootballgameonTV.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行)*過去分詞作表語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區(qū)別。如:Mybikeisbroken.(broken形容詞作表語(yǔ),表示“狀態(tài)”)。
MybikewasbrokenbyJim.(動(dòng)詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),表示“動(dòng)作”)2021/5/926(3)還要注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語(yǔ)在意義上的區(qū)別。*過去分詞作表語(yǔ)表示人的感覺,主語(yǔ)通常是人?,F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示事物本身的特點(diǎn),主語(yǔ)通常是事物。如:I'minterestedinEnglish.(我的感覺,覺得有趣.Thefilmisinteresting.(電影本身的特點(diǎn)是使人有趣.)類似情況還有:surprising~surprised,exciting~excited,tiring~tired,disappointing~disappointed,encouraging~encouraged,
interesting~interested,amazed~amazing,bored~boring,pleasing~pleased,astonishing~astonished.2021/5/927即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑵用所給動(dòng)詞的todo或~doing形式填空:1)Thejourneywasquite______.(tire)2)Thestoryisvery________.Weare_______init.(interest)3、Theresultoftheexammademe_________.(disappoint)4)Thiswasreallyan_______moment.(excite)5)The___________boycouldn'tbelievehisears.(astonish)tiringinteresteddisappointedexcitingastonishedinteresting2021/5/928即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑵6)Itwasa______story.Wedidn'twanttolistenagain.(bore)7)Heseemedquite_______attheidea.(delight)8)Theproblemwasquite________.(press)9)Thepresentsituationis_________.(encourage)10)Iwas_______atwhatshesaid.(puzzle)boringdelightedpressingencouragingpuzzled2021/5/9294)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。如:Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.
Thepoorchildrenhadlittletoeat.它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如:Thereissomebooksforyoutoread.(可看成:toreadsomebooks)I'dliketogetsomethingtodrink.(可看成:todrinksomething)2021/5/930如果這這個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞,注意不可忽略不定式短語(yǔ)中的副詞或介詞。如:Ineedapentowritewith.(可看成:towritewiththepen)Shenowhasnothingtoworryabout.(可看成:toworryaboutnothing)2021/5/931(2)現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別*現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)放在被修飾的名詞的前面,分詞短語(yǔ)放在被修飾的名詞的后面。如:Afishingboywasseensittingattheendoftheboat.(afishingboy=aboywhowasfishing)Thesoldierridingahorsewasmybrother.(thesoldierridingahorse=thesoldierwhowasridingahorse)*動(dòng)名詞用來說明用途,和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無(wú)主謂關(guān)系。動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面。如:Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriver.
(afishingboat=aboatusedforfishing)Theoldmanneedsawalkingstickwhenhegoesout.
(awalkingstick=astickusedforwalking)2021/5/932(3)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)上有區(qū)別:*不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來的動(dòng)作。如:Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonthisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver.*現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如:Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver.*過去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已完成的動(dòng)作。如:Thebridgebuiltlastyearisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver.2021/5/933即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑶用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空:1)Theman__________(question)inthepolicestationnowisaspy.2)Aman_______(respect)otherswillberespected.3)shecanfindnoone_______(make)friendswith.4)Isthereanybody_______(answer)thequestion?5)Halfoftheguests_______(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.beingquestionedrespectingtomaketoanswerinvited2021/5/9346)Shewouldbethebest_______(agree)theopinion.7)Thematter_________(discuss)isveryimportant.8)Thatistheway_________(operate)themachine.9)Shewasthenaprofessor_______(love)byallherstudents.10)Withmuchmoney________(spend),theboyformedabadhabit.toagreebeingdiscussedtooperatelovedtospend2021/5/9355)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別:*現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。如:Isawhimfallingoffhisbikejustatthatmoment.
(看到他時(shí)他正從自行車上掉下來。)Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself.
(他蘇醒過來時(shí)正躺在地上。)*不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程。如:Isawhimfalloffhisbikeandhurthisleftleg.2021/5/936(看到他從自行車上掉下來,并且摔傷了腿。動(dòng)作有先后,是全過程。)Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight.
(他們被迫日夜干活,天天如此,不是某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在干活。)*過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如:Iheardmynamecalledbysomeone.
(我的名字被叫,myname和called是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind.(重?fù)?dān)被卸下來了,agreatweight和takenoff是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)2021/5/937即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑷用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空:1)Imeanttobuyaneveningpaper,butIdidn'tseeanyone______(sell)them.2)Iknowthat____(be)afact.3)Pauldoesn'thavetobemade______(learn).Healwaysworkhard.4)Thepatientwaswarned_______(noteat)aftertheexamine.5)JustnowIsawaman______(walk)inthestreet,withalittlegirl_______(seat)onhisshoulder.sellingtobetolearnnottoeatwalkingseated2021/5/9386)Theladylovedtohaveherluggage_______(weigh).7)Whodidtheteacherhave_______(clean)theblackboardjustnow?8)Businessesarebeginning______(develop)newmethodsofreachingcustomers.9)Thethiefwascaught______(steal)goodsinthesupermarketagain.10)---WhathappenedtoMr.Whiteearlythismorning?---Oh,hewasseen______(knock)downandthedriver_______(drive)away.weighedcleantodevelopstealingknockeddrove2021/5/9396)不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:
不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示:原因,結(jié)果,目的;
分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示:原因,結(jié)果,時(shí)間,伴隨情況(1)不定式和分詞表示原因時(shí)的區(qū)別:*不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容詞后,用來說明產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因。如:Iwassoexcitedtohearthenews.(不定式tohearthenews表示激動(dòng)的原因。).Weweresurprisedtoseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage.(不定式toseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage表示驚訝的原因。)*分詞表示原因時(shí),它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如:Beingamonitor,shetakesleadineverything.
(Beingamonitor=Asshewasamonitor)KnowingsomeEnglish,heofferedtobeaninterviewerforus.(KnowingsomeEnglish=AsheknewsomeEnglish)2021/5/940(2)不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)的區(qū)別:*不定式表示結(jié)果,含有沒有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。如:Igotuponlytofinditwasrainingoutside.(起來時(shí)沒有料到在下雨。)Hewastooexcitedtosayaword.(太激動(dòng)了說不出話,是沒有預(yù)料到的情況。)*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。如:Hisparentsdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.(父母去世,錢留給兒子。這是自然的事。)Theoutputofirondecreasedby23%lastyear,reaching80,000tons.
(產(chǎn)量下降,到了80,000噸,這是必然結(jié)果。)2021/5/941即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑸用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空:1)--Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?--_______(select)newofficers.2)_______(get)backmystory,herefusedtheinvitation.3)Thebeautifulgirltriedtokillherselfonly_________(save).4)When________(face)withastrongenemy,theyhadalwaysretreated.5)______(wear)outafteralongwalk,Henrycalledandsaidhecouldn'tcome.ToselectTogettobesavedfacedWorn2021/5/9426)Hewassaidtohaverefusedagiftfromher,________(know)thatitmeantabribe.7)Thepresidentexpressedhissatisfactionwiththeco-operation,______(add)thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.8)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_______(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.9)_________________(allow)todevelophistalent,hecouldbecomeanexcellentartist.10)_______________(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag.knowingaddinginformedHavingbeenallowedHavingbeeninvited2021/5/9434.使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的注意事項(xiàng):1)動(dòng)詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when,what,where,why,who,whom,which,how一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),但不說whytodo(~Whynotdo…?,它表達(dá)一種建議,和此部分所說的todo無(wú)關(guān)。)“疑問代詞或副詞+todo”的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞性從句。如:Myteacherdidn'ttellmewhattodonext.(=whatIshoulddonext)Hesaidheknewhowtodoit.(=howheshoulddoit)ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometothisdry.Idon'tknowwhichwaytogo(=whichwayIshouldgo)2021/5/9444.使用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的注意事項(xiàng):2)形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)*形式主語(yǔ):當(dāng)作主語(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)過長(zhǎng),謂語(yǔ)部分太短,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)放到后面,以保持句子的平衡。如:Itiseasytoworkoutthisproblem.Itismydutytohelpthepeoplewhoareintrouble.*形式賓語(yǔ):當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)的不定式或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)過長(zhǎng),賓補(bǔ)部分太短,常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把真正的賓語(yǔ)放到賓補(bǔ)后面,亦為保持句子的平衡。如:Ifounditeasytoanswerthisquestion.Wethinkitnogoodgivinglittlechildrentoomuchmoney.2021/5/9453)不定式符號(hào)的省略(1)兩個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),后一個(gè)常省去to。
Itoldhertostayandwaitformetocomeback.但表示對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí),要帶to。
Hehasn'tdecidedtostayatschoolortogohome.(2)在下列句型中不定式符號(hào)to常省去。*Whynotdo…?*…wouldratherdo…thando…*You'dbetterdo...*…donothingbutdo…/…h(huán)avenothingtodobutdo…(3)簡(jiǎn)短回答中的不定式符號(hào)to后的動(dòng)詞常省去,有時(shí)to亦省去。
--Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithus?--I'dloveto.2021/5/946(4)有些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式不帶to。這些動(dòng)詞是:see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,feel,make,have,et…等感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞。
這些動(dòng)詞如果用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),后面的不定式要帶to。
Hisfathermadehimwritetwentymoresentences.
Hewasmadetowritetwentymoresentencesbyhisfather.
help后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以帶to。也可以不帶to。
Ioftenhelp(to)dohouseworkathome.(5)被省略的不定式是作助動(dòng)詞用的have或be時(shí),要保留這些助動(dòng)詞。
Heisnotwhatheusedtobe.
--Didhetellyoutoattendthemeeting?-No,Ioughttohavebeen.2021/5/9474)分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),分詞前可加連詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
Whenheated,icecanbechangedintowater.
Thoughtired,Iwentonwiththework.
Whilewalkinginthestreet,Isawaroadaccident.5)分詞表伴隨情況,其動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作須同時(shí)發(fā)生。
Ihadtostayinthehotel,waitingforthecartocome.
Theystoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast.但是如果是連續(xù)的有先后的幾個(gè)動(dòng)作,就不能用分詞表伴隨情況。
Hefinishedhisworkquickly,thenwenttothekitchenandbegantocooksupper.
Theboyfelloffthetreeandbrokehisleftleg.2021/5/9486)不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài):(1)不定式-tohavedone,tobedone,
tohavebeendone
現(xiàn)在分詞-havingdone,beingdone,
havingbeendone
過去分詞只有一種形式-done.(2)在plan,hope,expect,would(should)like,mean等動(dòng)詞后的不定式的完成時(shí)表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為。
Ihopedtohaveseenher.(ButIdidn'tseeher)Theyexpectedtohavefoundhiminthecave.(Buttheyfailedtofindhim.)2021/5/9497)不定式,現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ):
(1)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ):-for\ofsb+todosth
如:It'simpossibleforhimtomovesuchabigstone.
Thequestionistoohardforalittlechildtoanswer.*但表示性質(zhì)的adj(good,nice,kind,rude,polite,impolite,clever,wise,stupid,silly,foolish,right,wrong)等而用介詞of。
It'scleverofhimtodoso.
It'spoliteofyoutomakeroomfortheoldman(2)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ):-sb's+doing
如:LittleFranz'sbeinglateagainfortheschoolmadetheteacherveryangry.*但動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)邏輯主語(yǔ)可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格,邏輯主語(yǔ)用普通格。
Isuggestedhim(his)goingtherebytaxi.DidyouenjoyZhoujielunsingingattheconcert?2021/5/950(3)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ):一分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者和句子的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者不一致時(shí),分詞前必須有自己的主語(yǔ),稱為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。
Weatherpermitting,we'llhaveafieldtriptomorrow.
Motherbeingin,Ihadtostayathometolookafterher.*但有些分詞作狀語(yǔ)屬習(xí)慣用法,分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)可以不一致。如:Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain.
Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.2021/5/9518)注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法*在thefirst,thesecond…,thelast和only之后,只能用todo。如:Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom.*如果understand,realize,know用在begin,start,attempt,intend后,只能用todo。如:Ibegantounderstandthetruth.*表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo,而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo。如:(√)Inordernottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow.
(×)Nottobeseen,hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow.
(√)Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen.*soastodo一般不放在句首。
(√)Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus.
(X)Soastocatchtheearlybus,hegotupatfivethismorning.2021/5/9529)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的常用句型*Ittakes+時(shí)間+todo…*…spend/waste+時(shí)間,金錢+doing…*…h(huán)adbetter+do….*…wouldrather+do…thando….*…prefer+todo/doing….*It'snouse/good+doing…*It'sawasteoftime+doing…*…beworth+doing…./beworthyof+beingdone./2021/5/953非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的常用句型*It'sworthwhile+doing*Wouldyoumind+doing...?*Wouldyoulike/care+todo...?*...havenochoicebut+todo..../..,donothingbut+do*...too...+todo*...need/want/require+doing*...beusedto+doing(習(xí)慣做--)*...havesb+do/havesb(sth)+doinghavesth+done*...happened+todo2021/5/954即時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)⑹
用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空:1)Thefluisbelieved________(cause)byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.2)Whenfirst_________(introduce)themarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.3)Helenhadtoshout_______(make)herself_______(hear)abovethesoundofthemusic.4)When______(compare)withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.5)Youweresillynot__________(lock)yourcar.tobecausedintroducedtomakeheardcomparedtohavelocked2021/5/9556)Victorapologizedhis_______(notbe)abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan.7)Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJonesreturnedhome,_________(exhaust).8)Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief__________(catch).9)Generally______(speak),When_____(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.
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