國際貿易與實務4-Practice of International Trade-International Cargo Transport

InternationalCargoTransportChapterSeven11/22/20231SuperModesoftransportationOceanTransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)國際多式聯(lián)運/InternationalCombinedTransportation(ICT)ParcelPostTransportationInlandWaterwayTransportationPipelineTransportation11/22/20232Super5.1OceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage:notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctualTypesofoceantransportationLinertransportationChartertransportation98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransport11/22/20233Super5.1.1LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

comparativelyfixedfreightrates11/22/20234Super5.1.1LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibility11/22/20235Super5.1.1LinertransportationLinerFreightInclusiveoftheloadingandunloadingcostInclusiveofothercostssuchasdemurrage滯期費

ordispatch派遣moneyCompositionoflinerfreightBasicfreightSurchargesandadditionalsCalculationformulaoflinerfreight

TotalFreight =TotalQuantityxBasicRatex(1+Surcharge/AdditionalRates)11/22/20236Super5.1.1LinertransportationCriteriaforcalculatingbasicfreightW(weightton)–calculatedpermetrictononweight,suitableforheavygoods M(measurementton)–calculatedpercubicmeteronmeasurement,suitableforlightgoods W/M–onthebasisofeitherweighttonormeasurementton(bothunderthenameoffreightton),subjecttothehigherone,suitableforgoodswithhighvalue(Note:1WT=1MT)AdVal.(A.V.)–onthebasisofvalueofthegoodsandexpressedinapercentageoftheFOBpriceorvalue,suitableforgoodswithhighvalueW/MorA.V.–onthebasisofeitherweightton,measurementtonorvalue,subjecttothehighestoneUnit/Head–suitableforgoodsmarked“unit”inthetariffMinimumRate–suitableforgoodsinextremelysmallquantityOpenRate–suitableforgoodsmarked“unit”inthetariffandinextremelylargequantity,onthebasisoftheagreementbetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor11/22/20237Super5.1.1Linertransportation11/22/20238Super5.1.1LinertransportationSurcharge附加費–beyondourcontrolBunkerSurcharge(bunkeradjustmentfactor/BAF)

燃油附加費(15%ofthecost)CurrencySurcharge(currencyadjustmentfactor/CAF)

貨幣貶值附加費CongestionSurcharge港口擁擠附加費TransshipmentSurcharge轉船附加費DeviationSurcharge繞道附加費PortSurcharge港口附加費11/22/20239Super5.1.1LinertransportationAdditionals

附屬費–underourcontrolHeavyliftcharges/Extrachargesonheavylifts超重費(over5M/T)Lengthycargocharges/Extrachargesonoverlengths超長費(over9m)Bulkycargocharges超大費(over6cbm)Additionalondirect直行附屬費Additionalonoptionaldischargingport選卸港附屬費Additionalforalternationofdestination變更卸港附屬費11/22/202310SuperIllustration1SupposeExporting100casesVolume30x60x50cmGrossweight40kg,grade9FreightbasisW/MBasicfreightrateHKD109Bunkersurcharge20%,CurrencySurcharge10%Q:freight?Solution30x60x50cm=0.09m3>0.04M/TFreight=0.09x109x100x(1+20%+10%)=HKD1275.311/22/202311Super5.1.1LinertransportationTramps不定期船/chartervesselCharacteristicsNofixedroutesNofixedtimetablesFreightchargedonthevolumeofcargoSuitableforcargoofacompleteshipload(eg.bulkcargo)TypesofchartersVoyagecharter程租船，定程租船Timecharter定期租船Bareboatcharter光船租船11/22/202312Super5.2AirTransportationFourmaintypesofairtransportationScheduledAirlines班機regularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseportscomparativelyfixedfreightratesCharteredCarriers包機ThehireofacraftbyeithertotalcharteredcarriersorPartialcharteredcarriersForconsignmentsoflargequantityorreachingthesamedestination11/22/202313Super5.2AirTransportationFourmaintypesofairtransportationConsolidatedConsignment集中托運AssemblinganumberofindividualshipmentsarrivingatthesamedestinationintooneconsignmentDispatchedoneairwaybillAirExpress航空急件運輸FastestandsafestserviceHigherfreightrateDesktodeskservice11/22/202314Super5.2AirTransportationAirfreightW:byweight(kg)M:bymeasurement(cm3)W/M:bythehigherofthetwo (Note:6000cm3=1kg)Calculationformula:sameastheoneforlinerfreightcalculation11/22/202315SuperIllustration2Question ConsignorAgetsoneconsignmentof10cartonsofleathershoestotransportbyair.Themeasurementofeachcartonis50x50x50cm,whilegrossweightofeachis15kg.HowmuchshouldtheconsignorpaytothecarrieriftheairfreightrateisUSD1.3/kg?Solution50x50x50cm=125000cm36000cm3=1kg→125000cm3=20.83kg20.83kg>15kgFreight=USD1.3x20.83x10=USD270.7911/22/202316Super5.3TransportationDocumentsBillofLading,B/L

海運提單ConsignmentNote(forRailandRoad)

鐵路、公路提單AirWaybill航空運單ParcelPostReceipt郵包收據(jù)11/22/202317Super5.3.1BillofLadingFeaturesReceiptofthegoodsEvidenceofthecontractofcarriagebytheshippingcompanytocarrythegoodsAdocumentoftitle權益tothegoodsContents(SeeSpecimen5.1-5.2)Ontheface:informationaboutcontractedparties,fullparticularsofthecargo,termsofcarriagecontract,etcOntheback:generaltermsandconditionsofthecontractofcarriage.11/22/202318SuperTypesofbillofladingShippedB/LandReceivedforShipmentB/LShipped(onboard)B/L 裝運提單IssuedbytheshippingcompanyAftergoodsshippedonboardthedesignatedvesselIndicatingdateofshipmentandnameofthevesselForconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination“ShippedBill”preprintedor“goodsshippedonboardvessel”writtenandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L11/22/202319SuperTypesofbillofladingReceived(forshipment)B/L備運提單GoodsbeingreceivedbutnotyetloadedConfirmationofgoodshandedovertoshipownerAbsenceofdateofshipmentandnameofthevessel→difficulttoanticipatedateofarrival,hencenotfavorablebybuyerWaysofbecomingShippedB/LExchangeforaShippedB/LaftergoodsshippedonboardthevesselWordingsuchas“GoodsshippedonboardS/SRedStaronMay10,2008”addedandsignedbythecarrierortheagentonthereceivedB/L11/22/202320SuperTypesofbillofladingCleanB/LandUncleanB/LCleanB/L清潔提單ReferringtoonewhichdoesnotdeclareadefectiveconditionoftheexteriorpackingofgoodsProofthatgoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”or“cleanonboard”orthelikeFavoredbybuyersandbanksforfinancialsettlementUnclean/dirty/foulB/L不潔/瑕疵提單Markedas“unclean”,“foul”etc.eg.2casesmissing,3cartonswet,1casebroken,casesinadequatelypackedUsuallyunacceptabletobuyersandbanks11/22/202321SuperTypesofbillofladingStraightB/L,OrderB/LandBearerB/LStraightB/L 記名提單MadeouttoadesignatedconsigneeOnlythenamedconsigneeisentitledtothecargoNottransferableBearerB/L(OpenorBlankB/L)不記名提單NonameofadefiniteconsigneeTheconsigneeboxleftblankoropen,orbearingthewording“Tobearer”(至持有人)CanbetransferredwithoutendorsementHighrisk→unfavorableininternationaltrade11/22/202322SuperTypesofbillofladingOrderB/L指示提單MadeouttotheorderofanamedpersonNodefiniteconsignee,“Toorder”“Toorderoftheshipper”or“Toorderoftheconsignee”insteadNegotiableandtransferable，butneedendorsementSpecialendorsement:signatureoftheendorserandnameoftheendorseeBlankendorsement:signatureoftheendorserbutnonameoftheendorsee“Toorder”withblankendorsementindicatingfurthertransferoftheB/LWidelyusedininternationaltrade11/22/202323SuperTypesofbillofladingDirectB/LandTransshipmentB/LDirectB/L 直運提單

portofshipment→portofdestinationPreferredbythebuyerTransshipmentB/L 轉船提單portofshipment→intermediateport→portofdestinationInvolvingadditionalcharges,longertimeandhigherrisksintransit,thereforeunfavorabletothebuyerAcceptableonlywhenthereisnodirectservice11/22/202324SuperTypesofbillofladingOriginalB/LandCopyB/LOriginalB/LValidonlyafterbeingsingedbytheshippingcompanyoritsagentShowing“Original”andthenumberofthesignedoriginalsNormallymadeoutinasetofthreeoriginalsAnevidenceshowingtheownershipofgoodsPresentedfortakingthedeliveryofthegoodsatdestination,oneisused,theothersbecomesvoidautomaticallyCopyB/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”NormallyonlyusedforreferenceorforrecordsNote:B/Lisnotindependentofeachother.Areceivedforshipmentbillmayalsobeastraightandcleanbill.eg.Cleanshippeddirectbillofladingmadeouttoorderwithablankendorsement(mostcommoninpractice)11/22/202325Super5.4ShipmentClauseinthesalescontractContentoftheshipmentclauseTimeofdeliveryortimeofshipmentport(place)andport(place)ofdestinationPartialshipmentsandtransshipmentLaydays裝卸時間,demurrage滯期anddispatch速遣StipulationAgreeduponbyboththesellerandbuyerShouldbeclearandspecific11/22/202326Super5.4.2PortofShipment&DestinationHowtodefinePortofshipment–theportwheregoodsareshippedanddepartUsuallydecidedbysellerPortofdestination–theportatwhichgoodsaredischargedUsuallydecidedbybuyer,confirmedbysellerWaysofstipulationOneport: eg.Portofshipment:NewYork,USATwoportsormore eg.Portofdestination:London/LiverpoolOptionalports(forportofdestinationonlyandincasewhenthebuyercannotdecidetheportofdestinationatthetimeofcontracting)

eg.Portofdestination:Liverpool,optionalHamburg/London11/22/202327Super5.4.2PortofShipment&DestinationIssuestobeconcernedShipmentportclosetotheoriginofthegoodsTakingintoconsiderationportfacilities,regulations,specifictransportationconditions,chargesandpossiblesanctionsWordingtobespecific:avoiding“Chinaport”,“Europeanmainport”etc.Consideringpossibilityofsamenamefordifferentports(Victoria,Portland,Birmingham,etc.):eg.Victoria,UK.11/22/202328Super5.4.3.PartialShipment&TransshipmentPartialshipmentgoodsunderonecontractbeshippedinmorethanonelotReasons:lackofmeansofconveyanceorshippingspaceavailabilityLimitationofloadingandunloadingfacilitiesRestrictionofmarketcapacityorproductionabilityAccordingtoUCP600,Article31“Transportdocuments,whichappearontheirfacetoindicatethatshipmenthasbeenmadeonthesameme