河流生態(tài)通量結(jié)構(gòu)概念測量與運行目標

JianboCHANGPhD（常劍波）Director,Prof.FishEcologyandConservationBiologyKeyLaboratoryofEcologicalImpactsofHydraulic-ProjectsandRestorationofAquaticEcosystemofMinistryofWaterResources,InstituteofHydroecology(IHE),MWR&CAS（水利部中國科學院水工程生態(tài)研究所）578#XiongchuAvenue,WuhanCity,HubeiProvince,P.R.China430079Tel/Fax:+86(27)87189023;Mobile:8Email:Structureofriverineecologicalflux:

Concept,Measurement,andOperationObjectivesThe

institute

of

hydroecology,

MWR

&

CASAMFr,Ecological

flux

vs.

MarineCarbon

FluxStructuringprocessofecosystem

&

measurement

of

ecologicalfluxThe

role

of

fish

in

studyofecological

fluxQ,A,andcommentsOutlinesHistory:PreparationonthebaseoftheDepartmentofReservoirFisheriesoftheInstituteofHydrobiology,ChineseAcademyofSciences(Since1984)Established,InstituteofReservoirFisheries,MinistryofWaterResourcesandChineseAcademyofSciences(Since1987)Namechanged,InstituteofWater-engineeringEcology,MWR&CAS(translatedfromChinesewordbyword)(Since2004)Englishnamefixed,InstituteofHydroecologyMWR&CAS(Since2006)Hostsof:JournalofEcohydrology(inChinesewithEnglishabstracts)(Since2008)HydroecologicalCommitteeofChinaSocietyofWaterResources(Since2008)KeyLaboratoryofEcologicalImpactsofHydraulic-ProjectsandRestorationofAquaticEcosystemofMinistryofWaterResources(Since2011)ExperimentalBaseofAquaticEcosystemandBioticResourcesoftheMinistryofWaterResources(underconstruction)Location:MiddleYangtzeRiver(WuhanCity)Staffs:140ind.Theinstituteofhydroecology,MWR&CASAMFr,Ecologicalfluxvs.MarineCarbonFluxTheU.S.JGOFSprogram,acomponentoftheU.SGlobalChangeResearchProgram,grewoutofthemendationsofaNationalAcademyofSciencesworkshopin1984.Theinternationalprogram,whichhasmorethan30participatingnations,beganthreeyearslaterundertheauspicesoftheScientificCommitteeonOceanicResearch(SCOR).In1989,JGOFSbecameacoreprogramoftheInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgramme(IGBP). AMFr,Ecologicalfluxvs.MarineCarbonFlux

The“marineCO2

flux”

definedonly

carbondioxide

passing

through

acertain

interfaceor

boundary.

So,a

pump

is

normallyneeded

topushtheprocess.AMFr,Ecologicalfluxvs.MarineCarbonfluxInthispoint,riverineecologicalfluxcouldbedefinedas:thestructuringprocessandfunctionalperformanceofmaterialsandenergypassthroughacertaininterfaceofariverineecosystem,includingtherecognitionsoftwokeypoints:thetemporal-spatialvariationsofstructureandfunctionofmassandenergyfluxes,(2)theresource,ecologyandenvironmentconsequencesofthesevariationsandrelatedoperationstrategiesforsustainablerivermanagement.

WehavealreadygivenanalternativekindofdefinitiontofluxinAMFr(AllMaterialsFluxofrivers)comparisonwiththecarbonfluxintheocean.So,neitherbiologicalnortheecologicalprocesseshavebeenconsideredasa“pump”.(?)GeologicaltimeEcologicalstatusEcologicaldisasterStructuringstageDe-structuringstageCriticalpoint4billionyearspresentHuamnactivitiesBottomofecologicalprotectionforhumansocietySusceptibleareaStretchrecoverableareaFunctionalitems：MaterialsEnergyOrganismsNichesEcologicalresilienceTimelagRedundancyandbalancingofstructureandfunctionDisturbances100thousandsyearsStructuringprocessofecosystem&measurementofecologicalfluxMoreandmorematerialswere“awaken”tojointheecologicalprocesses,especiallyinhumansocietytheywereminedfromdeepearthbymachines.Solarenergywastransferredaschemicalenergyandstoredmoreandmorebothinlivinganddiedbios.Organicunits(virus,bacterium,algae,plants,animals,etc.)beingformedfromsimpletocomplicatedaswellastheDNAstructure,individuals,population,community,species,etc.Suitablecircumstanceswerecreatedforsurvivingofdifferentspecies,andweredividedconstantlyintotinypatchesfornewguestsoftheecosystem.Functionalitems：MaterialsEnergyOrganismsNichesEcologicalresilienceTimelagRedundancyandbalancingofstructureandfunctionCo-evolutionofecosystemwith:GeomorphologicalmouldingClimatechangingContinentaldrifting......Structuringprocessofecosystem&measurementofecologicalfluxStructuringprocessofecosystem&measurementofecologicalfluxMeasurablecomponentsreferredtoriverineecologicalfluxcouldinclude:(1)waterquantity(includingsupplyofwaterresources),(2)sediments(includingthemorpho-mouldingofriverchannel),(3)livingbeings(includingfoodwebs),(4)Nutrients(5)harmfulchemicals(6)temperature(includingthermal-influencescausedbyhumanactivities)(7)hydro-power……AnalternativestatementofAMF?Juvenileandsub-adultindividualsinhabitedinthecontinentalshelfofYellow,EastandnorthboundaryofSouthernChinaSeasSpawningstocksdistributedinmostriversofthewesterncoastofpacificocean,butspawningonlyrecordedinmainchannelsoftheYangtzeandthePearlRivers)JuvenilesofYOYassembledattheestuaryofYangtzeRiverandPearlRiverAnadromous(spawninAutumnintheYangtzeRiverandSpringinthePearlRiverwithLongdistancemigrationfromseawater)Largesize(male:153-317cminbodylength,47-244kginbodyweight;Female:217-400cminbodylength,49-452kginbodyweight)Longlifehistory(over35yearsinrecord)Lateageforfirstmaturation(male:8-17years,Female:13-26years)Highfecundity(about645,000eggsperfemaleintheperiodof1980s-1990s)TheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalfluxChinesesturgeon(Acipensersinensis)Overfishingandhabitatslosshistorically(nearlyaquarterofspawnerswerecapturedintheYangtzeRiverbefore1980s,andalmostofalljuvenileswerecapturedtillrecentintheestuaryarea)Brokenofmigrationroute(sincetheconstructionoftheGezhoubaDamin1981)ChangeofhydraulicregimesinrecentspawninggroundsPollutionTheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalfluxNoreportsontheoccurrenceofChinesesturgeoninPearlRiversince1997(or1998?).Atpresent,theYangtzeRivercouldbethelastrefugeforwildpopulationoftheA.sinensisYangtzeRiverThreeGorgesDamGezhoubaDamYichangWuhanShanghaiChongqingYibinHistoricallyspawningGroundsdistributionRecentlyspawninggroundsdistribution500kmItwasestimatedthatthenumberofspawnorsofChinesesturgeonisonlyabout20%ofthatbeforethecompletedoftheGezhoubaDam(Chang,1999;Gaoetal.2009)EggpredatorTheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalflux聲納截圖BeforespawningAfterspawningIndividualsfoundbeforespawningIndividualsfoundafterspawningGezhoubaDamNumberofadultsofChinesesturgeonappearedinthespawningwasdetectedwithhydro-acousticsmethodannuallySpawninggroundofChinesesturgeonlocateddownstreamoftheGezhoubaDamTheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalflux中華鱘卵與早期發(fā)育底層采集網(wǎng)ChineseSturgeon(Acipensersinensis)FirstimpoundmentofTGRNormalimpoundmenttrialofTGRAfterimpoundmentoftheThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR)indifferentstages,postponedofspawningdateandspawningamounthavebeendiscoveredandstoppedfinallysince2013TheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalfluxAcertainpatternofwatertemperaturedecreasingprocesscouldbeasignalforstimulatingthenaturalpropagationofChinesesturgeonDate10daysdecreasingpattern7daysdecreasingpatternSpawningrecordsBigheadcarp(Aristichthysnobilis)Blackcarp(Mylopharyngodonpiceus)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidellus)Silvercarp(Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix)ThefourdomesticatedcarpsinChinaLongterminvestigationshaveindicatedthatallthefourcarpsspawnonlywhenthewaterlevelrisinginChinawaters(Yuetal.1988).TheroleoffishinstudyofallecologicalfluxTheoperationofTGRresultedfloodpulseintofragmentationsFlowprocesses

reconstructionhavebeenundertakenannuallyforstimulatingthenaturepropagationofthefourcarpspeciessince2011inThreeGorgesReservoir(itissocalledecologicaloperationWaterleveldate(V1;V3)(V1;V3)V3StartingflowamountinasectionV1Startingwaterlevelofafloodperiod(V2;V4)(V2;V4)V2

DailyincreasingrateofwaterlevelV4Dailyincreasingrateofflowamount(V5)(V5)V5Durationofwaterlevelrisinginafloodperiod(V6)V6Intervalbetweentwonearbyfloodingpeaks(V7)V7Waterlevel

differentiation

oftwonearbyfloodingpeaks(V8)(V8)V8

Startingdateofaspawningperiod(V9)(V9)V9OrderofalarvalfloodTherole