2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）試題

2022年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

HarlanCobenbelievedthatifyou'reawriter,youwillfindthetime;andthatifyoucan't

findthetime,thenwritingisn'tapriorityandyou'renotawriter.Forhim,writingisa

J_job—ajoblikeanyother.Hehas2itwithplumbing,pointingoutthataplumber

doesn'twakeupandsaythathecan'tworkwithpipestoday.

3,likemostwritersthesedays,you'reholdingdownajobtopaythebills,it'snot

4___tofindthetimetowrite.Butit'snotimpossible.Itrequiresdeterminationand

single-mindedness.5thatmostbestsellingauthorsbeganwritingwhentheyweredoingother

thingstoearnaliving.Andtoday,evenwritherswhoarefairly6oftenhavetodoother

workto7theirwritingincome.

AsHarlanCobenhassuggested,it'sa8ofpriorities,lbmakewritingapriority,you'll

haveto9someofyourday-to-dayactivitiesandsomethingsyoureallyenjoy.Depending

onyour10andyourlifestyle,thatmightmeanspendinglesstimewatchingtelevisionor

listeningtomusic,thoughsomepeoplecanwriteit11theylistentomusic.Youmighthave

to12theamountofexerciseorsportsyoudo.YouUIhavetomakesocialmediaan_13

activityratherthanadaily,time-consuming14,There,llprobablyhavetobelesssocializing

withyourfriendsandlesstimewithyourfamily.It'sa15learningcurve,anditwon't

alwaysmakeyoupopular.

There?sjustonethingyoushouldtrytokeepatleastsometimefor,16yourwriting-

andihat'sreading.Anywriterneedstoreadasmuchandaswidelyastheycan;it'stheone_17

supporter—somethingyoucan'tdowithout.

Timeisfinite.Theolderyouget,the18itseemstogo.Weneedtouseitascarefully

andas19aswecan.Thatmeansprioritisingouractivitiessothatwespendmosttimeon

thethingswereallywanttodo.Ifyou'reawriter,thatmeans—20—writing.

1.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant

2.A.combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted

3.A.IfB.ThoughC.OnceD.Unless

4.A.enoughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy

5.A.AcceptB.ExplainC.RememberD.Suppose

6.A.well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen

7.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate

8.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition

9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore

10.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.skills

11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before

12.A.putupwithB.makeupfbrC.hangontoD.cutdownon

13.A.intelligentB.occasionalC.intensiveD.emotional

14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan

15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny

16.A.inplaceofB.inchargeofC.inresponsetoD.inadditionto

17.A.indispensableB.innovativeC.invisibleD.instant

18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker

19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully

20.A.atmostB.inturnC.onaverageD.aboveall

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

Onarecentsunnyday,13,000chickensroamoverLarryBrown?s40windsweptacresin

Shiner,Texas.Somerestintheshadeofaparkedcar.Othersdrinkwaterwiththecows.Thisall

seemsrandom,butit'sbydesign,partofwhatthe$6.1billionU.S.eggindustrybetswillbeits

nextbigthing:climate-friendlyeggs.

Theseeggs,whicharemakingtheirdebutnowonshelvesforasmuchas$8adozen,arestill

labeledorganicandanimal-friendly,butthey'realsofrombirdsthatliveonfarmsusing

regenerativeagriculture—specialtechniquestocultivaterichsoilsthatcantrapgreenhousegases.

Sucheggscouldbemarketedashelpingtofightclimatechange.

'Tmexcitedaboutourprogress,saysBrown,whoharvestseggsfor

Denver-basedNestFreshEggsandisaddingmorecovercropsthatdrawwormsandcricketsfbr

thechickenstoeat.Thebirds'wastethenfertilizesfields.Suchimprovements“allowourhensto

forageforhigher-qualitynaturalfeedthatwillbegoodfortheland,thehens,andtheeggsthatwe

supplytoourcustomers.^^

Theeggindustry'spushisthefirstmajortestofwhetheranimalproductsfromregenerative

farmscanbecomethenextpremiumoffering.Inbarelymorethanadecade,organiceggswent

frombeingdismissedasanicheproductinnaturalfoodsstorestobeingsoldatWalmart.More

recentlythereweresimilardoubtsaboutprobioticsandplant-basedmeats,butbothhaveexploded

intomajorsupermarketcategories.Ifthesustainable-eggrolloutissuccessful,itcouldopenthe

floodgatesforregenerativebeef,broccoli,andbeyond.

Regenerativeproductscouldbeahardsell,becausetheconceptistoughtodefinequickly,

saysJulieStanton,associateprofessorofagriculturaleconomicsatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity

Brandywine.Suchfarmingalsobringsminimal,ifany,improvementtothefoodproducts(though

someproducerssaytheireggshavemoreprotein).

Theindustryisbettingthatthesameconsumerspayingmoreforpremiumattributessuchas

free-range,non-GMO,andpasture-raisedeggswillembracesustainability.Surveysshowthat

youngergenerationsaremoreconcernedaboutclimatechange,andsomeofthesuccessof

plant-basedmeatcanbechalkeduptoshopperswantingtosignaltheirdesiretoprotectthe

environment.Youngadults"reallycareabouttheplanet/'saysJohnBrunnquell,presidentofEgg

Innovations."TheyareabsolutelyalteringthefoodchainbeyondwhatIthinkeventhey

understandwhatthey'redoing.”

21.Theclimate-friendlyeggsareproduced.

[A]ataconsiderablylowcost

(Bjatthedemandofregularshoppers

[C]asareplacementfororganicegg

ID]onspeciallydesignedfarms

22.LarryBrownisexcitedabouthisprogramin.

[A]reducingthedamageofworms.

[BJacceleratingthedisposalofwaste.

[C]creatingasustainablesystem.

fD]attractingcustomerstohisproducts.

23.Theexampleoforganiceggsisusedinparagraph4tosuggest.

[A]thedoubtsovernaturalfoods

[B]thesetbacksintheeggindustry

[C]thepotentialofregenerateproducts

fD]thepromotionalsuccessofsupermarket

24.Itcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatyoungpeople.

[A]arereluctanttochangetheirdiet

fB]arelikelytobuyclimate-friendlyeggs

[C]arecuriousaboutnewfoods

fD]areamazedatagriculturaladvances

25.JohnBrunnquellwoulddisagreewithJulieStantonoverregenerativeproducts5.

[A]marketprospects

IBJnutritionalvalue

[C]standarddefinition

[D]moralimplications

Text2

MoreAmericansareoptingtoworkwellintoretirement,agrowingtrendthatthreatensto

upendtheoldworkforcemodel.

OneinthreeAmericanswhoareatleast40haveorplantohaveajobinretirementtoprepare

foralongerlife,accordingtoasurveyconductedbyHarrisPollfbrTDAmeritrade.

Evenmoresurprisingisthatmorethanhalfof“unretirees”—thosewhoplantoworkinretirement

orwentbacktoworkafterretiring-saidtheywouldbeemployedintheirlateryearsevenifthey

hadenoughmoneytosettledown,thesurveyshowed.

Financialneedsaren'ttheonlyculpritforthe“unretirement”trend.Otherreasons,according

tothestudy,includepersonalfulfillmentsuchasstayingmentallyfit,preventingboredomor

avoidingdepression.

“Theconceptofretirementisevolving,saidChristineRussell,seniormanagerofretirement

atTDAmeritrade.uIfsnotjustaboutfinances.Thevalueofworkisalsodrivingfolkstocontinue

workingpastretirement.^^

Onereasonforthechangeinretirementpatterns:Americansarelivinglonger.Theshareofthe

population65andolderwas16%in2018,up3.2%fromtheprioryear,accordingtotheU.S.

CensusBureau.That'salsoup30.2%since2010.

Becauseoflongerlifespans,Americansarealsoboostingtheirsavingstopreservetheirnest

eggs,theTDAmeritradestudyshowed,whichsurveyed2,000adultsbetween40to79.Sixin10

“unretirees“areincreasingtheirsavingsinanticipationofalongerlife,accordingtothesurvey.

Amongthemostpopularwaystheyaredoingthis,thecompanysaid,isbyreducingtheiroverall

expenses,securinglifeinsuranceormaximizingtheircontributionstoretirementaccounts.

Unfortunately,manypeoplewhoareoptingtoworkinretirementarepreparingtodoso

becausetheyareworriedaboutmakingendsmeetintheirlateryears,saidBrentWeiss,a

co-fbunderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.Hesuggestedthatpreretirees

shouldspeakwithafinancialadvisertosetlong-termfinancialgoals.

“Themostchallengingmomentsinlifearegettingmarried,startingafamilyandultimately

retiring,Weisssaid."It'snotjustafinancialdecision,butanemotionalone.Manypeoplebelieve

theycan'tretire.”

26.ThestudyconductedbyHarrisPollindicatesthat.

[A]morethanhalfretireesarephysicallyfitforjob

fB]theoldworkerisasactiveasyoungpeople

[C]oneinthreeAmericaswanttoretireearlier

fD]moreAmericansarewillingtoworkinretirement

27.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatAmericanstendtothinkthat.

[A]retirementmaycauseproblemsforthem

[BJboredomcanberelievedafterretirement

[C]thementalhealthofretireesisoverlooked

ID]unretirementcontributestotheeconomy

28.Retirementpatternsarechangingpartlydueto.

[A]laborshortages

[B]populationgrowth

[C]longerlifeexpectancy

[D]risinglivingcosts

29.Many“unretirees”areincreasingtheirsavingby.

(A]increasingupinstocks

(Bjtakingupoddjobs

[Clgettingwell-paidwork

fD]spendingless

30.Withregardtotheretirement,BrentWeissthinkthatmanypeopleare.

[A]unprepared

[B]unafraid

[C]disappointed

[D]enthusiastic

Text3

Wehaveallencounteredthem,inbothourpersonalandprofessionallives.Thinkaboutthe

timesyoufelttrickedorfrustratedbyamembershiporsubscriptionthathadaseamlesssignup

processbutwaslaterdifficulttocancel.Somethingthatshouldbesimpleandtransparentcanbe

complicated,intentionallyorunintentionally,inwaysthatimpairconsumerchoice.Theseare

examplesofdarkpatterns.

Firstcoinedin2010byuserexperienceexpertHarryBrignull,"darkpatternsnisacatch-all

termforpracticesthatmanipulateuserinterfacestoinfluencethedecision-makingabilityofusers.

Ondark,Brignullidentifies12typesofcommondarkpatterns,rangingfrom

misdirectionandhiddencoststo“roachmotel,^^whereauserexperienceseemseasyandintuitive

atthestart,butturnsdifficultwhentheusertriestogetout.Ina2019studyof53,000product

pagesand11,000websites,researchersfoundthataboutonein10employsthesedesignpractices.

Thoughwidelyprevalent,theconceptofdarkpatternsisstillnotwellunderstood.Businessand

nonprofitleadersshouldbeawareofdarkpatternsandtrytoavoidthegrayareastheyengender.

Whereisthelinebetweenethical,persuasivedesignanddarkpatterns?Businessesshould

engageinconversationswithIT,compliance,risk,andlegalteamstoreviewtheirprivacypolicy,

andincludeinthediscussionthecustomer/userexperiencedesignersandcodersresponsiblefor

thecompany'suserinterface,aswellasthemarketersandadvertisersresponsibleforsign-ups,

checkoutbaskets,pricing,andpromotions.Anyoralltheseteamscanplayaroleincreatingor

avoiding"digitaldeception.,,

Lawmakersandregulatorsareslowlystartingtoaddresstheambiguityarounddarkpatterns,

mostrecentlyatthestatelevel.InMarch,theCaliforniaAttorneyGeneralannouncedtheapproval

ofadditionalregulationsundertheCaliforniaConsumerPrivacyAct(CCPA)that“ensurethat

consumerswillnotbeconfusedormisledwhenseekingtoexercisetheirdataprivacyrights.^^The

regulationsaimtobandarkpatterns—thismeansprohibitingcompaniesfromusing"confusing

languageorunnecessarystepssuchasforcingthemtoclickthroughmultiplescreensorlistento

reasonswhytheyshouldn'toptout.”

Asmorestatesconsiderpromulgatingadditionalregulations,thereisaneedforgreater

accountabilityfromwithinthebusinesscommunity.Darkpatternsalsocanbeaddressedona

self-regulatorybasis,butonlyiforganizationsholdthemselvesaccountable,notjusttolegal

requirementsbutalsotoindustrybestpracticesandstandards.

31.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatdarkpatterns.

(A]improveuserexperiences

(Bjleakuserinformationforprofit

[Clundermineusers'decision-making

fD]remindusersofhiddencosts

32.The2019studyondarkpatternsismentionedtoshow.

[A]theirmajorflaws

[B]theircomplexdesigns

[C]theirseveredamage

[D]theirstrongpresence

33.Tohandledigitaldeception,businessesshould.

[A]listentocustomerfeedback

[B]talkwithrelevantteams

[CJturntoindependentagencies

[D]relyonprofessionaltraining

34.TheadditionalregulationsundertheCCPAareintendedto.

[A]guideusersthroughopt-outprocesses

[B]protectconsumersfrombeingtricked

[C]grantcompany'sdataprivacyrights

[D]restrictaccesstoproblematiccontent

35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,akeytocopingwithdarkpatternsis.

[A]newlegalrequirements

[B]businesses5self-discipline

[C]strictregulatorystandards

[D]consumers9safetyawareness

Text4

Althoughethicsclassesarecommonaroundtheworld,scientistsareunsureiftheirlessons

canactuallychangebehavior;evidenceeitherwayisweak,relyingoncontrivedlaboratorytestsor

sometimesunreliableself-reports.ButanewstudypublishedinCognitionfoundthat,inatleast

onereal-worldsituation,asingleethicslessonmayhavehadlastingeffects.

Theresearchersinvestigatedoneclasssession'simpactoneatingmeat.Theychosethis

particularbehaviorforthreereasons,accordingtostudyco-authorEricSchwitzgebel,a

philosopherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riverside:students5attitudesonthetopicarevariable

andunstable,behavioriseasilymeasurable,andethicsliteraturelargelyagreesthateatingless

meatisgoodbecauseitreducesenvironmentalharmandanimalsuffering.Halfofthestudentsin

fourlargephilosophyclassesreadanarticleontheethicsoffactory-farmedmeat,optionally

watchedan11-minutevideoonthetopicandjoineda50-minutediscussion.Theotherhalf

focusedoncharitablegivinginstead.Then,unbeknownsttothestudents,theresearchersstudied

theiranonymizedmeal-cardpurchasesforthatsemester-nearly14,000receiptsforalmost500

students."It'sanawesomedataset,“saysNinaStrohminger,apsychologistwhoteachesbusiness

ethicsattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy.

Schwitzgebelpredictedtheinterventionwouldhavenoeffect;hehadpreviouslyfoundthat

ethicsprofessorsdonotdifferfromotherprofessorsonarangeofbehaviors,includingvoting

rates,blooddonationandreturninglibrarybooks.Butamongstudentsubjectswhodiscussedmeat

ethics,mealpurchasescontainingmeatdecreasedfrom52to45percent—andthiseffectheld

steadyforthestudy'sdurationofseveralweeks.Purchasesfromtheothergroupremainedat52

percent.

“That'sactuallyaprettylargeeffectforaprettysmallintervention,Schwitzgebelsays.

Strohmingeragrees:"Thethingthatstillblowsmymindisthattheonlythingthat'sdifferent

betweenthesetwocasesisjustthatonedayinclass."Shesaysshewantstheeffecttoberealbut

cannotruleoutsomeunknownconfoundingvariable.Andifreal,Strohmingernotes,itmightbe

reversiblebyanothernudge:"Easycome,easygo.^^

Schwitzgebelsuspectsthegreatestimpactcamefromsocialinfluence—classmatesor

teachingassistantsleadingthediscussionsmayhavesharedtheirownvegetarianism,showingitas

achievableormorecommon.Second,thevideomayhavehadanemotionalimpact.Leastrousing,

hethinks,wasrationalargument,althoughhisco-authors(UniversityofKansas'sBradford

CokeletandPrincetonUniversity'sPeterSinger)sayreasonmightplayabiggerrole.Nowthe

researchersareprobingthespecificeffectsofteachingstyle,T.A.s'eatinghabitsandstudents,

videoexposure.MeanwhileSchwitzgebel一whohadpredictednoeffect—willbeeatinghis

words.

36.Scientistsgenerallybelievethattheeffectsofethicsclassesare.

[A]hardtodetermine

[B]narrowlyinterpreted

[C]difficulttoignore

fD]poorlysummarized

37.Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforresearcherstostudymeateating?

[A]Itiscommonamongstudents.

fB]Itisabehavioreasytomeasure.

[C]Itisimportantforstudents9health

fD]Itisahottopicinethicclasses

38.EricSchwitzgelbePspreviousfindingssuggestthatethicprofessors.

[A]areseldomcriticaloftheirstudents

IBJarelesssociablethanotherprofessors

[C]arenotsensitivetopoliticalissues

fD]arenotnecessarilyethicallybetter

39.NinaStrohmingerthinkstheeffectoftheinterventionis.

[A]permanent

IB]predictable

[C]uncertain

ID]unrepeatable

40.EricSchwitzgebelsuspectsthatthestudents*changeinbehavior.

[A]canbringpsychologicalbenefits

fB]canbeanalyzedstatistically

[Clisaresultofmultiplefactors

fD]isasignofself-development

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfrom

thelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhich

youdonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Makeitahabit.

B.Don'tgoitalone.

C.Talktoadoctor.

D.Listentoyourbody.

E.Startlow,goslow.

F.Gothroughthemotions.

G.Roundoutyourroutine.

HowtoGetActiveAgainAfteraBreak

Whetheryou'verecentlylostyourroutineorarejustlookingtogetbackinshape,thesesimple

strategieswillhelp.

Gettingbackintoexercisecanbeachallengeinthebestoftimes,butwithgymsandin-person

exerciseclassesoff-limitstomanypeoplethesedaysbecauseofCOVID-19concerns,itcanbe

trickytoknowwheretostart.Andit'simportanttogettherightdoseofactivity.<4Toomuchtoosoon

eitherresultsininjuryorburnout,“saysMaryYoke,PhD,afacultymemberinthekinesiology

departmentatIndianaUniversityinBloomington.

Followthisadvicetoreturntoexercisesafely.

41.

Don'ttrytogobacktowhatyouweredoingbeforeyourbreak.Ifyouwerewalking3miles

aday,playing18holesofgolfthreetimesaweek,orlifting10-pounddumbbellsforthreesetsof

10reps,reduceactivitytoVimileeveryotherday,ornineholesofgolfonceaweekwithshort

walksonotherdays,oruse5pounddumbbellsforonesetof10reps.Increasetime,distance,and

intensitygradually."Thisisn'tsomethingyoucandoovernight,“Denaysays.Butyou'llreap

benefitssuchaslessanxietyandimprovedsleeprightaway.

42.

Ifyou'rebreathingtoohardtotalkincompletesentences,backoff.Ifyoufeelgood,goa

littlelongerorfaster.Feelingwipedoutafterasession?Goeasiernexttime.Andstayalertto

serioussymptoms,suchaschestpainorpressure,severeshortnessofbreathordizziness,or

faintness,andseekmedicalattentionimmediately.

43.

Consistencyisthekeytogettingstrongerandbuildingenduranceandstamina.Tenminutes

ofactivityperdayisagoodstart,saysMarcusJackovitz,DPT,aphysicaltherapistatthe

UniversityofMiamiHospital.Alltheexpertswespokewithhighlyrecommendingwalking

becauseit'stheeasiest,mostaccessibleformofexercise.Althoughitcanbeaworkoutonitsown,

ifyourgoalistogetbacktoZumbaclasses,tennis,cycling,oranyotheractivity,walkingisalsoa

greatfirststep.

44.

Evenifyoucan'tyetdoafavoriteactivity,youcanpracticethemoves.Withorwithouta

cluborracket,swinglikeyou'rehittingtheball.Paddlelikeyou'reinakayakorcanoe.Mimic

yourfavor