大學(xué)英語2020年9月四級閱讀理解第一套卷電子講義

ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.There'rethreemaintypesoffinancialstresspeopleencounter.Thefirsttypeisapparentinpeoplebeingstressedaboutthe26_____upsanddownsofinvestmentmarkets-actuallynotsomuchtheups,but27______thedowns.Thesepeopleareusuallyunableorunpreparedtoendurethelonghaul.Thenextcommontypeoffinancialstressisthatcausedbydebt.Ina28______percentageofcasesofdebt-inducedfinancialstress,creditcardsandloanswillbeacentralelement.Oftenthere'llbeacarloanandperhapsamortgage,butcreditcardsoftenseemtobethegatewaytodebt-relatedfinancialdifficultiesformany.Thethirdtypeofstressand29_____theleastknownisinheritedfinancialstress,whichisthemostdestructive.Itisexperiencedbythosewhohavegrownupinhouseholdswheretheirparentsregularly30______andfoughtaboutmoney.Moneythereforebecomesastressfultopic,andsothethoughtofsittingdownandplanningisanunattractive31_______.Thosesufferinginheritedfinancialanxiety32______tofollowoneoftwopatterns.Eithertheyputtheirheadinthesand:theywouldexaminingtheirfinancialstatements,budgeting,anddiscussingfinancialmatterswiththoseclosesttothem.Alternatively,theywouldgototheother34_____，andmicro-analyzeeverythingtothepointofcomplete35.______.They'reconvincedthatwhateverdecisiontheymakewillbethewrongone.A)appearanceB)arguedI)NormalJ)possiblyC)avoidK)propositionD)considerableE)definitelyF)extremeG)inactionH)incrediblyL)rebelledM)statementN)tendO)traditionalSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifythepara-graphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Doctor'sorders:LetchildrenjustplayA)Imagineadrugthatcouldenhanceachild'screativityandcriticalthinking.Imaginethatthisdrugweresimpletomake,safetotake,andcouldbehadforfree.Thenation'sleadingpediatricians（兒科醫(yī)生）saythismiraclecompoundexists.Inanewclinicalreport,theyareurgingdoctorstoprescribeitliberallytothechildrenintheircare.B)"Thismayseemold-fashioned,butthereareskillstobelearnedwhenkidsaren'ttoldwhattodo,"saidDr.MichaelYogman,aHarvardMedicalSchoolpediatricianwholedthedraftingofthecalltoarms.Whetherit'sroughphysicalplay,outdoorplayorpretendplay,kidsderiveimportantlessonsfromthechancetomakethingsupastheygo,hesaid.C)Theadvice,issuedMondaybytheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics,maycomeasashocktosomeparents.Afterspendingyearsfretting（煩惱）overwhichtoystobuy,whichappstodownloadandwhichskill-buildingprogramstosendtheirkidstoafterschool,lettingthemsimplyplay—orbetteryet,playingwiththem—couldseemlikeastepbackward.Thepediatriciansinsistthatit'snot.Theacademy'sguidancedoesnotincludespecificrecommendationsforthedosingofplay.Instead,itasksdoctorstoadviseparentsbeforetheirbabiestumtwothatplayisessentialtohealthydevelopment.D)"Playisnotsillybehavior,"theacademy'sreportdeclares.Itfosterschildren'screativity,cooperation,andproblem-solvingskills一allofwhicharecriticalfora21st-centuryworkforce.Whenparentsengageinplaywiththeirchildren,itbuildsawallagainsttheharmfuleffectsofallkindsofstress,includingpoverty,theacademysays.Inthepediatricians’view,essentiallyeverylifeskillthat'svaluedinadultscanbebuiltupwithplay."Collaboration,negotiation,decision-making,creativity,leadership,andincreasedphysicalactivityarejustsomeoftheskillsandbenefitschildrengainthroughplay,"theywrote.Thepediatricians'appealcomesaskidsarebeingsqueezedbyincreasingacademicdemandsatschoolandtheconstantinvasionofdigitalmedia.E)Thetrendshavebeenalongtimecoming.Between1981and1997,detailedtime-usestudiesshowedthatthetimechildrenspentatplaydeclinedby25percent.Sincetheadoptionofsweepingeducationreformsin2001,publicschoolshavesteadilyincreasedtheamountoftimedevotedtopreparingforstandardizedtests.Thefocusonacademic"skillsanddrills"hascutdeeplyintorecess（課間休息）andothertimeforfreeplay.F)By2009,astudyofLosAngeleskindergartenclassroomsfoundthatfive-year-oldweresoburdenedwithacademicrequirementsthattheyweredowntoanaverageofjust19minutesperdayof"choicetime,"whentheywerepermittedtoplayfreelywithblocks,toysorotherchildren.OneinfourLosAngelesteachersreportedtherewasnotimeatallfor"freeplay."Increasedacademicpressureshaveleft30percentofU.S.kindergartenclasseswithoutanyrecess.SuchfindingspromptedtheAmericanAcademyofPediatricstoissueapolicystatementin2013onthe"crucialroleofrecessinschool."G)Pediatriciansaren'ttheonlyoneswhohavenoticed.Inareporttitled"CrisisintheKindergarten,"agroupofeducators,healthprofessionalsandchildadvocatescalledthelossofplayinearlychildhood"atragedy,bothforthechildrenthemselvesandforournationandtheworld."Kidsinplay-basedkindergartens"endupequallygoodorbetteratreadingandotherintellectualskills,andtheyaremorelikelytobecomewell-adjustedhealthypeople,"theAllianceforChildhoodsaidin2009.Indeed,newresearchdemonstrateswhyplayingwithblocksmighthavebeentimebetterspent,Yogmansaid.Thetrialassessedtheeffectivenessofanearlymathematicsintervention（干預(yù)）aimedatpreschoolers.Theresultsshowedalmostnogainsinmathachievement.H)Anotherplaytimethief:thegrowingproportionofkids'timespentinfrontofscreensanddigitaldevices,evenamongpreschoolers.Lastyear,CommonSenseMediareportedthatchildrenupthroughageeightspentanaverageoftwohoursand19minutesinfrontofscreenseachday,includinganaverageof42minutesadayforthoseundertwo.Thisincreaseofdigitalusecomeswithrisingrisksofobesity,sleepdeprivationandcognitive(認知的），languageandsocial-emotionaldelays,theAmericanAcademyofPediatricswarnedin2016.I)"Irespectthatparentshavebusylivesandit'seasytohandachildaniPhone,"Yogmansaid."Butthere'sacosttothat.Foryoungchildren,it'smuchtoopassive.Andkidsreallylearnbetterwhenthey'reactivelyengagedandhavetoreallydiscoverthings."J)Thedeclineofplayisaspecialhazardfortheroughly1in5childrenintheUnitedStateswholiveinpoverty.These14millionchildrenmosturgentlyneedtodeveloptheresilience（韌勁）thatiscultivatedwithplay.Instead,Yogmansaid,theyaredisproportionatelyaffectedbysomeofthetrendsthataremakingplayscarce:academicpressuresatschoolsthatneedtoimprovetestscores,outsideplayareasthatarelimitedorunsafe,andparentswholackthetimeorenergytoshareinplaytime.K)Yogmanalsoworriesaboutthepressuresthatsqueezeplaytimeformoreaffluentkids."Thenotionthatasparentsweneedtoscheduleeveryminuteoftheirtimeisnotdoingthemagreatservice,"hesaid.Evenwell-meaningparentsmaybe"robbingthemoftheopportunitytohavethatjoyofdiscoveryandcuriosity-theopportunitytofindthingsoutontheirown."L)Playmaynotbeahardselltokids.ButUCLApediatricianCarlosLerneracknowledgedthatthepediatricians’newprescriptionmaymeetwithskepticism（懷疑）fromparents,whoareanxiousforadviceonhowtogivetheirkidsalegupintheworld.Theyshouldwelcomethesimplicityofthemessage,Lernersaid."It'sliberatingtobeabletoofferthemthisadvice:thatyouspendingtimewithyourchildandlettinghimplayisoneofthemostvaluablethingsyoucando,"hesaid."Itdoesn'thavetoinvolvespendingalotofmoneyortime,orjoiningaparentinggroup.It'ssomethingwecanofferthat'sachievable.Theyjustdon'trecognizeitrightnowasparticularlyvaluable."36.Increaseduseofdigitaldevicesstealsawaychildren'splaytime.37.Sincethebeginningofthiscentury,anincreasingamountoftimehasbeenshiftedinpublicschoolfromrecesstoacademicactivities.38.Ithasbeenacknowledgedthatwhilekidsmaywelcomepediatricians'recommendation,theirparentsmay'doubtitsfeasibility.39.Accordingtosomeprofessionals,deprivationofyoungchildren'splaytimewilldoharmnotonlytochildrenthemselvesbuttothecountryandtheworld.40.Byplayingwithchildren;parentscanpreventthemfrombeingharmedbystress.41.Playingwithdigitaldevicesdiscourageskidsfromactivediscovery,accordingtopediatricianDr.MichaelYogman.42.Thesuggestionoflettingchildrensimplyplaymaysoundlikegoingbackwardstoparentswhowanttohelpbuildtheirchildren'sskills.43.Dr.MichaelYogmanbelievestheideathatparentsshouldcarefullyschedulechildren'stimemaynotbehelpfultotheirgrowth.44.OnequarterofteachersinanAmericancitysaidthatchildreninkindergartenshadnotimeforplayingfreely.45.Accordingtoapediatrician,nomatterwhatkindofplaychildrenengagein,theyarelearninghowtocreatethings.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Americansspendbillionsofdollarseachyeartryingtochangetheirweightwithdiets,gymmembershipsandplasticsurgery.Tryingtoliveuptotheimagesof"perfect"modelsandmovieheroeshasadarkside:anxiety,depression,aswellasunhealthystrategiesforweightlossormusclegain.Italsohasafinancialcost.HavinganeatingdisorderboostsannualhealthcarecostsbynearlyUS$2,000perperson.Whyistherebothexternalandinternalpressuretolook"perfect"?Onereasonisthatsocietyrewardspeoplewhoarethinandhealthy-looking.Researchershaveshownthatbodymassindexisrelatedtowagesandincome.Especiallyforwomen,thereisaclearpenaltyatworkforbeingoverweightorobese.Somestudieshavealsofoundanimpactformen,thoughalessnoticeableone.Whiletheresearchliteratureisclearthatlabormarketsuccessispartlybasedonhowemployersandcustomersperceiveyourbodyimage,noonehadexploredtheothersideofthequestion.Doesaperson'sownperceptionofbodyimagemattertoearningsandotherindicatorsofsuccessintheworkplace?OurrecentlypublishedstudyansweredthisquestionbytrackingalargenationalrandomsampleofAmericansoveracriticaltimeperiodwhenbodieschangefromteenageshapeintoadultformandwhenpeoplebuildtheiridentities.Asinotherresearch,womeninoursampletendtoover-perceivetheirweight—theythinkthey'reheavierthantheyare-whilementendtounder-perceivetheirs.Wefoundnorelationshipbetweentheaverageperson'sself-perceptionofweightandlabormarketes,althoughself-perceivedweightcaninfluenceself-esteem(自尊心），mentalhealthandhealthbehaviors.Whilethecontinuedgenderpenaltyinthelabormarketisfrustrating,ourfindingthatmisperceivedweightdoesnotharmworkersismoreheartening.Sinceemployers'perceptionofweightiswhatmattersinthelabormarket,changingdiscriminationlawstoincludebodytypeasacategorywouldhelp.Michiganistheonlystatethatprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofweightandheight.Webelieveexpandingsuchprotectionswouldmakethelabormarketmorefairandefficient.46.Whatdoestheauthorsaymayhaveanadverseimpactonpeople?A)Undergoingplasticsurgeriesinpursuitofbeauty.B)Imitatingthelifestylesofheroesandrolemodels.C)Strivingtoachieveperfectionregardlessoffinancialcost.D)Attemptingtomeetsociety'sexpectationofappearance.47.Whathaveresearchersfoundoutaboutpeople'searnings?A)Theyarecloselyrelatedtopeople'ssocialstatus.B)Theyhavetodowithpeople'sbodyweightandshape.C)Theyseemtomattermuchlesstomenthantowomen.D)Theymaynotbeequaltopeople'scontributions.48.Whatdoestheauthor'srecentstudyfocuson?A)Previousliteratureonindicatorsofcompetitivenessintheworkplace.B)Traitsthatmattermostinone'spursuitofsuccessinthelabormarket.C)Whetherself-perceptionofbodyimageimpactsone'sworkplacesuccess.D)Howbosses'perceptionofbodyimageimpactsemployees'advancement.49.Whatisthefindingoftheauthorsrecentresearch?A)Beingoverweightactuallydoesnotdomuchharmtotheoverallwell-beingofemployees.B)Peoplearenotadverselyaffectedintheworkplacebyfalseself-perceptionofbodyweight.C)Self-esteemhelpstocombatgenderinequalityintheworkplace.D)Genderinequalitycontinuestofrustratealotoffemaleemployees.50.Whatdoestheauthorthinkwouldhelpimprovethesituationinthelabormarket?A)Banningdiscriminationonthebasisofemployees'bodyimage.B)Expandingprotectionofwomenagainstgenderdiscrimination.C)Helpingemployeeschangetheirownperceptionofbeauty.D)Excludingbodyshapeasacategoryinthelaborcontract.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thework-lifebalanceisdead.Bythis,I'mnotadvocatingthatyoushouldgiveupyourpursuitofhavingafulfillingcareerandathrivingpersonallife,andI'mdefinitelynotsayingthatyouhavetogiveuponetohavetheother.Ialsoacknowledgethatwehaveawork-lifeproblem,butI'marguingthattheconceptofbalancehasneverbeenhelpful,becauseit'stoolimiting.Yousee,ourlanguagemakesadifference,andhowwerefertothingsmattersbecauseitaffectsourthinkingandthereforeouractions.Attheminimum,mostofusworkbecausewewanttobeabletosupportourselves,ourfamilies,andthepeoplearoundus.Intheidealworld,we'realldoingworkthatwe'reproudofandthatprovidesmeaningandpurposetous.Butevenifyourjobdoesn'tgiveyoushiversofjoyeachnewday,workingisapartofwhateachofusdoesandthecontributionwemaketosociety.Whenyouseparateworkandlife,it'salittlebithardertomakethatconnection.Butwhenyouthinkofworkaspartofafulllifeandacompleteexperience,itbecomeseasiertoseethatsuccessinoneaspectoftensupportsanother.Losingyourbalanceandfallingisn'tpleasant.Agoaltobalancesuggeststhatthingscouldquicklygetoffbalance,andthatcausesterribleoutcomes.It'smoreconstructivethinkof