對外濟貿(mào)易金融學(xué)綜合答案歷年考研真題2010 2011 2012 2013筆記加

對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大一、填空（每空1.5分，共9分）1.當一種商品的價格變動時，消費者對它的均衡購買變動是由兩種作用形成的，一（（正常關(guān)稅一般是指（。一國持有國家儲備的成本指（）與利息之二、判斷下列各題的敘述是否正確，正確的劃勾，錯誤的劃差。（每小題1.59分壟斷廠商在實現(xiàn)短期均衡時，可能會出現(xiàn)虧損，即經(jīng)濟利潤為國民經(jīng)濟中只要有摩擦性事業(yè)或資源性事業(yè)存在，就不能說經(jīng)濟實現(xiàn)了充分就業(yè)證券發(fā)行時的評級主要是預(yù)測該證券未來的收益高低，對投資者而言評級越高的券其未來的收益也越高三、單項選擇題（每題1.5分，共6分）C.P等于最小的LACD.4.當下列哪種情況出現(xiàn)時，貨幣貶值有利于改善貿(mào)D11.下列哪些項目可計入GDP：2.出口管制的商品主要包括遠期合約（Forwards）局部均衡和一般均技術(shù)性貿(mào)易單元銀票據(jù)發(fā)六、簡述題（10分20中央銀行的資產(chǎn)負債表有哪些主要內(nèi)容？它們是如何影響貨幣簡述戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易理論的代表七、論述與分析題（116210261.假設(shè)一個壟斷廠商面臨的需求曲P103Q，成本函數(shù)為TCQ2求利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量、價格和利潤2.設(shè)紐約外匯市場外匯牌價即期匯三個月遠期匯率差50－40英鎊/美（1）英鎊三21.let'sreallycleanupthosenumbers――nowLittlenoticedintheshockofWorldComInc.'smassiveaccountingfraudisthatitcametolightonlyafterareviewinitiatedbythecompany'sauditcommittee.Yes,believeitornot,thedirectorsintheboardroomactuallyaskedtheirauditorstotakeanotherlookatthenumbers.Loandbehold,thatreviewlettothelargestsinglerestatementever:a$3.8billionreductioninpreviouslyreportedpretaxincome.TogetherwithXeroxCorp'srecentconcessionthatitoverstatedoperatingearningsby$1.4billion,thesetwocorporatemeaculpasalonenearlymatchthecombinedtotalhitof$5.8billionfromall463restatementsin1998,1999,and2000.Howmuchworsecanitget?Plenty.It'snotthatwe'lllikelyseenumbersasbreathtakingasthoseasWorldComorXerox.Butexpectatidalwaveofrestatementstocomeinwhatwillsurelyamounttosomesortofaccountingchatharsis.Ifeveroffinancialreportinghasvariedwidely.Somecompaniesdidthebareminimumtomeetaccountingstandards.Othersweremorecautious.Togetbeyondthecurrentstockmarketmalaise,companiesneedtoflushouttheexcessessoinvestorscanregaintheirconfidenceinourfinancialsystem.It'sbettertotakeahitnowthanriskdraggingthisoutoverthenextfewyears.2.Happybirthday,MiltonMiltonFriedman'sprofessionalcareerhasbeenmarkedbycontroversyovermanypolicyproposalsYetasheapproacheshis90thbirthdayFriedmancenturyincreasinglyrecognizedasthemostinfluentialeconomistinwitnessedtoweringcontributionsfromJohnMaynardKeynes,PaulA.Samuelson,andFriedmanisbestknownfor"monetarism",aviewthatstabilityinthegrowthofthemoneysupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.AlthoughnolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspanhasindicatedthatFriedman'semphasisonastablemonetaryframeworkwasinstrumentalinguidingBeforeFriedman,economicconventionalwisdomheldthatinflationreducesbecomemoreaccurate.Hisanalysishasbeenvalidatedtwicesincethen----bythehighU.S.the'90eventhoughinflationwasTwodecadesbeforeChileintroducesitsrevolutionaryprivateindividualaccountretirementsystem,Friedman'sclassic1962bookCapitalismandFreedomcriticizedtheprevailingpay-as-you-goSocialSecuritysystemsfortheabilityofindividualstochoosehowmuchandinwhatformtosavefor3andformixingawelfareprogramandformixingawelfareprogramforelderlypoorwithacompulsoryprogramthatappliestoalltheelderly.Hashisadvicebeenfollowedtwentyyearsago,therewouldbenoimpendingSocialSecurityfinancingcrisisintheU.S.andotherdevelopednationswithagingpopulation.3.AreForceMajeureClausesExclusionInordertodifferentiateanexclusionorlimitationclausefromaforcemajeureclausewemustfirstdefineexactlywhatwemeanbyexclusionclausesandexaminetheireffectonthecontractualrelationsoftheparties.Wemightthenusefullycomparetheoperationofexceptionclausestothatofforcemajeureclauses.Atripartitedistinctionbetweendifferenttypesofclausewasasfollows:"whatwouldotherwisebethedefendant'sduty;second,thosewhichexcludethedefendant'sliabilityforbreachofspecifiedaspectsofthatduty,andthird,thosewhichlimittheextenttowhichthedefendantisboundtoindemnifytheplaintiffinrespectoftheconsequencesofbreachesofthatduty."Thedifferencebetweenthefirsttwocategoriesissaidtobethis:inthefirstcasethereisnobreachofcontractsincethereisnoobligationtoperforminthecircumstanceswhichhavearisen,whilstinthesecondcasethereisabreachbuttheliabilitytopaydamagesinrespectofithasbeenremoved.Forcemajeureclauses,itseems,gotolimittheextentoftheobligationassumedbythepromisor.Theydonotoperatesoastoshieldapromisorfromliabilityforabreachofcontract.Aforcemajeureclausewillensurethatnon-performanceis答案部對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大一、填空（每空1.5分，共9分）1.當一種商品的價格變動時，消費者對它的均衡購買變動是由兩種作用形成的，一是（，另一種是（正常關(guān)稅一般是指（最惠國稅。一國持有國家儲備的成本指（）與利息之2開市場業(yè)3.最惠國 4.邊際投收益5.二、判斷下列各題的敘述是否正確，正確的劃勾，錯誤的劃差（每小題1.5分，共9分壟斷廠商在實現(xiàn)短期均衡時，可能會出現(xiàn)虧損，即經(jīng)濟利潤為負國民經(jīng)濟中只要有摩擦性事業(yè)或資源性事業(yè)存在，就不能說經(jīng)濟實現(xiàn)了充分就業(yè)4擇期是一種可以放棄合約履行的外匯業(yè)答案 3.三、單項選擇題（每題1.5分6）C.P等于最小的LACD.4.當下列哪種情況出現(xiàn)時，貨幣貶值有利于改善貿(mào)答案1.下列哪些項目可計入GDP：2.出口管制的商品主要包括D.某些重要的文物、藝術(shù)品、黃金、白銀等特殊3.關(guān)于金融衍生工具，正確5遠期合約（Forwards）遠期合約（Forwards）A.兩角套匯B.三角套匯C.套利D.套期保答案五、簡單準確解釋下列名詞（4分20分1.貨幣創(chuàng)造乘數(shù):又稱為“貨幣乘數(shù)”或“貨幣擴張乘數(shù)”。指中央銀行創(chuàng)造一單位的礎(chǔ)貨幣所能增加的貨幣供應(yīng)量。如果是活期存款，它還能通過活期存款派生機制創(chuàng)造貨幣公式為DR和DR（D為活期存款總額，R為原始存款，r為存款準備金，rderd+超額存款準備金。如果在存款創(chuàng)造機制中還存在現(xiàn)金流出，即貸款并不完全轉(zhuǎn)化為存款1，其中r為現(xiàn)金－存款比率。此時，僅把活期存cr+r+ c考慮為貨幣供給量。如果把活期存款和通貨都考慮為貨幣供給量，即M＝D+Cu，同時，入強力貨幣H（銀行準備金加上非銀行部門持有的通貨時的貨幣創(chuàng)造公式如下MC+rcDu===Cu+Rd+ Cu+Rd+rc+rd+ 存款的比例。貨幣乘數(shù)可以從兩個方面起作用：它既可以使銀行存款多倍擴大，又能使存款多倍收縮。因此，中央銀行控制準備金和調(diào)整準備率對貨幣供給會產(chǎn)生重大影響2.局部均衡和一般均衡：（1）均衡equilibrium）是指不考慮所分析的商市場或經(jīng)濟體系內(nèi)某一局部以外因素的影響時，這一局部所達到的均衡狀態(tài)。是經(jīng)濟（2）一般均衡（generalequilibrium）是指在一個經(jīng)濟體系中，所有市場的供給和需求同時消費者和生產(chǎn)者接受。這種狀況需滿足以下條件：①完全競爭的市場；②資源具有稀缺性6trade：（1）有利于銀行和地方政府的協(xié)調(diào)，適合本地區(qū)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要；（2）對中央銀行的控制（管理層次少，業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營的靈活性較大；（4）可以限制銀行吞并和壟斷，緩和大銀行對小銀行5.票據(jù)發(fā)行便利:又稱票據(jù)發(fā)行設(shè)施或票據(jù)發(fā)行融資安排，是一項具有法律約束力的據(jù)發(fā)行設(shè)施的發(fā)展十分迅速。票據(jù)發(fā)行設(shè)施所發(fā)行的票據(jù)面額較大，一般為10萬美元。1.中央銀行的資產(chǎn)負債表有哪些主要內(nèi)容？它們是如何影響貨幣流通的款時，基礎(chǔ)貨幣等量擴張，結(jié)果貨幣供給量按貨幣乘數(shù)倍增。財政部發(fā)行公債對貨幣供給7放的結(jié)構(gòu)中占有越來越重要的地位。其影響貨幣供給量的機制如下：1994年新的外匯體制外匯結(jié)算周轉(zhuǎn)余額比例管理。19967月又將外商投資企業(yè)納入了結(jié)售匯體系，外商投資其他負債。其他負債增加，也會減少基礎(chǔ)貨幣。例如，外國央行在本國央行款增加，表明本國企業(yè)個人向外國簽發(fā)支票金額增加，減少現(xiàn)金或商行準備8幣政幣政策（1）戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易理論德代表性觀2080行綜合，創(chuàng)立了所謂的“新貿(mào)易理論”(Neo-tradetheory)。在新貿(mào)易理論的基礎(chǔ)上，格羅市場結(jié)構(gòu)理論為研究工具，提出了戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易政策理論(StrategicTradePolicy)（2）戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易理論的主要觀戰(zhàn)略性貿(mào)易理論主要包括以下幾個主要的觀①政府干預(yù)的必要②以進口保護促進出口的利潤轉(zhuǎn)③關(guān)稅的利潤轉(zhuǎn)移潤。該模型突破了傳統(tǒng)最優(yōu)關(guān)稅理論關(guān)于只有大國才有可能用關(guān)稅來改善其貿(mào)易條件的限④出口補貼的利1985⑤對外部性強的產(chǎn)業(yè)提供戰(zhàn)略支持不發(fā)展使9七、論七、論述與分析題（第116分，第210分26分1.假設(shè)一個壟斷廠商面臨的需P103Q，成本函數(shù)為TCQ2求利潤最大時的產(chǎn)量、價格如果政府打算對該廠商征收一筆固定的調(diào)節(jié)稅，以便把該廠商所獲得的超額利都拿走，問這筆固定稅的總額是多少（4）如果政府對該廠商生產(chǎn)的每單位產(chǎn)品征收稅得利潤Q=2，P=10－3Q=4R=0即限價應(yīng)定為4，這時企業(yè)利潤為0征稅拿走所有的超額利潤2.設(shè)紐約外匯市場外匯牌價1單位，新的均衡點如何？（即期三個月遠期匯率差50－40英鎊/美英鎊三個月遠期實際匯率是多少賣出價因此英鎊三個因此英鎊三個月遠期實際匯率因此，應(yīng)報的美元數(shù)＝80001.56=12480美元.在這里采用英鎊＝1.56美元的報價是因為，上述的外匯牌價是以銀行買賣實體的外貿(mào)公司需要將外匯賣給銀行，所以采用的是1.56八、專業(yè)英語（英譯中115215320分50（1）let'sreallycleanupthoseLittlenoticedintheshockofWorldComInc.'smassiveaccountingfraudisthatitcametolightonlyafterareviewinitiatedbythecompany'sauditcommittee.Yes,believeitornot,thedirectorsintheboardroomactuallyaskedtheirauditorstotakeanotherlookatthenumbers.Loandbehold,thatreviewlettothelargestsinglerestatementever:a$3.8billionreductioninpreviouslyreportedpretaxincome.TogetherwithXeroxCorp'srecentconcessionthatitoverstatedoperatingearningsby$1.4billion,thesetwocorporatemeaculpasalonenearlymatchthecombinedtotalhitof$5.8billionfromall463restatementsin1998,1999,and2000.Howmuchworsecanitget?Plenty.It'snotthatwe'lllikelyseenumbersasbreathtakingasthoseasWorldComorXerox.Butexpectatidalwaveofrestatementstocomeinwhatwillsurelyamounttosomesortofaccountingchatharsis.Ifevertherewasatimeforcompaniestocomeclean,it'snow.Overtheyears,thequalityoffinancialreportinghasvariedwidely.Somecompaniesdidthebareminimumtomeetaccountingstandards.Othersweremorecautious.Togetbeyondthecurrentstockmarketmalaise,companiesneedtoflushouttheexcessessoinvestorscanregaintheirconfidenceinourfinancialsystem.It'sbettertotakeahitnowthanriskdraggingthisoutoverthenextfewyears.參考譯文讓我們現(xiàn)在認真清理那些在大規(guī)模的世通公司8降低的其多報的14新制作財務(wù)報告糾正的58億美元錯賬之和了險留到后來爆發(fā)，長痛不如短痛MiltonFriedman'sprofessionalcareerhasbeenmarkedbycontroversyoverhismanypolicyproposals.Yetasheapproacheshis90thbirthday,Friedmanisincreasinglyrecognizedasthemostinfluentialeconomistina20thcenturythatwitnessedtoweringcontributionsfromJohnMaynardKeynes,PaulA.Samuelson,andothers.Friedmanisbestknownfor"monetarism",aviewthatstabilityinthegrowthofthesupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.Althoughtherelationbetweenthemoneysupplyandtheeconomyhasoftenbeenhighlyvariable,nolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlansupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.Althoughtherelationbetweenthemoneysupplyandtheeconomyhasoftenbeenhighlyvariable,nolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspanhasindicatedthatFriedman'semphasisonastablemonetaryframeworkwasinstrumentalinguidingcentralbanksinEuropeandtheU.S.towardlowinflationduringthepasstwodecades.BeforeFriedman,economicconventionalwisdomheldthatinflationreducesunemploymentbecausepricesrisefasterthanlaborcosts.Inthelate1960s,Friedmanarguedinsteadthatthereisnopermanentreductioninunemploymentfromcontinuinginflationbecausewageseventuallycatchuptopricesasexpectationsaboutinflationbecomemoreaccurate.HisanalysishasbeenvalidatedtwicesincethenbythehighU.S.unemploymentduringthe1970sdespiterapidinflation,andlowemploymentduringthe'90eventhoughinflationwasTwodecadesbeforeChileintroducesitsrevolutionaryprivateindividualaccountretirementsystem,Friedman'sclassic1962bookCapitalismandFreedomcriticizedtheprevailingpay-as-you-goSocialSecuritysystemsforrestrictingtheabilityofindividualstochoosehowmuchandinwhatformtosaveforretirement,andformixingawelfareprogramforelderlypoorwithacompulsoryprogramthatappliestoalltheelderly.Hashisadvicebeenfollowedtwentyyearsago,therewouldbenoimpendingSocialSecurityfinancingcrisisintheU.S.andotherdevelopednationswithagingpopulation.參考譯文密爾頓·弗里德曼，生日90歲大壽，弗里德曼越來越被看作是20世紀中自約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯、保羅·A·薩繆弗里德曼所強調(diào)的穩(wěn)定的貨幣供應(yīng)框架有助于指導(dǎo)歐美的中央銀20年中取得低通貨膨脹的成績。勞動成本。060年代末，弗里德曼認為并非如此。他認為持續(xù)通貨膨脹不會永遠降低的分析曾兩度得到驗證——7090年代與低通貨膨福利制度和適用于全體老人的20年前就聽從了他的建議，人口老齡化的美國和其他發(fā)達國家就不會出現(xiàn)迫在眉睫的社會保障資金危（3）AreForceMajeureClausesExclusionInordertodifferentiateanexclusionorlimitationclausefromaforcemajeureclausewemustfirstdefineexactlywhatwemeanbyexclusionclausesandexaminetheireffectonthecontractualrelationsoftheparties.Wemightthenusefullycomparetheoperationofexceptionclausestothatofforcemajeureclauses.Atripartitedistinctionbetweendifferenttypesofclausewasasfollows:"conditionsarethreedistincttypes:first,thosewhichlimitorreducewhatwouldotherwisebethedefendant'sduty;second,thosewhichexcludethedefendant'sliabilityforbreachofspecifiedaspectsofthatduty,andthird,thosewhichlimittheextenttowhichthedefendantisboundto