《英語國家概況》教案

《英語國家概況》教案

TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglishSpeaking

Countries

教學目的：

使學生了解主要英語國家（包括英國、美國、澳大利亞、新西蘭、加拿大）的歷史、地理、

社會、經濟、政治、教育等方面的情況及文化傳統(tǒng)，提高學生對文化差異的敏感性、寬容性

和處理文化差異的靈活性，培養(yǎng)跨文化交際能力。

教學要求：

該課程要求學生在重點熟悉和掌握英美兩國的基本社會文化知識的同時，還要了解一些有關

其他英語國家的文化背景知識，大眾文化習俗、儀式及其他生活方式。同時要注重學生在語

言知識和能力上的提高。

教學內容：

目的語國家歷史、地理、政治、傳統(tǒng)等概括性文化知識，目的語國家的大眾文化習俗、儀式

及其他生活方式，價值觀、解決問題方式等影響跨文化交際的深層文化。

教學方法：

1、采取提問式、討論式、發(fā)現(xiàn)式、研究式、任務式、中西對比等靈活多樣的教學方式。

2、基本形式分兩種：講座；學生制作課件及演示。

作業(yè)方式：

1,每班分為若干小組，就英語國家社會文化中一些輕松話題做課件并演示（每組一次）。

2、思考問答題（每學期兩次）

測試方法：

1、學生制作課件及演示，占總成績20%。

2、平時作業(yè)2次,占總成績30%,。

3、期末測試：筒答題（關于英國、美國歷史、政治、經濟、教育、媒體五個方面的簡答題）;

占總成績50%?

英國(2015-2016學年度第一學期)

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

第一、二周

AGeneralIntroduction概況介紹

教學要求及重點內容：了解英國名稱、組成部分、地理位置、人口及構成、

氣候、主要城市等基本信息。

Itsfullname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

Geographicallocation:WesternEurope,separatedwithEuropeanContinentby

EnglishChannel.

Component:England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland

Population:about6.0million,80%livinginEngland.

Size:242,000squarekms;northtosouth1,000kms;easttowest500kms.

Climate:latitudebetween50-60degree(longdaysinsummer,shortdaysin

winter);influencedbyNorthAtlanticDrift,generallymildbut

windyandrainy.

Importantcities:London;Manchester;Birmingham;Edinburgh;Cardiff;Belfast

NationalFlag:UnionFlag

Language:theEnglishlanguageisbecomingtheuniversallanguage.

England

Majorcities:Londoninthesouth,Yorkinthenorth,ManchesterandLiverpoolinthe

NorthWest,Birminghaminthemiddle.

Majorcounties:

44counties,eg:GreaterLondon,GreaterManchester,Yorkshire,Lankashire,etc.

London：Aworldfamouscitywith2000yearsofhistory;political,economic,

historicalandculturalcenterofthenation;7millionpeople.

Touristattractions:

BuckinghamPalace

WestminsterCathedral

StPaulCathedral

LondonTower

BigBenandParliamentBuilding

TheBritishMuseum

MadameTussaud's

GreenwichRoyalObservatory

DowningstreetNo.10

Scotland

The2ndlargestofthe4nations,withonly5millionpeople(mostlyScottish),and

withthemostbeautifulpicturesquelandscape(highland,LochNess).

Language:Englishwithstrongaccent;Gaelic(fewpeople)

Majorcities:Edinburgh(capital,oneofthemostbeautifulcitiesintheworld),

Glasgow(thelargestinScotland).

Scottishfolksong:AuldLangSyne;Scottishmusic:bagpipe;Scottishmen's

tartanskirt;greatpoetRobertBurns,etc.

History:Scotlandwasanindependentnationanddidn'tjointheUnionuntilearly

18thcentury.ItexperiencedcountlesswarswithEnglandduringitsindependent

period(Braveheart).Eventhoughit'spartofBritain,itremainsindependentin

manyways,suchasithasitsownparliamentmakingitsownlaws,butmeanwhile

ithasparliamentmembersinLondon.

Wales

SituatedinsouthwestofBritain;lessthan3.0millionpeople;twolanguages

(EnglishandWelsh);manycastles;capitalcity:Cardiff

History:thenativeWelsharemostlyCelticdescendants.LikeScottishpeople,Welsh

alsoexperiencedmanywarsagainstEnglishinvasionuntilitwasbroughttoUK

administratively,politicallyandlegally.

NorthernIreland

Thesmallestof4nations,withonly1.5millionpeople.IrishpeoplespeakEnglish

withspecialaccent.

Capitalcity:Belfast.

touristattractions:GianfsCauseway.

Economy:relativelynotasdevelopedasotherpartsofUK.(largestshipbuilder:

Titanic)

History:acomplicatedone.AsapartofIreland,howdidNorthernIrelandjointhe

UKandwhen?What'stherelationbetweenIrelandandUK?

ThemajorityofIrishpeopleweredescendantsoftheoriginalCelticpeople,therefore

differentfromtheAnglo-SaxonEnglishpeople.Buttheywereunderthecontrolof

Englishfor700years,andbefore1921,thenameofBritainwastheUnited

KingdomofGB&Ireland.Afterendlessfights,theIrishfinallyearnedtheir

freedomandindependencein1921.

ThetroublesinNorthernIreland

However,therewasaprobleminNorthernIreland.Inthe17thcentury,theEnglish

governmentencouragedpeoplefromScotlandandEnglandtoemigratetonorthof

Ireland,tryingtoincreaseitscontrolofIreland.Religiously,thesepeoplewere

ProtestantswhiletheIrishwereCatholic.Politically,theysawthemselvesasBritish

andwishedtoremainapartofUKratherthanjointheRepublicofIreland.Asa

result,the6northerncountiesremainedinUK.

InNorthernIrelandover60%ofthepopulationwereProtestantEnglishwho

dominatedthesocietypoliticallyandeconomically.Buttherewerestill40%

CatholicIrish,whodidn'tliketobeseparatedfromthesouthernIreland,andthey

felttheyweredominatedbytheProtestants.Theybegantoprotestandfightfor

equality.TheEnglishgovernmentstartedtosendsoldierstheretomaintainsocial

order,butstillthehatredbetweenthemwouldn'tgoandconflictsincreased.

Terrorists(IRA-IrishrepublicanArmy)usedbombingtoattackthemilitaryforces

andevenwenttoLondontobomb,(exampleofSean-aroommatefromNorthern

Ireland)(thousandsofpeoplewerekilledduringthoseyears)(BloodySundayin

Derry)

第三、四、五周

EnglishHistory

700B.C.CeltswerethefirstknownsettlersoftheBritishIsles(aswellas

Ireland).Theylivedintribes.

43A.D.RomansinvadedthisislandandconqueredtheCeltsordrovethemto

theedgeoftheisland,makingitaprovinceoftheRomanempire.

450A.D.TheAnglesandSaxonsoftheGermantribesinnorthernEuropecame

toEnglandanddrovetheRomansoutofEnglandandtheCeltstoScotlandandWales.

TheAnglo-SaxonssetupmanysmallkingdomsinEnglandandfinallytheywere

mergedinto7kingdoms.TheAnglo-Saxonsbecametheforefathersoftoday'sEnglish

people,(alegendaboutKingArthur

1066Normanconquest

Normans(anotherGermantribe)fromFrancecrossedtheEnglishChanneland

invadedEngland.TheAnglo-SaxonsweredefeatedbytheNormansledbyWilliam.

WilliamwasthencalledWilliamtheConquerorandbecamethefirstkingofan

UnitedEngland.HewasWilliamI.Forthenextseveralhundredyears,the

French-speakingnobleclassdominatedtheEnglishspeakingAnglo-Saxons,(alegend

aboutRobinHood)1337-1453theHundredYears，War(百年戰(zhàn)爭)

AsEnglandbecamestrongerandmorepowerful,itwantedtohavemorecontrolof

Europe.TheresultwastheHundredYears'WarwithFrance.

1348BlackDeath

adeadlyplaguethatstruckEuropeandEnglandinthemid14thcentury.Atthattime,

thepopulationwas3.5million.40%diedofthisdeadlydisease.

1455-1485WarsoftheRoses:aseriesofcivilwarsbetweentheking

HenryVI(Lancashire)andapowerfulDuke(Yorkshire).Thosewhosupportedtheking

worearedrose,whilethesupportersoftheDukeworeawhiterose,thusthename

“WarsoftheRoses”.In1533HenryWdeclaredthatthechurchofEnglandbe

separatedfromRomanPopeanddeclaredhimselftheHeadofthechurch.English,

insteadofLatin,becamethelanguageforchurches.

1558theElizabethanARC:Elizabeth,theyoungerdaughterofHenryVDI,became

theQueenin1558.ItisatimerememberedbyeveryEnglishman.Shewasinpower

forover60years.TheElizabethanAgewasaglorioustime.Itwasprosperous

andwellrememberedfortwothings:literatureandeconomy.TheRenaissance

startedfromItalyinthe14thcenturyandspreadedtoBritaininthe16thcentury,and

flourishedintheformofdramaplays.ThegreatestplaywrightinEnglandwas

produced-WilliamShakespeare.Hewrotemorethan30comedies,tragediesand

histories,amongwhichthefamousonesincludeHamlet,RomeoandJuliet.In1588,

theEnglishFleetdefeatedtheSpanishFleet(海上馬車夫)andbecamethemost

powerfulonthesea.

The17thcentury

TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution

Duringthe16thcentury,parliamentalreadyappeared.Itcomesfromtheword

“parley”,meaning“todiscuss”.Whenthekingswereintrouble,suchasatwarwith

othercountries,theyusuallywenttothenoblesandtherichformilitaryandfinancial

help.Naturally,thesenobleswantedtohavetheiropinionslistenedtobythekings.

Graduallythesepeoplegrewpowerfulandformedanorganizationcalledparliament.

Thekingshadtocooperatewiththeparliamentinrulingthecountry.Butsomekings

didn'tliketheideaofrulingtogetherwiththeparliament,especiallyCharles1.He

wantedtorulebyhimself,sohemetstrongoppositionfromtheParliament.Asa

resultthecivilwarbrokeout.TheparliamentledbyOliverCromwelldefeatedthe

armyledbytheking,andCharlesIwasexecuted(beheaded).Britainbecamea

republic(theonlyoneinBritishhistory,18years).Cromwellwasacruelruler,so

whenhedied,theparliamentmadeacompromiseandwelcomedbackfromFrance

thesonofCharlesI-CharlesU.Buteversincethen,thepoweroftheparliamentwas

strengthenedandthepowerofmonarchswasweakened.

The18thcentury

TheIndustrialRevohition,wastheresultofdevelopmentofcapitalisminBritain.It

tookplacefirstinBritaininthelate18thcenturyandlasteduntiltheearly19th

century.Itstartedfromtheinventionofthesteamengine,followedbyalotofother

inventions(Manchester).Factoriesappeared;Bigtownsappeared.TheIndustrial

RevolutionbroughtafundamentalchangetothewayoflifeofBritishpeople.

Itlostitslargestoverseascolonies_Americaafter150yearsofcolonization

The19thcentury

TheAgeofQueenVictoria,:anotherglorioustime.Itwasalsoanageofcolonial

expansion.AfterChristopherColumbiadiscoveredAmericanland,Spain,Britain,and

Francestartedtoexplorethenewland.Fromthe17thcentury,theBritishbeganto

settleinnorthAmerica.SoontheBritishgovernmentbegantoassertcontrolonit.In

thelate18thcentury,Britainalsoacquiredthevast,underpopulatedlands-Canada,

AustraliaandNewZealand.By1819,BritainconqueredIndia,makingitacolony.In

Africa,almost2/3ofAfricancountrieswerecolonizedbyBritain.InChina,the

treatyofNankingallowedBritaintocolonizeHongKong,andfiveotherportswere

openedtoBritishtrade.By1900,Britainhadbuiltupabigempirewherethe"sun

neversets”.

The20thcentury:

thetwoworldwars(1914-1918)(1939-1945).Britainwasinvolvedinthetwoworld

wars,bywhichitseconomywasseriouslyweakened,anditgavewaytothetwo

superpowers,withtheUSrepresentingtheWestandtheformerSovietUnion

representingtheCommunistworld.

ThegloryofBritainisnolongerthere,however,she'sstillwidelyrespectedbecause

ofhercontributionstotheworld.(1)ThepoliticalsystemoftheWesterncountries

wasallestablishedonthebasisofBritishparliamentarydemocracy.(2)Theold

QueenElizabeth2isstilltheheadoftheCommonwealthmembers(theBritish

commonwealthofNations1931).

第六、七周

TheGovernmentoftheUK

1.history

1.1Britishpoliticalsystem：asystemofParliamentaryDemocracy,or

representativedemocracy,whichmeansthatthepeopledonotrulethemselves

directlybutelectrepresentativestoruleforthem.

“Powertends[ocorrupt,andabsolutepowercorruptsabsolutely”,byaBritish

historianof19thcentury千真萬確

l.2?Thcdevelopmentofparliamentarydemocracy:Parliament:fromtheword

“parley”-discuss.Fromabsolutemonarchysystemin11thcenturytopowersharing

betweenthemonarchandparliamentin17由，18thanj19thcentury,toconstitutional

monarchyin20thcentury.

Atpresent:Britainisaconstitutionalmonarchy,amonarchyinwhichthe

sovereignhasmainlyadvisoryandceremonialresponsibilities.Itsconstructional

positionis“theQueenreignsbutdoesnotrule”.

2.TheStructureofCentralGovernment

Legislature,Executive,andJudiciary

2.1Legislature立法部門

Parliament:Thefunctionofitistopasslaws.Atthemeantimeitwatchesthatthe

governmentisworkingproperlyanditspoliciesanddecisionsareinthepublic

interest,eg.Itexaminesindetailwhatthegovtdoes;itcontrolsgovtincomeand

spending;GovthastojustifyitsactionsandpoliciesatQuestionTime.Itconsistsof

twochambers,theHouseofLordandtheHouseofCommons.

HouseofLord

Whocanbecomemembersofthishouse:

religiousrepresentation,usedtobethoseBishopsoftheChurchofEngland,now

underreform750hereditaryPeers:thosewhoinheritedtheirnobletitles,under

reformnow.503lifepeers:thosewhohavebeenappointedbytheQueenonthe

adviceofthePM,eg.MargretThatcher.

TheHousemeetsabout150daysayearwhendebatesareheldonnationaland

internationalaffairsorlawsreviewedandrevised.Theydon'tgetsalarybutreceivea

smallfeeforattendingasession.

TheHouseofCommons:

therealpoliticalcenter.Itconsistsof659MembersofParliament.EachMP

representsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency(anMP'sseat,representabout

60000people).Theyhavetobereelectedwhenanewgovernmentisformedata

GeneralElection.Theyarepaidasalaryofabout￡50,000Whentheyhavemeetings,

thePMandtheCabinetsitononesideinthefrontrowofseats(calledthefront

bench),andtheleaderoftheOppositionPartyandtheshadowCabinetsitontheother

side.MPSsitbehindtheirrespectivepartyleadersonthe"backbenches^^What

goesonintheHouse?

debatesofimportantissues;questionTime;makinglaws

2.2TheExecutive行政部門

TheMonarch(HerMajesty)

HistoricallythemonarchhadmorepowerinthegovernmentofBritain,buttoday

doesnotexercisespoliticalpower,andtheroleislargelyasymbolicone.Thepresent

monarchisQueenElizabethII,theconstitutionalHeadofState.Shesucceededthe

reignin1952fromherfatherGeorgeVI(EdwardVDI,heruncle)andsheiswell

respectedandlovedbyherpeople.ButHerchildrenbroughthergreattroubleesp.in

marriagelife.Hermajorjobs:

▼AsHeadofState,shepresidesovertheStateOpeningofParliament(several

timesayear).

▼ShehastogivetheRoyalassentofagreementtoanynewlawthatispassedby

parliament.

▼ShemeetswiththePrimeMinisterinBuckinghamPalaceOnceaweek.

PrimeMinisterandMinisters:Theministersareexecutiveheadsofgovernment

departments(about25,allMPs);Cabinet:ministersofthemajordepartments,chosen

bythePrimeMinister.Theyresigniftheymakeanymistake.Localgovernment:

county郡.thesamestructurewithcentralgovernment,councilors(郡和市議員).

3.Politics

3.1HowisanMPelected?

-WhocanbecomeanMP?Anyoneover21,usuallyactivelyinterestedinpolitics

andbelongtoonepoliticalparty,oftenascouncilorinlocalgovernment,maycome

fromanyjoborprofession.

—How?Firsttobeapprovedbytheheadofficeofthepoliticalpaily(whichhe

wantstorepresents);thenhastobeselectedasaProspectiveParliamentaryCandidate

inaconstituency.

Process:3weeksbeforeelectionday,localcampaignisorganizedbythepartyin

theconstituency.Candidatescontestforthemostvotesintheconstituency;candidates

makepublicspeeches,appearonlocalTV;onElectionDaythecandidatewhohasthe

mostvoteswins;entersParliament,representingallpeopleintheconstituencyastheir

MP.

Somefigures:

3.2GeneralElections:

therearenow3majorpoliticalparties:

Ageneralelectionisheldevery5years,canbeheldearlierintwocases:whenthe

governmentlosesa“voteofnoconfidence^^intheHouseofCommons,asin1979;

ifthePMthinksthegovernmentispopularandcallsanearlyelectionhopingtowin

another5years,ashappenedin2001and2005.Resultofelection:Theparty

whichwinstheelectionformsthegovernment,andthepartyleadernaturallybecomes

thePM.Thepartywhichlosesbecomestheoppositionparty,whoareresponsiblefor

criticizinggovernmentministersandmakingoppositionpolicies.

3.3.PoliticalParties

TheConservativeparty,theLabourpartyandtheLiberalDemocrats.

TheLaborparty:

newestofthethree,createdbythetradeunionmovement,believedina

relativelyequalsocietyeconomically,establishedaseriesofsocialwelfareprograms

includingNHSandmanydifferentkindsofwelfarepayments,leavinggreatimpact

onBritishsociety;inpowerfor34yearscontinuously.ReplacedbytheConservative

partyfrom1979to1997.TonyBlair:1997-present.

Theconservativeparty

spentmosttimeinpower;replacedtheLaborpartyin1979,underthe

leadershipofMargaretThatcher;believesinasmallgovernmentandfree-market

economies,favoringlowtaxes.Onemajorpolicywastheprivatisationofnationalised

industry.Consequences:industriesmoreefficientandprofitable;unemploymentrate

higher.

Mrs.Thatcherwasinpowerfrom1979to1990;JohnMajor（1990-1997）

4.Class

Characteristicsofworkingclass:

manuallabor;speakwithstrongregionalaccent;readtabloidnewspapers;

receivelesseducation;earnlessmoney.

Characteristicsofmiddleclass:

ojficework;speakwithoutstrongaccent;readqualitypapers;earnmoremoney;

receivebettereducation（theirchildren）Hereditaryaristocracy:distinctivefrom

othersocieties.

5nobletitles:Duke（公爵）;Marquis（侯爵）;Earl（伯爵）;Viscount（子爵）;

Baron（男爵）;Baronet（準男爵）

Thesepeoplearenotasinfluentialasinthepast.

About10%ofBritishcitizensarefromno-Europeanethnicgroups,amongwhom

80%arefromsouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries.

Positivesideofhavinglotsofimmigrants:increasesthevarietyandinterestwithin

Britishculture(foodandmusic)

Negativeside:

EthnicrelationsintheUK:generalsituation

第八、九周

1.TheHistoryoftheUKEconomy

Before1945:Bythe1880stheBritisheconomywasdominantintheworld,

producingonethirdoftheworld'smanufacturedgoods,halfitscoalandiron,halfits

cotton.TheamountofBritishshippingwasgreaterthatintherestofworldput

together.

1.2After1945:TheUKEconomygraduallydeclined,fromthefirst,tothesecond

andnowthesixthlargestintheworld,followingtheUS,Japan,Germany,Canada,

France.

Reasonsforthedecline,.Firstly,thecountryhadgoneheavilyintodebtinorderto

financetheWW2,sellingmostofitsaccumulatedoverseasassets,andborrowing

largeamountsfromtheUSandCanada.Secondly,theeraoftheempirewasover.

Theformercoloniesgotindependenceonebyone.Thirdly,becauseit'soneofthe

shapersofthepostwarworld,ithadtohaveimmensemilitarycontributions(huge

militaryexpenditure)——bothasoneofNATO'smajormemberandasamemberofthe

UNSecuritycouncil.

1.3Inthe1970s:TheUKEconomywentbadlyinthe1970s:highinflationrate(up

to25%)andloweconomicgrowth;strikesofwokersforhigherpay.(partofthe

reasonforthesituationwastheresultofthepoliciesoftheLaborParty,suchashigh

taxationleadingtolowinvestment,highsocialwelfareprogramsleadingtohigh

expenditurewithlowernationalincome,andnationalizationofmanyprivate

enterprisesleadingtoinefficiency.)

1.4Inthe1980s:Theproblemsofthe1980sledtothepoliticalchange.The

ConservativePartyundertheleadershipofMargaretThatcher(theIronlady)came

intopower.Shewascommittedtotheideaofsmallgovernmentandfree-market

economies.ShethoughttheLaborParty9s“nannystate”onlyencouragedlazinessand

discouragingentrepreneurship.Oneofhermajorpolicieswastheprivatizationof

nationalisedindustry,suchasBritishAerospace;BritishAirways;BritishTelecom;

Britishpetroleum;electricity,gasandwatercompaniesweregraduallysoldoff.

Thepolicyisgenerallyseenasasuccessbecausetheprivatisedcompaniesbecame

efficientandprofitableagain.Shewasinpowerfor11yearsuntil1990.

1.5.Inthe1990s:Theeconomicgrowthhasbeensteadyinthisperiod:

unemploymentwaslow;inflationwasatlowlevels;investmentbothfromtheUKand

outsidetheUKhasincreased.In1995,itwasthe2ndlargestinvestmentbothasa

destinationandasasource,2ndonlytoteUS.

2.TheCurrentUKEconomy

Nationaleconomiescanbebrokendowninto3mainareas:

2.1Primaryindustriesagriculture,fishing,mining.

Britainfsagriculturalsectorissmall(producing1.4%ofthenationalwealth)but

efficient,producing58%oftheUK'sfoodneedswithonly2%ofitsworkforce.3

quartersofitslandisusedforagriculture,with1quarterusedfbrgrowingcrops

(wheatandbarley,usuallyinthesouthofEngland)andtherestisforgrazingfor

animals(cattleandsheep)

Thefishingindustryprovides55%oftheUKdemandforfish.

Energyproductionaccountsfor5%ofthenationalwealth.Richinenergy

resourceslikegasandoil.TheworldfamousenergycompaniesintheUKinclude

ShellBritishPetroleum,BritishGas.RTZ,aUKcompanywhichoperatesminesall

overtheworld,isthelargestminingcompanyinheworld.

2.2Secondaryindustries:manufacturingindustryproducing22%ofthenational

wealth;stronginpharmaceuticals(Glaxo-Wellcome,thebiggestdrugcompanyIthe

world),chemicals(ICI,the2ndlargestpaintmanufacturer),electronics,andcar

industry.

2.3.Tertiaryindustries:serviceindustries,producing65%ofnationalwealth).

70%oftheUK'sworkforceisemployedintheservicesector.Finance,insurance,

retailing,tourism(hotelandrestaurants),etc.Londonisoneofthetop3financial

centersintheworld.Ithasthegreatestconcentrationofforeignbanksintheworld,

20%ofallinternationalbankloansisfromLondon.Itistheworld'slargestforeign

exchangemarket.

Somefactsandfigures

Banking:Thebig4banksareHSBC,LIOYDSTSB,RoyalBankofScotlandand

Barclays.

Taxes:apersonwithanannualincomeof￡15,000-￡20,000payaverage14%ofof

thisinincometax,whileapersonreceiving￡50,000-￡100,000wouldpay27%.

MostspendingistaxedbyValueAddedTaxatarateof17%.

第十、十一周

1.Introduction:

thepurposeofeducation;

therelationbetweeneducationandsocialclass

2.Thepresenteducationsystem:compulsoryeducationfor11years,fromtheage

of5-16.Childrencanchooseschooltoattend.Publicschoolandprivateschool.

Primaryeducation:reception,year1-6,fromtheageof5-11.

Secondaryeducation:fromtheageof11to16.

Comprehensiveschools:admitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities.

Theyofferawiderangeofsubjectsrangingfromacademicones(likeliteratureand

science)topracticalones(likecookingandcaipentry).

Grammarschools:selectchildrenthroughexamination,andfocusonadvanced

academicwork,preparingstudentsforenteringuniversities.

GCSE:GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation,examassessingstudents9

progressintheirfinal2yearsofcompulsoryeducation.

ThreechoicesafterGCSE:quitschoolandfindajob;preparetositexamsfbr

universityentrance;concentrateonvocationaltraining.

GCEA:Thosewhowanttoattenduniversitycarryontheiracademicstudyinthe

sixthformcollegefbranthertwoyearsandthensitA-levelsexams(General

CertificateofEducation-Advanced).

Thosewhodecidetotakevocationaltrainingcanattendgeneralcollegeswherethey

cantakeGNVQs:(GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications),whichprovidea

broadlybasedpreparationfbrworkfortakingfurthervocationaltraining.

3.HigherEducationThefundingofBritishuniversities:fromcentralgovernment;

theamountoffundingisbasedonitssize,thenumber6/studentsandtheresearchit

conducts.

Thenumberofuniversities:morethan100.(noprivateunisbutone(Buckingham

Uni)

Fulltimestudentandparttimestudent

Theagesofunistudentsvarygreatly.

Theteachingandmanagement:lecture,seminarandtutorial.

Oxford:39colleges,foundedinthe12thcentury,well-knownfbritshumanity

subjects;produced29PrimeMinisters.

Cambridge:31colleges,foundedinthe13thcentury,well-knownfbritsnatural

sciencessubject;produced70NobelPrizewinniers.

OpenUniversity:opentoanyone;teachesthroughaTVchannelandradioofBBC;

1.Media:meansofcommunicationwithwidereachandinfluence.Newspapers,radio,

TVandinternet.

2.Thefunctionsofmedia:entertainment;informationaboutpoliticalandsocial

issues;weatherreports;advertising;educationalpurposes;engenderinganational

culture,etc.

Anotherimportantfunction:watchdogkeepaneyeonthegovernment.Afree

pressisveryimportanttothefunctioningofparliamentarydemocracy.

Newspapers:Britishpeoplearethemosteagerreadersoftheworld.Theyreadat

breakfast,onbusesandinsubwayonthewaytoandfromwork.

Thecirculationofnewspapers:

Allkindsofpaperssoldouteveryday:18million/1/3ofthepopulationare

readers;cheap,around30to60peach.)

130dailypapers,1300weeklypapersandover7000magazines.Theoldest

nationalnewspaperintheworld:TheObserver.TheoldestdailypaperintheUK:The

Times

□10MajorNationalDailies:

□The7zm^v(1785,theoldest):TheGuardian(lS2\y,TheDailyTelegraph(1885);

TheFinancial77;nes(1888);DailyMQ〃(1896);DailyW"ess(1900);Daily

Mzrrar(1903);theS〃〃(1964);TheDailyStar(1978);TheIndependent^1986)

?10MajorNationalSundays:

TheObserver(1791,theoldest);TheSunday77機es(1822);Newsofthe

W?/7d(1843);ThePeop/e(1881);SundayExpress(19\S);SundayTelegraph(\961y,

SundayMirror(l963);TheMailonS〃〃d〃y(1982);TheIndependentonS〃〃d〃y(1990);

SundayBusiness(199S)

▼theCodeofAdvertisingPractice:legal,honestandtruthful;toobservea

senseofresponsibilitytotheconsumerandsocietyandtoconformtotheprinciplesof

faircompetitionasgenerallyacceptedinbusiness.

3.TypesofNewspapers

?Qualitypress:printedonlargesizepaper;carrymoreseriousandin-depth

articlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance;carryreviewsandfeature

articlesabouthighculture.

?Cost:dailyabout45pence,Sundayabout￡1.3.

?Titles:TheTimes;TheGuardian;TheObserver;TheTelegraph;financial

Times

?Content:longinformativearticles,widerangeoftopics

?Style:objectivepresentation,lessemotionallanguage,etc

?Purpose:toinformaboutnationalaninternationalaffa