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人民幣升值問(wèn)題中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)人民幣升值問(wèn)題中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)譯文:運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)倫理分析人民幣升值問(wèn)題摘要自2008年全球金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)以來(lái),人民幣兌美元匯率已引起各方關(guān)注。由于平衡的國(guó)際收支順差,中國(guó)積累了大量外匯儲(chǔ)備,且在人民幣升值方面有壓力。關(guān)于人民幣升值問(wèn)題已提出了一系列相互交織的經(jīng)濟(jì)和道德理論并且在中國(guó)受到廣泛關(guān)注。本文是一個(gè)跨學(xué)科的研究,說(shuō)明了跨經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與倫理學(xué)之間的關(guān)系。本文分析了主要經(jīng)濟(jì)因素對(duì)人民幣匯率走勢(shì)及其升值的影響,然后討論人民幣升值的倫理問(wèn)題,并總結(jié)了一些政策建議,以解決經(jīng)濟(jì)和倫理問(wèn)題。關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)濟(jì)倫理,人民幣,匯率,建議引言在當(dāng)今開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)中,受對(duì)外貿(mào)易中的匯率和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的影響,已引起經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)注并受到國(guó)家的一致好評(píng)的中國(guó)學(xué)者和他國(guó)學(xué)者都是一樣的。根據(jù)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)理論,并給出了一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)假設(shè),相對(duì)于外國(guó)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格,匯率的變化更會(huì)影響國(guó)內(nèi)商品的價(jià)格,因此,財(cái)政支出結(jié)構(gòu)將受到影響。一般來(lái)說(shuō),本幣貶值能夠刺激出口同時(shí)抑制進(jìn)口。如果進(jìn)口和出口的需求對(duì)價(jià)格有彈性,這將改善貿(mào)易平衡。在中國(guó),20世紀(jì)90年代,人民幣的貶值導(dǎo)致了國(guó)際收支逆差的平衡受到明顯的影響。對(duì)于廉價(jià)的出口帶給中國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)和短時(shí)間內(nèi)國(guó)際收支赤字變成了盈余,使得官方外匯儲(chǔ)備的不斷增加。在最近的幾年,人民幣加速升值并沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致出口量的下降,而美國(guó)并沒(méi)有通過(guò)付款匯率變動(dòng)的平衡取得預(yù)期的改善。同時(shí),該人民幣升值引發(fā)了一系列經(jīng)濟(jì)和倫理上的問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上,在人民幣升值帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響的基礎(chǔ)上倫理問(wèn)題和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題可以合并在一起作為一個(gè)倫理問(wèn)題。本文作為一個(gè)跨學(xué)科的研究,將會(huì)說(shuō)明經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與倫理學(xué)之間的相互關(guān)系。自2008年全球金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)以來(lái),人民幣兌美元匯率已經(jīng)引起了多方關(guān)注,西方國(guó)家在中國(guó)人民幣升值方面施加給中國(guó)巨大的壓力。一些壓力涉及到最有爭(zhēng)議的問(wèn)題——中國(guó)–美關(guān)系,例如:美國(guó)人認(rèn)為人民幣價(jià)值被低估,至使中國(guó)的國(guó)際收支順差是建立在美國(guó)人經(jīng)歷一個(gè)巨大的國(guó)際收支赤字的基礎(chǔ)上的。同樣的,美國(guó)聲稱,中國(guó)工人在出口部門獲得的是美國(guó)工人在美國(guó)的進(jìn)口部門的利益,在另一方面,一些知名的美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,包括伯南克和約瑟夫斯蒂格利茨指出,人民幣升值不會(huì)有效的降低國(guó)際收支逆差,因?yàn)槊绹?guó)從中國(guó)減少的進(jìn)口量將會(huì)從越南和巴基斯坦等其他低成本國(guó)家的進(jìn)口替代得到彌補(bǔ)。其關(guān)鍵是使美國(guó)儲(chǔ)蓄率的增加要比許多亞洲國(guó)家低得多。另一方面,中國(guó)的經(jīng)常賬戶盈余反映了其高額的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率。除了中國(guó)和美國(guó)之間分布的問(wèn)題,另一個(gè)倫理問(wèn)題是一個(gè)主權(quán)或權(quán)利國(guó)家基于其公民的利益去管理自己的匯率。這些國(guó)際問(wèn)題是非常復(fù)雜的,不同國(guó)家有不同的收益和成本的分配原則并沒(méi)有被普遍接受;即使有,整個(gè)國(guó)家的分配效應(yīng)也是難以衡量的。因此,我們的研究將集中在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的邊界內(nèi)人民幣升值的有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)和倫理問(wèn)題,包括中期和長(zhǎng)期影響。二、影響人民幣匯率走勢(shì)的主要因素我們預(yù)計(jì)人民幣匯率總體呈上升趨勢(shì),但難以預(yù)測(cè)其變化幅度。本文將闡述幾個(gè)有可能影響人民幣匯率上升的幾個(gè)因素。首先,經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)是人民幣升值的強(qiáng)有力的支撐。雖然在第12個(gè)5年計(jì)劃內(nèi)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值目標(biāo)增長(zhǎng)速度一直降低,但仍處于7%的高水平。具有高成長(zhǎng)性,外資的期望投資經(jīng)濟(jì)將繼續(xù)保持強(qiáng)勢(shì),其為人民幣升值提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的支撐。其次,如果收支順差繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng),人民幣升值的壓力將會(huì)更大。2010年,中國(guó)的經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目順差是2062億美元(USD),較去年增長(zhǎng)25%,而外匯儲(chǔ)備資產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)約為18%,這使人民幣的升值超出了預(yù)期期望。第三,一些國(guó)際因素可能影響人民幣升值這一趨勢(shì)。美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增速預(yù)期將達(dá)到3%。其對(duì)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)較2010年更大。相比較而言,歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)不容樂(lè)觀。在2010年上半年,為了償還其債務(wù),歐洲銀行業(yè)借入4000億歐元的款項(xiàng)。與此同時(shí),歐洲各國(guó)政府也需要5000億歐元來(lái)彌補(bǔ)他們的財(cái)政赤字,加上數(shù)百萬(wàn)或者更多的擔(dān)保時(shí),他們的債券將到期,歐洲金融市場(chǎng)將會(huì)發(fā)生第二輪的債務(wù)危機(jī)。為了保持財(cái)政的可持續(xù)性,歐洲各國(guó)政府必須減少公共支出。由于失業(yè)率非常高,內(nèi)部增長(zhǎng)乏力,因此,美元作為國(guó)際貨幣將比歐元更適合。關(guān)于美國(guó)交換貨幣貶值率將會(huì)持續(xù)很久的這一說(shuō)法是不可能發(fā)生的,甚至有一個(gè)反向趨勢(shì)的可能性。另一國(guó)際因素是,在貨幣匯率的沖突會(huì)影響到人民幣匯率。在亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)(除了日本)的增長(zhǎng)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)體以外的國(guó)家(日本除外)的貨幣匯率已經(jīng)從2000年的16.8%上升到2010年的25%,并預(yù)計(jì)將在2015年上升到30%。在另一方面,美國(guó)份額已經(jīng)從23.6%下降到20.2%,在同一時(shí)期內(nèi),將在2015年全年進(jìn)一步降至18.4%,大量從美國(guó)的定量寬松政策產(chǎn)生的美元已進(jìn)入到尋找較高的回報(bào)率的新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體這一階段。數(shù)量龐大的熱錢流入導(dǎo)致了相當(dāng)大的升值壓力,亞洲各國(guó)政府不得不干預(yù)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以維持本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的穩(wěn)定性。這一原因?qū)е铝藚R率的國(guó)際沖突,資本管制和貿(mào)易的限制將被視為保護(hù)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的必要手段。第四個(gè)因素是世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體的通脹和不同國(guó)家之間的差利率。盡管美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在2011年可能開始恢復(fù),但仍然有許多障礙。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備將維持寬松的貨幣政策,以刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)。在同一時(shí)間,在歐洲國(guó)家的單一貨幣政策目標(biāo)是穩(wěn)定物價(jià),使得通脹率限制在2%,所以歐洲國(guó)家不太可能進(jìn)行寬松的貨幣政策。然而,當(dāng)他們不得不收緊財(cái)政政策,以解決他們的歐債危機(jī),歐洲央行將不得不使用貨幣政策來(lái)保持低利率。在另一方面,中國(guó)目前的名義利率是3.1%,這吸引了國(guó)際熱錢的流入。國(guó)家給出了預(yù)期通脹,目前的利率沒(méi)有足夠高到可以以抑制通貨膨脹的程度,所以中國(guó)利率將會(huì)繼續(xù)上漲,隨著中國(guó)貨幣政策的緊縮,利率將上升。預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)與歐洲和美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體的利率差將會(huì)擴(kuò)大,從而吸引流入資本,這也增加了人民幣匯率升值的壓力。第五,人民幣國(guó)際化可能會(huì)影響匯率。全球金融危機(jī)產(chǎn)生的原因是以美元為主的國(guó)際貨幣體系動(dòng)蕩而產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)。中國(guó)持有大量的外國(guó)外匯儲(chǔ)備,金額約2.65萬(wàn)億美元,在美元資產(chǎn)持有中是一個(gè)很大的比例。根據(jù)美國(guó)財(cái)政部的估計(jì),截至2010年10月,由中國(guó)持有美國(guó)國(guó)債的價(jià)值達(dá)9068億美元,它代表了外匯儲(chǔ)備總額的35%。因此,美元貶值帶給中國(guó)巨大的影響并且促進(jìn)人民幣走向國(guó)際化。自2009年7月,使用人民幣進(jìn)行結(jié)算的貿(mào)易量逐漸增長(zhǎng)。進(jìn)來(lái)外匯市場(chǎng)每日交易量約達(dá)400億美元。盡管規(guī)模比較小,但與使用美元、歐元、日元相比,這表明人民幣在全球外匯市場(chǎng)成為一個(gè)新興的角色,這使得中國(guó)政府將人民幣推向國(guó)際。第六,石油價(jià)格是可以減緩人民幣升值的一個(gè)重要因素。早在2008年國(guó)際石油價(jià)格已經(jīng)從每桶100美元躍升至140美元。中國(guó)進(jìn)口其中約50%的石油,油價(jià)的增加對(duì)中國(guó)收支平衡產(chǎn)生不利的影響,這個(gè)因素帶來(lái)的影響不同于那些有利于人民幣升值的因素帶來(lái)的影響?;谏鲜龇治龊湍壳暗慕?jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下,我們預(yù)策,在不久的將來(lái),人民幣升值將是大趨勢(shì)。雖然升值的幅度是不確定的,但以此為背景,我們可以討論的人民幣升值對(duì)中國(guó)的影響。人民幣升值對(duì)中國(guó)的影響人民幣升值將會(huì)對(duì)整體經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。這將直接影響到出口部門,對(duì)出口量、就業(yè)以及利潤(rùn)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。這種負(fù)面影響將在不同方向、不同程度上影響到不同的行業(yè)和社會(huì)群體,從而產(chǎn)生再分配效應(yīng)。因此,人民幣升值不僅是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題,還涉及到倫理問(wèn)題。我們將分析人民幣的升值影響的六個(gè)主要領(lǐng)域:外匯儲(chǔ)備,進(jìn)口/出口部門,就業(yè),通貨膨脹,生活水平和收入分配。3.1對(duì)官方外匯儲(chǔ)備的影響從理論上講,當(dāng)人民幣升值時(shí),以國(guó)內(nèi)貨幣計(jì)算的外匯儲(chǔ)備的價(jià)值將相應(yīng)貶值。由于美元資產(chǎn)代表官方儲(chǔ)備的主要份額,美元貶值帶來(lái)?yè)p失可能會(huì)相當(dāng)大。政府應(yīng)未雨綢繆,盡量減少由于人民幣兌美元升值帶來(lái)的虧損。由于中國(guó)擁有龐大的外匯儲(chǔ)備量,即使在價(jià)值上損失的僅僅是1%,但它相當(dāng)于50億美元左右,這相當(dāng)于大約400億人民幣。它代表一個(gè)巨大的機(jī)會(huì)成本,中國(guó)可將這些資金用于支持教育并改善窮人的醫(yī)療保健。由于人民幣升值帶來(lái)的外匯儲(chǔ)備價(jià)值的損失是直接關(guān)系到中國(guó)中央貨幣當(dāng)局的。人民銀行和中國(guó)外匯管理局不會(huì)放任匯率發(fā)展到無(wú)法控制的地步。他們將采取行動(dòng)引起國(guó)內(nèi)外的廣泛關(guān)注,并且外匯儲(chǔ)備水平及其結(jié)構(gòu)的變化已經(jīng)成為人民幣匯率可能變動(dòng)信號(hào)。3.2對(duì)進(jìn)口和出口部門的影響人民幣升值將增加中國(guó)出口的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格,從而降低了其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。如果出口價(jià)格保持在較低水平,利潤(rùn)將會(huì)減少。這將影響到很多出口的行業(yè),主要是勞動(dòng)力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。較低的利潤(rùn),甚至破產(chǎn),將減少企業(yè)生產(chǎn)和就業(yè),導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率上升的低技術(shù)工人的情況。在另一方面,進(jìn)口量將會(huì)增加,因?yàn)樵谥袊?guó)進(jìn)口消費(fèi)品和原材料會(huì)更便宜。對(duì)國(guó)際收支的影響取決于進(jìn)出口需求彈性。如果彈性之和大于1(馬歇爾-勒納條件),國(guó)際收支會(huì)惡化,相反,國(guó)際收支在人民幣升值后將增加。目前,大多數(shù)出口導(dǎo)向型產(chǎn)業(yè)是勞動(dòng)密集型和以美元為支付條件的產(chǎn)業(yè)。隨著人民幣升值,這些行業(yè)的利潤(rùn)將減少。不同于那些可通過(guò)成本等優(yōu)勢(shì)吸收損耗的資本和技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè),勞動(dòng)力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)價(jià)值增加是比較低的。所以他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力大大影響損失的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而,一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為,人民幣的升值對(duì)出口行業(yè)的影響或許不是特別嚴(yán)重。據(jù)估計(jì),人民幣每升值10%,中國(guó)的出口商和消費(fèi)者會(huì)在國(guó)外的負(fù)擔(dān)各5%左右,類似的實(shí)證研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),價(jià)格出口彈性為-0.6左右。基于這些估計(jì),如果人民幣的有效匯率(出自一籃子貨幣)升值5-6%,即使假設(shè)該行業(yè)不通過(guò)提高生產(chǎn)率來(lái)提高利潤(rùn),出口部門的利潤(rùn)也將最多下降1.5-1.8%。此外,中國(guó)的出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)是55%以上都是出口加工。當(dāng)出口價(jià)格因人民幣升值提高,進(jìn)口原材料成本將會(huì)降低。因此,出口加工部門感知匯率升值的靈敏度比其他出口行業(yè)要低。無(wú)論如何,出口部門降低生產(chǎn)成本和提高生產(chǎn)效率是對(duì)抗匯率升值帶來(lái)的負(fù)面影響的有效手段。外文原文:AnethicalanalysisofeconomicissuesrelatedtotheappreciationofRenminbiWeiYang&Kit-ChunJoannaLamAbstractSincetheoutbreakoftheglobalfinancialcrisisin2008,theexchangeratebetweenChinaandUSAhasdrawnalotofattention.Becauseofthebalanceofpaymentssurplus,Chinahasaccumulatedalargeamountofforeignexchangereserves,andthereismuchpressureontheRenminbi(RMB)toappreciate.TheappreciationofRMBhasraisedaseriesofintertwiningeconomicandethicalconcernsinChina.Thispaperisaninter-disciplinarystudytoillustratetheinter-relationshipbetweeneconomicsandethics.WeanalyzethemajoreconomicfactorsaffectingthetrendofexchangerateofRMBandtheeffectsofitsappreciation.Wethendiscusstheethicalimplicationsoftheappreciationandconcludewithsomepolicysuggestionstoaddresstheeconomicandtheethicalconcerns.KeywordsEconomicethics.Renminbi.Exchangerate.AppreciationIntroductionInanopeneconomy,theeffectofexchangerateonexternaltradeandothereconomicinstitutionshasdrawnmuchattentionamongscholarsinChinaandothercountriesalike.Accordingtomacroeconomictheory,givensomestandardassumptions,changesinexchangeratewillaffectthepriceofdomesticgoodsrelativetothepriceofforeigngoods,andthus,thepatternofexpenditureswillbeaffected.Ingeneral,adepreciationofthedomesticcurrencycanstimulateexportswhilediscouragingimports.Ifthedemandforimportsandexportsarepriceelastic,therewillbeanimprovementinthebalanceoftrade.InChina,thedepreciationofRenminbi(RMB)inthe1990sresultedinanobservableeffectonthebalanceofpaymentsdeficit.TherelativelycheapexportsgaveChinaacompetitiveadvantage,andthebalanceofpaymentsdeficitturnedintoasurpluswithinashorttime,accompaniedbyanaccumulationofofficialforeignexchangereserves.Inrecentyears,theacceleratedappreciationofRMBhasnotresultedinadeclineinthevolumeofexports,whileUSAhasnotachievedtheexpectedimprovementinitsbalanceofpaymentsthroughthechangesinexchangerates.Atthesametime,theappreciationofRMBhasraisedaseriesofeconomicandethicalconcerns.Infact,theethicalissuesandtheeconomicissuesareintertwinedastheethicalimplicationsdependontheeconomicimpactsoftheappreciation.Thispaperservesasaninter-disciplinarystudytoillustratetheinter-relationshipbetweeneconomicsandethics.Sincetheoutbreakoftheglobalfinancialcrisisin2008,theexchangeratebetweenChinaandUSAhasdrawnalotofattention.WesterncountrieshaveexertedgreatpressureonChinatoappreciatetheRMB.ThemostcontroversialissuesinvolveChina–USArelationship.Forinstance,AmericansmaythinkthatRMBisunder-valuedsothatthebalanceofpaymentssurplusinChinaisgainedattheexpenseoftheAmericanswhoexperienceamassivebalanceofpaymentsdeficit.Similarly,itissometimesclaimedthattheChineseworkersintheexportsectorsgainattheexpenseoftheAmericanworkersintheimportsectorsinUSA.Ontheotherhand,somewell-knowneconomistsinUSA,includingBenBernankeandJosephStiglitz,havepointedoutthatappreciationofRMBwillnoteffectivelylowerthebalanceofpaymentsdeficitinUSAsincethereductioninimportsfromChinawillbereplacedbyimportsfromotherlow-costcountrieslikeVietnamandPakistan.ThekeyistoincreasethesavingrateinUSAwhichismuchlowerthanthatinmanyAsiancountries.Ontheotherhand,thecurrentaccountsurplusofChinareflectsitshighnationalsavingrate(Fan2011).OtherthanthedistributionalissuebetweenChinaandUSA,anotherethicalissueisrelatedtothesovereigntyorrightofacountrytomanageitsownexchangeratebasedonthebenefitofitscitizens.Theseinternationalissuesareverycomplicated,andthereisnouniversallyacceptedprincipleforthedistributionofbenefitsandcostsacrossdifferentnations;eveniftherewere,thedistributionaleffectsacrossnationswouldbeverydifficulttomeasure.Therefore,ourstudywillfocusontheeconomicandethicalissuesrelatedtotheappreciationofRMBwithintheboundaryoftheChineseeconomy,includingthemediumandlongruneffects.MajorfactorsaffectingthetrendofexchangerateofRMBWeexpectanupwardtrendofRMBexchangerateingeneral,butthemagnitudeisdifficulttopredict.Thereareseveralfactorsthatmayaffectthesituation.First,thesustainedgrowthoftheeconomyprovidesastrongsupportfortheappreciationofRMB.ThoughthetargetgrowthrateofGDPinthe12th5-yearplanhasbeenreduced,itisstillatahighlevelof7%.Withanexpectationofhighgrowth,foreigninvestmentintheeconomywillcontinuetobestrong,providingasolidsupportforRMB.Second,ifthebalanceofpaymentsurpluscontinuestogrow,therewillbegreaterpressureforRMBtoappreciate.Inyear2010,China’scurrentaccountsurplusis206.2billionUSdollar(USD),representingagrowthof25%,andthegrowthinforeignreserveassetsisabout18%.Thisheightenstheexpectationofappreciation.Third,someinternationalfactorsmayaffectthetrend.ItisexpectedthatthegrowthoftheUSeconomywillreach3%.Itscontributiontothegrowthoftheworldeconomywillbebiggerthanthatinyear2010.Comparativelyspeaking,thegrowthoftheEuropeaneconomyisnotoptimistic.Inthefirsthalfof2010,torepaytheirdebts,Europe’sbankingindustryborrowedanamountof400billionEuros.Atthesametime,Europeangovernmentsalsoneeded500billionEurostopayfortheirfiscaldeficits,plusseveralhundredsmoreascollateralswhentheirbondswillreachmaturity.ItispossiblethattheEuropeanfinancialmarketwillhavethesecondroundofdebtcrisis.Tomaintainfinancialsustainability,Europeangovernmentshavetoreducetheirpublicexpenditures.Sinceunemploymentrateisveryhigh,theinternalengineforgrowthisweak.Therefore,theUSdollarwillperformbetterthantheEuroasaninternationalcurrency.ItisunlikelythatdevaluationoftheUSexchangeratewillcontinueforlong,thereisevenapossibilityofareversetrend.AnotherinternationalfactoristhattheconflictsovercurrencyexchangerateswillaffecttheRMBexchangerate.DrivenbythegrowthofAsianeconomiesotherthanJapan,theshareofAsianeconomies(otherthanJapan)hasrisenfrom16.8%inyear2000to25%inyear2010andisexpectedtoriseto30%inyear2015.Ontheotherhand,theshareofUSAhasdroppedfrom23.6%to20.2%withinthesameperiodandwilldropfurtherto18.4%inyear2015.AlargeamountofUSdollargeneratedfromthequantitativeeasingpolicyofUSAhasflowedintotheemergingeconomiesinsearchofahigherrateofreturn.Facedwithconsiderablepressureofappreciationcausedbythehugeinflowofhotmoney,Asiangovernmentsmayhavetointerveneinthemarkettomaintainthestabilityofeconomicgrowthoftheircountries.Thishasresultedintheinternationalconflictsoverexchange.Capitalcontrolandtraderestrictionswillbeconsiderednecessarytoprotectthenationaleconomy.Thefourthfactoristheinflationinmajorworldeconomies,andthedifferentialinterestratesamongdifferentcountries.EventhoughtheUSeconomymaystarttorecoverinyear2011,therearestillmanyobstacles.TheFederalReserveofUSAwillmaintainaneasymonetarypolicytostimulateitseconomy.Atthesametime,thesinglemonetarypolicytargetinEuropeancountriesispricestabilitywhichhasconstrainedinflationrateto2%,andtheyarenotlikelytocarryouteasymonetarypolicies.However,whentheyhavetotightenfiscalpoliciesinordertosolvetheirdebtcrisis,theEuropeanCentralBankwillhavetousemonetarypoliciestomaintainalowinterestrate.Ontheotherhand,thecurrentnominalinterestrateinChinais3.1%,whichisattractivetointernationalhotmoney.Giveninflationaryexpectation,thecurrentinterestrateisnothighenoughtocurbinflation,whichwillcontinuetoriseinthemediumterm.AsChinatightensitsmonetarypolicy,theinterestratewillrise.ItisexpectedthattheinterestratedifferentialsbetweenChinaandtheEuropeanandUSAeconomieswillwiden,thusattractinganinflowofcapitalwhichputspressureontheRMBexchangerate.Fifth,internationalizationofRMBmayaffecttheexchangerate.OnelessonoftheglobalfinancialcrisisisthataninternationalcurrencysystemwhichisbasedheavilyonUSdollarisvolatileandrisky.Chinaisholdingahugeamountofforeignexchangereserves,amountingtoaboutUSD2.65trillion.AlargeproportionofitisinUSdollarassets.AccordingtotheestimationoftheUSTreasury,uptoOctober2010,thevalueofUSTreasuryBondsheldbyChinaamountstoUSD906.8billion,whichrepresents35%ofthetotalforeignexchangereserves.Therefore,ChinaismostaffectedbythedepreciationofUSdollarandhastheincentivetomovetowardsinternationalizationofRMB.SinceJuly2009,theuseofRMBforthesettlementoftradehasincreased.RecentlythevolumeofdailytransactionintheforeignexchangemarketamountstoaboutUSD400million.EventhoughthescaleisrelativelysmallcomparedwiththeuseofUSdollar,Euro,orJapaneseYen,itindicatestheemergingroleplayedbyRMBintheglobalforeignexchangemarketandthedeterminationoftheChinesegovernmenttopromotetheinternationalizationofRMB.Sixth,thepriceofoilisanimportantfactorthatcouldslowdowntheappreciationofRMB.TheinternationalpriceofoilhasjumpedfromUSD100perbarrelinearly2008toUSD140.TheincreaseinoilpricehasanadverseeffectonthebalanceofpaymentsofChinawhichimportsaround50%ofitsoil.ThisfactorwillpartiallyoffsettheotherfactorswhicharefavorabletotheappreciationofRMB.Basedontheaboveanalysesandthecurrenteconomicenvironment,weexpectthatanappreciationofRMBwouldbethemajortrendinthenearfuture,thoughthemagnitudeisuncertain.Withthisbackground,wewilldiscusstheeffectofappreciationofRMBonChina.EffectsofappreciationofRMBonChinaAnappreciationofRMBwouldhaveanimpactontheeconomyandthesocietyasawhole.Itwilldirectlyaffecttheexportsector,withanegativeeffectonthevolumeofexport,employment,andalsoprofit.Theeffectswillspread,affectingvarioussectorsandsocialgroupsindifferentdirectionstoadifferentextent,resultinginredistributioneffects.Therefore,theappreciationofRMBisnotjustaneconomicproblem,butalsoinvolvesethicalissues.WewillanalyzetheeffectsofappreciationofRMBinChinaonsixmainareas:foreignreserve,import/exportsector,employment,inflation,standardofliving,andincomedistribution.EffectonofficialforeignexchangereservesTheoretically,whenRMBappreciates,thevalueofforeignexchangereservesintermsofthedomesticcurrencywilldepreciateaccordingly.AsUSdollarassetsrepresentamajorshareoftheofficialreserves,thelossduetoabigdepreciationofUSdollarcanbeconsiderable.ThegovernmentshouldplanaheadtominimizethelossduetotheappreciationofRMBagainsttheUSdollar.SinceChinahasahugeamountofforeignexchangereserves,evenifthelossinvalueisjust1%,itamountstoaroundUSD5billion,whichisequivalenttoabout40billionRMB.ItrepresentsamassiveopportunitycostforChinaasthesefundscanbeusedtosupporteducationandimprovehealthcareofthepoor.ThelossinvalueofforeignexchangereserveduetotheappreciationofRMBisofdirectconcerntothecentralmonetaryauthorityofChina.ThePeoples’BankofChinaandtheStateAdministrationofForeignExchangewouldfinditunacceptabletoletthisgoonwithoutcontrol.TheactionstheymaytakedrawmuchattentionfrombothinsideandoutsideofChina,andthelevelofforeignexchangereservesandtheirstructuralchangeshavebecomesignalsforpossiblechangesintheexchangerateofRMB.EffectonimportandexportsectorsTheappreciationofRMBwillincreasetheinternationalpriceofChina’sexport,thusreducingitscompetitiveness.Ifthepriceofexportistobekeptlow,profitwillhavetobereduced.Thiswillaffectmanyexportindustrieswhicharemainlylaborintensive.Thelowerprofitandevenbankruptcywillcausecompaniestoreduceproductionandemployment,resultinginanincreaseinunemploymentoflow-skilledworkers.Ontheotherhand,thevolumeofimportisexpectedtoincreasesinceimportedconsumerproductsandrawmaterialswillbecheaperinChina.Theoveralleffectonthe

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