Unit 5 中世紀(jì) 第二講

Unit5TheMiddleAgesPartV:ChivalryPartVI:theBlackDeathPartVII:LiteraturePartVIII:ArchitecturePartIVChivalryAproductoffeudalism,chivalrywasanidealizedsystemofmannersandmorals/online/10067646/discussion/11816172/TheIdealofCourtlyLoveThisrelationshipwasmodeledonthefeudalrelationshipbetweenaknightandhisliegelord.Theknightserveshiscourtlyladywiththesameobedienceandloyaltywhichheowestohisliegelord.Sheisincompletecontrol;heowesherobedienceandsubmission“Courtlylove"wasnotbetweenhusbandandwifebecauseitwasanidealizedsortofrelationshipthatcouldnotexistwithinthecontextof"reallife"medievalmarriages.Frequentlyitreferstothesecret,pure,idealized,Platoniclovebetweentheknightandhislady.Inthemiddleages,marriagesamongstthenobilityweretypicallybasedonpoliticalandfinancialconcernsratherthanonlove.亞瑟王的第一騎士蘭斯諾特向王后奎尼薇爾表示忠誠(chéng)（水彩畫(huà)）LancelotwaswrittenbytheFrenchcourtpoetChretiendeTroyes(1135-1183),which

tellshowSirLancelotlovedQueenGuinivere,wifeofthelegendaryEnglishKingArthur.Lancelotsuffersconflictsofloyaltyandconflictsofreasonandlove,lovewinsofcourse.“reasonreachesonlyhislips,nothisheart---heispromptedbylove`scommands.”HeperformsmanydeedsandhasmanytrialsbeforeheisfinallyrewardedbyanightwithGuinivere./wiki/%E6%A1%82%E5%A6%AE%E8%96%87%E5%84%BF

/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB

PartVI:theBlackDeathadevastatingworldwidepandemicthatfirststruckEuropeinthemid14thcenturykilledaboutathirdofEurope’spopulation,anestimated34millionpeople.TheBubonicPlagueCalled“blackdeath”becauseofstrikingsymptomofthedisease,inwhichsufferers'skinwouldblackenduetohemorrhages(出血)undertheskinSpreadbyfleasandratsbuboesinthegroinandarmpits,whichoozepusandblood.damagetotheskinandunderlyingtissueuntiltheywerecoveredindarkblotchesMostvictimsdiedwithinfourtosevendaysafterinfectionEffects:Causedmassivedepopulationandchange

insocialstructureWeakenedinfluenceofChurchOriginatedinAsiabutwasblamedon

Jewsandlepers（麻風(fēng)病人）/v_show/id_XNzI5NDkwMjg=.html?f=3008074

IllustrationoftheBlackDeathPartVII:LiteratureAlfredtheGreat(848-899)

contributetomedievalEuropeancultureworrydisappearranceoflearningroduceteachers,schoolarsb.foundnewschoolmotetranslationsd.inspirecompilation(編年)St.ThomasAquinnasandScholasticism(經(jīng)院哲學(xué))Aquinnaswasaphilosopherandtheologian（神學(xué)家）scholasticismharmonizefaithandreason

SummaContraGentile(反異教大全)Summatheologiae(神學(xué)大全)god'rulegodwillpopeSt.ThomasAquinnasRogerBaconandExperimentalScience羅吉爾·培根(RogerBacon)，1214年~1292年。出生于索墨塞特郡的依爾切斯特，英國(guó)唯物主義思想家、偉大的科學(xué)家。他的著作很多，著名的有《大著作》等。SciencemadelittleprogressduringtheMiddleAges.Whilesuperstitionwaswidespread,falsesciencesbasedonthepracticeof“Magic”werepopular.Theseincludedastrology(foretellingthefuturebystudyofthestars),alchemy(convertingbasemetalsintogold).RogerBaconearliestadvocatedobservationexperimentationwhichwastherealscientificprogressOpusmaius《大著作》

wasanencyclopediaofthescienceofhistimeNationalEpics(民族史詩(shī)運(yùn)動(dòng)):TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis，thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族國(guó)家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.Beowulf(700-750A.D)AnAnglo-Saxonepic:fromoralliteratureSetting:DenmarkorSwedenPlot:BeowulfdefeatsthemonsterGrendelanditsmotherEnd:deathoftheheroSongofRolandThemostwellknownFrenchepic.IttellshowRoland,oneofthewarriors,fightsinspainanddiesdefendingapassinthePyrenees.羅蘭之歌

史詩(shī)敘述的故事發(fā)生在查理大帝時(shí)代。查理大帝出兵西班牙，征討摩爾人即阿拉伯人，歷時(shí)7年，只剩下薩拉哥撒還沒(méi)有被征服。薩拉哥撒王馬爾西勒遣使求和。查理決定派人前去談判，但大家知道馬爾西勒陰險(xiǎn)狡詐，去談判是冒險(xiǎn)之事。查理大帝接受其侄兒羅蘭的建議，決定讓羅蘭的繼父、查理的妹夫加奈?。ㄓ郑焊僚瑐悾┣巴?。加奈隆由此對(duì)羅蘭懷恨在心，決意報(bào)復(fù)。在談判時(shí)他和敵人勾結(jié)，定下毒計(jì)：在查理歸國(guó)途中襲擊他的后隊(duì)。加奈隆回報(bào)查理大帝，說(shuō)薩拉哥撒的臣服是實(shí)情，于是查理決定班師回國(guó)，并接受加奈隆的建議由羅蘭率領(lǐng)后隊(duì)。當(dāng)羅蘭的軍隊(duì)行至荊棘谷，突然遭到10萬(wàn)摩爾兵的伏擊。羅蘭率軍英勇迎戰(zhàn)，但因眾寡懸殊，終于全軍覆滅，羅蘭英勇戰(zhàn)死。羅蘭的好友奧里維曾三次勸他吹起號(hào)角，呼喚查理回兵來(lái)救，都被羅蘭拒絕。直到最后才吹起號(hào)角，但為時(shí)已晚。查理大帝趕到，看到的只是遍野橫陳的法蘭克人的尸體。查理率軍追擊，大敗敵人?；貒?guó)以后，將賣國(guó)賊加奈隆處死。theNibelungenlied

(尼伯龍根之歌)《尼伯龍根之歌》（Nibelungenlied）是著名的中世紀(jì)中古高地德語(yǔ)敘事詩(shī)，講述的是古代勃艮第（Burgundians）國(guó)王的故事，大約創(chuàng)作于1190-1200年，作者不詳。作者融合了很多異教的故事題材和源自5世紀(jì)口頭英雄傳說(shuō)，以此為材料創(chuàng)作了這篇史詩(shī)?！澳岵埜边@個(gè)詞有幾種不同的含義。一是指詩(shī)中描寫(xiě)的勃艮第國(guó)王們，二是指齊格弗里德（Siegfried）的部下們；三是傳說(shuō)日爾曼侏儒種族中的一支。Siegfried西格弗里德Kriemhild克倫希爾德/MyLemmaShow.aspx?lid=211040DanteAlighieri(1265-1321)andTheDivineComedyItalybecamethecentreofEuropeanculturefromthe13thcentury.Dantewasthegreatestpoet,literarytheorist,moralphilosopherandpoliticalthinkerwhobelieved“LovetakespeopleeventuallytoGod,andisthebasicprincipleoftheuniverseandoforder.”masterpieceTheDivineComedylandmarkersofworldliteratureinItalian《地獄》(Inferno,Hell)《煉獄》（Purgatorio,Purgatory)《天堂》（Paradiso,Paradise)/doc/4476445.htmlGeoffreyChaueer（1340-1400）andTheCanterburyTales

ChaueerwasthefatherofEnglishpoetry,founderofEnglishrealism,firstshortstoryteller.TheCanterburyTales

wasfull-blown(完全成熟的)flowerEnglishmediveal

literature

andwaswrittenindialectusedbyLondoners.

LiketheItalianwriterGiovanniBoccacio(1313-1375),healsobroadensthescopeofseriousliteratureincludingbothsacredandprofanethemes.WhenAprilwithhisshowerssweetwithfruitThedroughtofMarchhaspierceduntotherootAndbathedeachveinwithliquorthathaspowerTogeneratethereinandsiretheflower;

WhenZephyralsohas,withhissweetbreath,

Quickenedagain,ineveryholtandheath,

Thetendershootsandbuds,andtheyoungsun

IntotheRamonehalfhiscoursehasrun,

Andmanylittlebirdsmakemelody

Thatsleepthroughallthenightwithopeneye

PartVIIIArchitectureRomanesque:Theterm“Romanesque”means“intheRomanmanner”.Thenamewasnotveryappropriate,forRomanartwasonlyoneofthemanysourcesthathelpedtoformthisfirsttrulystyleoftheMiddleAges.Architectureischaracterized

bymassiveness,solidity,andmonumentalitywithanoverallblockyappearance.Sculptureandpainting,primarilyinchurches,developedawonderfulunitywiththearchitecture.RomanesqueArchitecturalStyle

RoundedArches.Thickwalls.Smallwindows,usuallyatthetopofthewall.羅馬式建筑則與拜占庭建筑類似，依靠墻、或是被稱為墩柱的墻段承重。羅馬式建筑的墻壁通常厚度很大，開(kāi)口部分極少并相對(duì)較小，因此顯得沉重封閉。墩柱（也稱扶垛）作為支撐。它們用磚石砌筑，剖面呈正方形或矩形。柱子是羅馬式建筑結(jié)構(gòu)上一個(gè)重要的特色，細(xì)長(zhǎng)柱和附柱也會(huì)應(yīng)用在結(jié)構(gòu)和裝飾上。在結(jié)構(gòu)上最為常見(jiàn)的方法是以稱為鼓柱的圓形石柱建造。比薩大教堂Romanesquearchitecture

西班牙孔波斯特拉的圣地亞哥主教座堂有以石鼓建造的大柱子，采用束柱柱身羅馬式建筑在拱門門楣的半圓形空間覆蓋著浮雕，并有多層拱頂曲面。1130年代的法國(guó)布呂尼韋茲萊修道院的山墻的三角面，在織物中有很多螺旋形的裝飾細(xì)節(jié)。1120年建成的法國(guó)孔克的圣福瓦修道院（AbbatialSainte-Foy）為早期羅馬式教堂的代表。

紅色的沃爾姆斯大教堂是德國(guó)最重要的羅馬式教堂之一。GothicTheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofwesternEuropean.Gothiccathedralssoaredhigh,therewindows,archesandtowersreachingheavenward,flingingtherepassionagainstthesky.TheyweredecoratedwithbeautifulstainedglasswindowsandsculpturesmorelifelikethananysinceancientRome.

特點(diǎn)哥特式建筑的特點(diǎn)是尖塔高聳、尖形拱門、大窗戶及繪有圣經(jīng)故事的花窗玻璃。在設(shè)計(jì)中利用尖肋拱頂、飛扶壁、修長(zhǎng)的束柱，營(yíng)造出輕盈修長(zhǎng)的飛天感。新的框架結(jié)構(gòu)以增加支撐頂部的力量，使整個(gè)建筑以直升線條、雄偉的外觀和教堂內(nèi)空闊空間，常結(jié)合鑲著彩色玻璃的長(zhǎng)窗，使教堂內(nèi)產(chǎn)生一種濃厚的宗教氣氛?？坡〈蠼烫玫聡?guó)科隆大教堂威斯敏斯特大教堂巴黎圣母院ConclusionTheMiddleAgeswasaperiodofimportantbeginningsandatimewhenthechurchcametodominatetheculturaloutlookoftheWest.theChristianreligiontookadeepholdonthemindsofpeopleandonsociety,coloringalmostallaspectsoflifeandofdeath.However,whilethechurchincreaseditspower,apersonalnotewasintroducedintobeliefint