英語寫作中的銜接與連貫講義

英語寫作中的銜接與連貫

Cohesionand

CoherenceinEnglishWriting

是文濤概念與方法銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系1.指代referenceIn1860,LincolnwaselectedPresidentoftheUnitedStates.He（人稱指代）wasthecandidateofthenewRepublicParty.ThisParty（指示指代）opposedthecreationofnewslavestates.2.替代substitutionThisbiscuitsarestale.Getsomefreshones.(名詞性替代）“ifyouhaveseenthemsooften,ofcourseyouknowwhatthey’relike.”“Ibelieveso,”Alicerepliedthoughtfully.（分句性替代）3.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.”Ididthattenhoursthefirstday,”saidTom.（分句性省略）4.連接conjunctionA.通過標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號銜接Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCeaser)Thesunisgrowingwarm,frogsarewakinginthemarshes,plantingtimewillbesoonhere.B.通過連接詞銜接5.詞匯銜接lexis(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)連貫(coherence)：是整個語篇一致性的抽象特征。詞匯銜接句子銜接段落銜接1、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語義場等例1：連接詞（conjunction)Astudentacquiresknowledgemainlyfromthetextbookandinclass.Asaresult,（結(jié)果）whenhegraduatesfromschoolhecandonothing.For（原因）everythingisdifferentfromwhatteacherstoldhim.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.Intheend,（總結(jié)）hemaybeafraidtofacetherealworld.

例2同義詞(synonym)Thefarmwasownedbytwobrothers.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.Everytimeaworker

gaveuphisjob,hetoldthesamestory.Farmlaborerssaidthat…例3反義詞(antonym)Failure

isthemotherofsuccess.例4上\下義詞(hyponymy)Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Studentsspecializeinaparticulartypeofpracticaljoke:hoax.Invitingthefirebrigadetoputoutanonexistentfireisacrudeformofdeception.Studentsoftencreateamusingsituationswhicharefunnytoeveryoneexceptthevictim.例5同一語義場(semanticfield)Small

boatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreat

liner

asshewasenteringtheharbor.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.Hemayevenbedisappointedand（并列）frustrated.銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系What’smore,smokingisonesourceofenvironmentalpollution.Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.“howmanyhoursadaydidyoudolessons?saidAlice.Itisestimatedthatmorethan80percentoflungcancervictimsaresmokers.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Smallboatsloadedwithwaresspedtothegreatlinerasshewasenteringtheharbor.Financially,aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.例6綜合運(yùn)用Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Because

heworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen,asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.Beforeshehadanchored,themenfromtheboatshadclimbedonboardandthedecksweresooncoveredwithcolorful…butIdecidednottobuyanythinguntilIhaddisembarked.例3反義詞(antonym)Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.Ithasneverbeenexplainedwhyuniversitystudentsseemtoenjoypracticaljokesmorethananyoneelse.Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.替代substitution(JuliusCeaser)銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系2句子銜接使用過渡句Ithasbeensaidthateveryonelivesbysellingsomething.Inthelightofthisstatement,(概括-具體）teacherslivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandpriestsbysellingspiritualcomfort.…Everyonehassomethingtosell.(承上啟下)Trampsseemtbetheonlyexceptiontothisgeneralrule.Beggarsalmostsellthemselvesashumanbeingstoarousethepityofpassers-by.Butrealtrampsarenotbeggars.Theyhavenothingtosellandrequirenothingfromothers.Financially,aheavysmokerneedsmuchmoneytbuycigarettes.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies---inparticular,biology,chemistryandmath.Theyemployedafewfarmhands,butnoonewaswillingtoworklong.省略ellipsis(zerosubstitution)例1：連接詞（conjunction)(Halliday/Hasan:CohesioninEnglish1976)銜接:語篇中的一個成分和對解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語義關(guān)系A(chǔ)writerorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Thecostthusbecomesaheavyburdentohisfamily.使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)American,therichestandmostpowerfulnationintheworld,canwellleadthewayinthisrevolutionofvalues.Thisisnothingtopreventusfrompayingadequatewagestoschoolteachers,…ThereisnothingbutalackofsocialvisiontopreventusfrompayinganadequatewagetoeveryAmericancitizen…Thisisnothing,exceptatragicdeathwish,topreventusfrom…Thereisnothingtokeepusfrom…使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子(1)Butmoneyisnoteverything.(2)Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.(3)Life,however,ismorethanjustmaterialthings.(4)People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.(5)Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.(6)Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子已知信息—新信息—已知信息—新信息

Butmoneyisnoteverything.Itisthat,withmoney,wecanbuywhatevermaterialthingswewant.However,materialthingsonlydonotmeanahappylife.Inamoreimportantsense,lifeinvolvesspiritualthings.People’sspiritualneedsusuallycannotbefullymetwithmaterialthings.Onthecontrary,manypeoplewhoaremateriallyricharesufferingfromlackingspiritualballast.Somoneyalonedoesnotleadtoahappylife.

3段落銜接按時間順序(chronologicalorder)Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwaslateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohours---itmusthavebeenclosetonoon…;bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouro’clock…notrealizingthedarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Bysixwewerestruggling…Bynine…ithadbeenourluckyday.按空間順序(spatialorder)Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes….Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelat…inside,thetubewasgloomy,…Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagoda…

按重要性順序(重要性遞增或遞減)

Workisindispensabletoman’sexistence.Itprovidesthematerialthingsoflife,thegoodsandservicesthatmakepossibleourancientcivilizationandmoderncivilizationaswell.Mancan’tpossiblysurvivewithoutfood,clothingandshelterwhicharefruitsofhiswork.Howevermorepsychologistshavecometorealizethatworkismorethatanecessityformostpeople.Itisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity.Amoderateamountofworkisbeneficialtoman’shealth.Factsprovethatthemoreoneuseshidbrains,themoreactiveandefficientheisthinking.Ofallworkersofalltrades,mailmenonbikehavethelongestlifeexpectancy.Aboveall,workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirvalues.Awriterorascientistmayconceivewonderfulideasordesigns,yettheirworksordesignscan’tcomeintobeingwithouttheircreativework.Inthiss