2023學(xué)年完整公開(kāi)課版專題一名詞

中考語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)專題一：名詞石獅市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)王莎白2020.03.03知識(shí)導(dǎo)圖目錄命題點(diǎn)1名詞詞義辨析命題點(diǎn)2名詞填空命題點(diǎn)3名詞所有格命題點(diǎn)4名詞的句法作用命題點(diǎn)1名詞詞義辨析(必考：每年2－3道，選擇填空、完形填空)名詞詞義辨析是近3年福建中考的必考點(diǎn)，均在選擇填空和完形填空中考查，主要涉及同類名詞辨析、不同類名詞語(yǔ)境辨析和名詞的固定搭配?？枷?同類名詞詞義辨析(必考：每年2道，選擇填空、完形填空)分析福建近3年真題可知，同類名詞詞義辨析共考查了6次，其中5次抽象類，1次稱呼類(heroes,listeners,families)。針對(duì)此類試題一定要熟記常見(jiàn)名詞的詞義，然后根據(jù)語(yǔ)境確定答案?？枷?不同類名詞詞義辨析(2017.42，完形填空)分析福建近3年真題可知，不同類名詞詞義辨析只在2017年完形填空中考查了1次(way,guide,home)。解答此類試題時(shí)，掌握各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義是基礎(chǔ)，分析句子語(yǔ)境找出題眼是關(guān)鍵?？枷?分析福建近3年真題可知，名詞的固定搭配只在2019年選擇填空中考查了1次。解答此類試題時(shí)，考生需要掌握常見(jiàn)名詞的固定搭配。下面列舉一些常見(jiàn)名詞的固定搭配：makealistof列清單(2019.24) makefriendswith與……交朋友 makeachoice做選擇makeuseof利用 makefunof取笑，拿……開(kāi)玩笑 payattentionto注意taketheplaceof代替 名詞的固定搭配(2019.24，選擇填空)takeadvantageof利用，趁……之機(jī)takesomeise遵守諾言keeind記住 catchone’sbreath屏息，喘氣考點(diǎn)1詞義辨析1.(2019·江西中考)MydaughterhelmunicationCBBBC考點(diǎn)1詞義辨析6.(2019·天津中考)The______ofthisactivityistoraisemoneyforanewhosissHuangalwaysadvisesustotothenewmovieasa______.AtaskB.treatC.choice9.(2019·南京中考)------Tomorrowismum'sbirthday.Let’sbuysomeflowersforher.------OK,Iknowshelikes______best.A.dressesB.ringsC.rosesCBBB命題點(diǎn)2名詞填空(必考：每年2－3道，短文填空)分析福建近3年中考真題可知，名詞填空包括音標(biāo)填詞(音標(biāo)填詞根據(jù)音標(biāo)發(fā)音直接寫詞，此部分不做講解)、適當(dāng)形式填空兩種形式，均在短文填空中考查。具體考查情況如下：填復(fù)數(shù)1.some/many/several/those/these/few/afew/different＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(2019.85,2018.82,2017.85)。如：manykinds(kind)of,differentethods(method)。2.上下文語(yǔ)境。3.大于1的基數(shù)詞＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如：two________(tomato)。解答“用所給名詞的適當(dāng)形式填空”試題時(shí)，需要分析句子成分，根據(jù)空格前后的詞、句子前后關(guān)系來(lái)確定要填哪種形式。tomatoes4.固定用法：moreandmore＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；oneofthe＋形容詞最高級(jí)＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；manyother＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如：moreandmorevisitors(visitor)；Theelebol)。5.可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)＋and/or＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如：sand________(worry)。6.常識(shí)類：twofeet,socks,shoes,scissors。7.apairof/allkindsof＋可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。如：apairofshoes(shoe)。symbolsworries填形容詞1.形容詞＋名詞(2018.89)。如：useful(use)inventions。2.形容詞＋and/or＋形容詞。如：Sheiskindandlovely(love)。3.be動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/感官動(dòng)詞＋形容詞。如：Yourdresslooks④________(beauty)。4.復(fù)合不定代詞＋形容詞。如：somebodyhelpful(help)。beautiful知識(shí)必備一、名詞基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)1.可數(shù)名詞及其單復(fù)數(shù)(1)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，如：desk,desks。(2)可數(shù)名詞可以被基數(shù)詞、不定冠詞(a/an)和many等修飾，如：threeboys,anidea,manystudents。(3)只修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的修飾語(yǔ)：不定代詞(many,afew,few,several,acouberof,agreat/largenumberof...)、數(shù)詞(除one之外的基數(shù)詞)。2.不可數(shù)名詞(1)不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：tea,meat。(2)不可數(shù)名詞不可以被基數(shù)詞和不定冠詞(a/an)直接修飾，若表示數(shù)量，可用量詞加不可數(shù)名詞表示，如：auch,little,alittle,abitof,agood/greatdealof,alargeamountof等。注意既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的修飾語(yǔ)有：some,alotof,lotsof,ost,hardly,any,all,therestof等。敲黑板·記重點(diǎn)1.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式；2.many,a/an,few/afew,several,acouberof,agreat/largenumberof可修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；3.much,little,alittle,abitof,agood/greatdealof,alargeamountof可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。拓展1.中考常見(jiàn)的不可數(shù)名詞類別示例物質(zhì)名詞液體orange橘汁milk牛奶water水wine酒juice果汁tea茶coffee咖啡soup湯oil油食物bread面包meat肉自然soil土壤sand沙子wood木頭weather天氣fire火rain雨wind風(fēng)snow雪ice冰材料paper紙plastic塑料silk絲綢gold金cotton棉花類別示例抽象名詞情感joy高興sadness憂傷學(xué)科maths數(shù)學(xué)geography地理physics物理chemistry化學(xué)概念advice建議information信息news消息time時(shí)間money金錢knowledge知識(shí)music音樂(lè)2.有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞又可作不可數(shù)名詞，但意義不同名詞可數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)不可數(shù)chicken小雞雞肉orange橘子橘汁experience經(jīng)歷經(jīng)驗(yàn)paper報(bào)紙、文件紙exercise練習(xí)鍛煉glass玻璃杯玻璃room房間空間time次/倍數(shù)時(shí)間life生命生活wood樹(shù)林木頭、木材light電燈光，光線work作品工作溫馨提示fish當(dāng)魚的種類講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為fishes；當(dāng)魚肉講時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞；當(dāng)魚的條數(shù)講時(shí)，單復(fù)數(shù)同形，均為fish。二、名詞相關(guān)變形1.可數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)(必考：每年1道)(1)規(guī)則變化(必考：每年1道)構(gòu)成方法示例一般情況，加-skind→kinds(2017.85)part→parts(2018.82)method→methods(2019.85)invention→inventions以字母s,x,sh,ch等結(jié)尾的詞，加-esbus→busesbox→boxesbrush→brusheswatch→watches特例：stomach→stomachs構(gòu)成方法示例以字母f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，變f或fe為v，再加-esleaf→leaveswife→wivesknife→knivesshelf→shelveswolf→wolveslife→lives特例：roof→of→proofsbelief→beliefschief→chiefs以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，先變y為i，再加-escountry→countriesbaby→babiesstory→storiescity→cities以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，加-stoy→toysmonkey→monkeys以ce,se,ze,ge等結(jié)尾的詞，加-sface→faceslicense→licensesprize→prizesorange→oranges以輔音字母加o結(jié)尾的詞，若表示有生命的加-es，若表示無(wú)生命的加-stomato→tomatoeshero→heroesphoto→photospiano→pianoszoo→zoosradio→radios巧學(xué)妙記①以-o結(jié)尾，復(fù)數(shù)加-es的，可以巧記為：Negroesandheroesliketoeatatoes.黑人和英雄喜歡吃馬鈴薯和西紅柿。②以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí)，變-f或-fe為-v，再加-es，可以巧記為：樹(shù)葉(leaves)半數(shù)(halves)自己黃，妻子(wives)操刀(knives)去割糧；架(shelves)后竄出一只狼(wolves)，就像小偷(thieves)逃命忙。(2)不規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成方法示例改a為e型man→menwoman→women特例：German→Germanshuman→humans改oo為ee型tooth→teethfoot→feet特例：boot→boots在詞尾加-renchild→children單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同sheep,deer,means,Chinese，Japanese,police常用作復(fù)數(shù)形式或只有復(fù)數(shù)形式noodles,scissors,trousers,thanks,clothes,goods,chopsticks,people其他特殊形式mouse→mice2.名詞變形容詞(2018.89)(1)n.＋-ful：wonder→wonderful color→colorfulmeaning→meaningful use→useful(2018.89)→harmfulcheer→cheerful peace→peaceful(2)n.＋-y(尤其是一些與天氣有關(guān)的名詞)：sun→sunny rain→rainy cloud→cloudywind→windy snow→snowy fog→foggysleep→sleepy health→healthy luck→lucky(3)n.＋-al或去e＋-al：usic→musicalnation→national education→educationalcentre→central culture→culturalnature→natural practice→practical(4)n.＋-n或-ese(構(gòu)成表示國(guó)籍、語(yǔ)言的形容詞)：America→American India→IndianAustralia→Australian Jaor→humorous(7)n.＋-less(構(gòu)成含有否定意義的形容詞)：care→careless use→uselesshoe→homeless(8)以-ence/-ance結(jié)尾的名詞，變-ence/-ance為-ent/-ant：difference→different silence→silentimportant考點(diǎn)2名詞的數(shù)10.(2019·岳陽(yáng)中考)Weshouldbrushour______everyday.A.toothB.teethC.hand11.(2019·自貢中考)------Whatelsedoweneedtomakecoldbeef?------______.A.Twosgotfour______fromhisrelativesonChildrens'Day.A.toyB.toysC.toies13.(2019·涼山中考)Hurryue______and______areonsaleinthesuarket.A.tomato;eggB.tomatoes;eggCtomatoes;eggs14.(2019·百色中考)I'dlikesome______and_______.A.banana;tomatoB.bananas;tomatoC.bananas:tomatoesBBCCC命題點(diǎn)3名詞所有格(近3年未考查)福建近3年中考各題型并未涉及對(duì)名詞所有格的考查，因此這里只對(duì)常見(jiàn)用法進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單講解。1.’s所有格(1)一般情況下，單數(shù)名詞加’s。如：Mike’sclass邁克的班級(jí)。(2)以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’。如：theteachers’office老師們的辦公室。(3)不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加’s。如：thechildren’sbooks孩子們的書。(4)表示并列名詞各自所有，各個(gè)名詞后分別加’s。如：Alice’sandMary’sbags愛(ài)麗絲的包和瑪麗的包。(5)表示并列名詞共有，在最后一個(gè)名詞詞尾加’s。如：TonyandVicky’sroom托尼和維奇(共有)的房間。(6)用所有格表示時(shí)間或距離。如：tenminutes’walk十分鐘的路程。(7)用所有格表示節(jié)日。如：Teachers’Day教師節(jié)。2.of所有格名詞＋of＋名詞(無(wú)生命的或有生命的名詞)。如：thenameofthebook那本書的名字。3.雙重所有格“所有物＋of＋’s結(jié)構(gòu)”或“所有物＋of＋名詞性物主代詞”＝雙重所有格。如：afriendofmyfather’s我父親的一個(gè)朋友；aine我的一支鋼筆?？键c(diǎn)3名詞的格15.(2019·青海中考)------Whosejacketsarethese?-------Theyare______.Theysaidtheylostthemyesterday.A.oursB.LiLeiandLiTao'sC.LiLei'sandLiTao's16.(2019·臨沂中考)IfIleavemyhouseat9o'clockanddrivetotheairmyhousetotheairlooksveryclean.A.BobandDave'sB.Bob'sandDavesC.Bob'sandDave18.(2019·連云港中考)OnAeterhurdlesattheAsianAthleticsChamanBmens'C.mens'CACA考點(diǎn)4名詞的句法作用19.(2019·益陽(yáng)中考)Lookatthetwo______overthere.TheyareteachingthegirlstoenteachersB.womanteachersC.womanteacher20.(2017·宜賓中考)Twomonths______alongtime.WecanvisitourgrandB.isC.are21.(2017·恩施中考)Threeyears______andwe'vemadesomanyfriendsduringourjuniorschool.A.haspassedB.haspastC.havepassedAAB要點(diǎn)1familyn.家；家庭填一填①這是托尼的全家福照片。Thisisaybrotherbuiltanew__________lastyear.③他把中國(guó)看作第二故鄉(xiāng)HeconsidersChinaashissecond_________.練一練選詞填空：family，home，house①(2019·聊城中考改編)Fromtheageof6,WangYanbegantocookandwashclothesforthewhole________.②(2019·德陽(yáng)中考改編)WhenMrSmithretired(退休)，heboughtasmall_______inavillagenearthesea.③(2019·北部灣中考改編)OnceIbroughtmyfriendDaisytomy______.familyhousehomefamilyhousehome要點(diǎn)2surprisen.驚奇;驚訝v.使吃驚填一填①用surandidn'tseem_________toknowthe__________endingofthestory.②我驚訝地看著試卷，簡(jiǎn)直不敢相信自己的眼睛Ilookedatthetestyeyes.③Everyoneis_________(suranaskedin______,“Whynotwantthefish?”A.surprisesB.surpriseC.surprisedD.surprisingsurprisesurprisedsurprisinginsurprisesurprisedB要點(diǎn)3isen.承諾；諾言v.許諾；承諾填一填①它是一種許諾。It'sakindof___________.②他承諾按時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作。He_________________________theworkontime.練一練①(2019·湖州中考改編)Whenwemakeayfather__________tobuymeanipad,______excitedIwas!iseisedtofinishromiseisedhow要點(diǎn)4advicen.勸告；建議填一填①你能給我一些建議嗎?Canyougiveme______________saredifficulttosolve.e______.A.manyadviceB.someadviceC.anadviceD.someadvicessomeadviceapieceofadviceB要點(diǎn)5troublen.問(wèn)題；苦惱填一填①不要嘲笑處于困境中的人Don'tlaughattheetrouble__________(work)outthe.練一練①(2018·呼和浩特中考)------Doyouhavetrouble______________(understand)themeaningofthis?------No,Ihavelearntitalready.②(2018·濱州中考)當(dāng)陌生人遇到麻煩時(shí)我們應(yīng)該幫忙嗎?(should)_________________________________________________________________________introubleworkingunderstandingShouldwehelpstrangerswhentheygetintotroulble/whentheyareintrouble?要點(diǎn)6difficultyn.困難，難題填一填①Ihave__________(difficult)readingattimes②當(dāng)你做決定有困難時(shí)，可以打電話給我。Youcancallmeifyouhave___________________adesicion.練一練(2019·淮安中考)TheGreatWallistoohigh。Ihavedifficulty__________(climb)italone.difficultydifficultymakingclimbing要點(diǎn)7populationn.人口；人口數(shù)量填一填①Theallest)illion.(對(duì)畫線部分提問(wèn))_____________theethinkforamoment.itisabout______.A.Howmany;1,400millionBWhat;1,400millionC.What;40million②(2018·常州中考)Doyouknowwhattheexact_____________(人口)ofchinais?isarebiggestWhatisBpopulation要點(diǎn)8suggestionn.建議填一填①Ihavea(n)____________(advice/suggestion)abouthowtoimeasuggestiononhowtosolvethis?(改為同義句)Couldyougiveme_________________________onhowtosolvethis?練一練(2019·本溪中考)Thearticlegivesstudentssome______abouthowtostaysafeonline.A.suggestionsB.activitesC.decisionssuggestionapieceofadviceA要點(diǎn)9pleasuren.高興；愉快填一填選詞填空：ethinkofaninvention?------With________.②Youcanbuyhimagiftand_______him.③Iwillbe________ifIcanmeetmyfriendshere.④Wehada__________time.練一練①(2019·天水中考)------Couldyoutellhowtoatter.C.Withouse.pleasurepleasepleasedpleasantCpleased訓(xùn)練·知能提升1.(2019·海南中考)MycousinandIoftenwalktothe______toseeworking.------Sorry,dad.Iwon'tmakeanynoiseagain.A.trustB.silenceC.control