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（2005年真（2005年真題Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas―alltoohuman,∥withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof―goodsandservices∥thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan‘sandDr.deWaal‘sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).whenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapehersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby [A]posinga[C]makinga[B]justifyingan[D]explaininga22.Thestatement―itisalltoomonkey∥(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthat monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackresentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys‘monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachnoanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuch23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausethey [A]moreinclinedtoweighwhatthey[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament[B]attentivetoresearchers‘[D]moregenerousthantheir24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthe [A]prefergrapesto[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated25.Whatcanweinferfromthelast[B]canbetaughttoexchange[D]areunhappywhenseparatedMonkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialHumanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainAnimalsusuallyshowAnimalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansCooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyintheDoyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn‘tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth‘satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel‘sreport:―Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentJustasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit‘sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit‘sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident‘sadvisersstilldon‘ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof―paralysisbyanalysis.∥Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon‘ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat [A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokingandthenumberofearlydeathsofthenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswaspeoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayofantismokingpeoplewereusuallytalking27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas [A]a[C]a[B]a[D]a28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby―paralysisbyanalysis∥(Lines4-5,Paragraph[A]Endlessstudieskill[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.[B]Carefulinvestigationreveals[D]Extensiveresearch29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalOfferaidtobuildcleanerpowerRaisepublicawarenessofPressforfurtherscientificTakesomelegislative30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmoking theybothsufferedfromthegovernment‘salessonfromthelatterisapplicabletothetheoutcomeofthelatteraggravatesthebothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoOfallthecomponentsofagoodnight‘ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust―mentalnoise∥--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind‘semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis―off-line.∥Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,―It‘syourdream,∥saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago‘sMedicalCenter.―Ifyoudon‘tlikeit,changeit.∥Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMeyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the―emotionalbrain∥)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.―Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.∥saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright‘sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeeyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the―emotionalbrain∥)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.―Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.∥saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright‘sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon‘talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday‘sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirAttheendoftheday,there‘sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor―wewakenupinapanic,∥Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople‘sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou‘llfeelbetterinthe31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams [A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresand[B]aresusceptibleto[D]arearandomoutcomeof32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow [A]itsfunctioninour[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions[B]themechanismofREM[D]itsdifferencefromthe33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto [A]aggravateinourunconscious[C]persisttillthetimewefall[B]developintohappy[D]showupindreamsearlyat34.Cartwrightseems34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbadvisualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemunderdreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturaldreamingmaynotentirelybelongtothe35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebadLeadyourlifeasSeekprofessionalExerciseconsciousAvoidanxietyintheAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter‘sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof―whom,∥forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,―doingourownthing,∥hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish―onpaperplatesinsteadofchina.∥Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish [A]isinevitableinradicaleducation[B]isbutalltoonaturalinhascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe37.Theword―talking∥(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes [A][B][C][D]38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyLogicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewayweBlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardNon-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasOfallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplex39.ThedescriptionofRussians‘loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor‘s [A]interestintheir[C]admirationfortheir[B]appreciationoftheir[D]contemptfortheirold- ―epoaristo∥―adca∥isto―uncona∥isto―humble∥isto（2006年真題Inspiteof―endlesstalkofdifference,∥Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis―thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference∥characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto―acultureofconsumption∥launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered―vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,∥thesewerestores―anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.∥Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforImmigrantsarequicklyfittingintoofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite,∥thesewerestores―anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.∥Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforImmigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday‘simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelsnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation--language,homeownershipandThe1990Censusrevealedthat―amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish?well‘or?verywell‘a(chǎn)ftertenyearsofresidence.∥ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.―Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.∥HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa―graveyard∥forlanguages.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornForeign-bornAsiansandHispanics―havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.∥Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet―someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation‘sassimilativeAretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica‘sturbulentpast,today‘ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword―homogenizing∥(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans [A][B][C][D]22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury playedaroleinthespreadofpopularbecameintimateshopsforcommonsatisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeablesatisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableoweditsemergencetothecultureof23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S. areresistanttoexertagreatinfluenceonAmericanarehardlyathreattothecommonconstitutethemajorityofthe24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraphToprovetheirpopularityaroundtheTorevealthepublic‘sfearofTogiveexamplesofsuccessfulToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmerican25.Intheauthor‘sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmerican [A][B][C][D]Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry--WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway‘sCottage,Shakespeare‘sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC‘sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It‘salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus--andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside--don‘tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown‘srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.ThesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbyThetownsfolkdon‘tseeitthiswayThetownsfolkdon‘tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan‘tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey‘lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford‘smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)--lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtowhentheboxofficeopensat10:3026.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,welearnthat thetownsfolkdenytheRSC‘scontributiontothetown‘stheactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoff[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that [D]thetownsfolkearnlittlethesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalacetheplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthethesightseersdomoreshoppingthanthetheplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthe28.Bysaying―Stratfordcriespoortraditionally∥(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat .[A]StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsStratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialthetownisnotreallyshortof [D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorly29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthethecompanyisfinanciallyill-thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsocially[D]thetheatreattendance[D]thetheatreattendanceisonthe30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor [A]issupportiveofboth[C]takesadetached[B]favorsthetownsfolk‘s[D]issympathetictotheWhenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today‘svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe―shiftingbaseline.∥Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthesustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesabout50%ofitsoriginalabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodo31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingsmallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalslargeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreatslow-growingfishoutlivefast-growing32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm‘spaperthat thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedbythereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsthecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalthenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthaninthe33.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeans [A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthen[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutof34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan‘tworkforalongerfisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldbelow50%ofthetheoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginalpeopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechanging35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries‘ [A]managementefficiency[B]biomasslevel[C]catch-sizelimits[D]technologicalManythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists‘onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn‘talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswewentfromWordsworth‘sdaffodilstoBaudelaire‘sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimesseensomuchmisery.Butit‘snotseensomuchmisery.Butit‘snotasifearliertimesdidn‘tknowperpetualwar,disasterandmassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnintheworldAfterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda--tolureustoopenourwallets--theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.―Ceebae∥commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It‘samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat.poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingorartgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativepoetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness [D]artistshavechangedtheirfocusof37.Theword―bummer∥(Line5.paragrap