Unit+4+Never+too+old+to+learn單元培優(yōu)練習題 高中英語牛津譯林版選擇性必修第四冊

Unit4Nevertoooldtolearn單元培優(yōu)練習題Ⅰ.閱讀理解ANearlytwoyearsago,LaurenKornacki,arecentcollegegraduate,walkedoutsideherfamily'shomeinVirginiatoaskherdadifshecouldborrowhiscar.Assheroundedthecornerfromthefrontyardintothegarage,Lauren,sawherfather,Alec,lyingunconscious,pinnedonhisbackbeneathhiscar.Thecarhadfallenoffthejackwhilehewaschangingthebrakepadsontherightreartire.Laurenyelledinsideathermothertocallemergencyservices,andthenrantothecar.“Ithought,I'mgoingtolosemydad,”shesays.Unsureofwhattodo,shestuckbothhandsunderthewheelhubwhereAlechadremovedthetireandpulledupwithallherstrength.Tohersurprise,sheliftedthecar.Thenshehelditupwithonearmand,withtheother,pulledherfatheroutfromunderthecarbyhispantsleg.Alecwasn'tbreathing,soLauren,alifeguardcertifiedinCPR,beganperformingchestcompressions.Withinseconds,Alectookabreathandopenedhiseyes.“Staywithme,”Laurenwhisperedastheywaitedfortheambulance.“Justkeepbreathing.”DoctorstreatedAlecforfivefracturedribs,afracturedsternum,andfracturedvertebrae,buthewasabletoreturntohisjobasanITprofessionaltwomonthslater.Lauren,nowacomputerengineer,saysshedidn'tstoptothink.“Everyonehasabasicinstincttohelptheonestheylove,”shesay.1.WhathadhappenedaboutherfatherwhenLaurenarrivedatthegarage?A.Hewasreplacingapartofhiscar.B.Hewaslyingattherightsideofhiscar.C.Hewaspressedunderhiscaroutofconsciousness.D.Hewasrepairingtherightreartireofhiscaronthejack.2.WhywasLaurensurprisedwhensheliftedthecar?A.Herfathercouldescapethedeath.B.Shehadn'texpectedhereffortsoeffective.C.Shewasveryanxioustosaveherfather.D.Thecarwasnotthatheavyasshethought.3.WhatmightmakeLauren'sfathercomebacktohimselfsoquickly?A.Professionalemergencyservice.B.Unconditionallovefromadaughter.C.Astrongandtoughbody.D.Atimelyprofessionalfirstaid.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheGirlLiftedaCaroffHerDadB.TheGirlBreathedLifeintoHerDadC.DadGotPinnedBeneathaCarD.ALovingDaughterandaLuckyDadBPeoplegenerallyacceptthattheolderweget,thelessnewknowledgeweacquire,justliketheoldsaying“Youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks”.However,agrowingbodyofresearchsuggeststhatlate-in-lifelearningdoesanagingheadgood.ResearchersfromNewYorkUniversitygatheredmorethan1,500retiredworkerswhowerebetweenages65and94andassessedthevolunteers'memoryandthinkingskillsthroughaseriesoftestsoverasix-weektrainingperiod.ThosewhotookonnewactivitieslikeLatindanceorcomputerlessonstendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(認知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastlearning.“Ourbodyisjustlikeamachine,”saysEdmondMouton,wholedthestudy.“Afteralongworkingperiod,ourmindmaynotbeassharpasbefore.Butlearningnewthings,whichcanactaslubricants(潤滑劑),willhelpourmindfunctionwellorevenbetter.”Theresultshowsthatstayingmentallyactivecannotonlycontributetomentalhealthbutalsohelpreducetheriskofdementia(癡呆).Andkeepingelderlypeopleemotionallyconnectedtotheworldisthehighestcurrencythatcontinuingtoacquirenewknowledgecanpaythem.Bycontinuingtolearn,seniorscanbetterkeeptheirconnectionstoothers.Ofcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons,andnon-stoplearningcanbetiringandtimeconsuming.Still,keepingyourbrainactivewillensurethatyoucanenjoythetimeyouhavelefttothefullest.5.Whydidtheresearchersaskthevolunteerstotakethetests?A.Toassesstheirhealthstatus.B.ToevaluatetheirworkhabitsC.Toanalyzetheirpersonality.D.Tomeasuretheirmentalability.6.HowdoesEdmondMoutonhelpunderstandhisfindingsinParagraph3?A.Byusinganexpert'swords.B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byintroducingaconcept.D.Byreferringtoanotherstudy.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inParagraph4referto?A.Money.B.Facevalue.C.Debt.D.Reward.8.Whatcanweinferaboutlate-in-lifelearningfromthetext?A.Itisveryexhausting.B.Itisawasteoftime.C.Itcontributestoabetterlaterlife.D.Itstopsthedeclineofthebrain.COnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.9.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.10.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent11.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.12.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.Ⅱ.七選五Itwon'tsoundlikeabigsurprisewhenItellyouthatkindnessplaysanimportantroleinaperson'swellbeing.Itcanleadtochangeslikehigherself-esteemandlowerbloodpressure.Evenjustwitnessingactsofkindnesscanmakeushappier.1“Fromgivingawayacupofhotchocolateinaparktogivingawayagiftinthelab,thoseperforminganactofkindnessconsistentlyunderestimatedhowpositivetheirreceiverswouldfeel,thinkingtheiractwasoflessvaluethanreceiversperceivedittobe,”statesastudy.

2Yet,whyistherethisdifferencebetweenwhatwethinksomeonewillfeelfromanactofkindnessversuswhattheydofeel?Whydoweunderestimatetheimpactwehaveonothers?

Manyofusdon'thavearealsenseofourvalue.It'sbeenestimatedthatasmanyas85percentofpeoplestrugglewithlowself-esteem.3This“voice”tendstoshiftourfocusinwardassessingoureverymove,andhavingbadeffectonourrelationships.

Unlikeaconscience(良心),thisinnercriticdoesn'tmotivatepositivebehavior.4Itencouragesustoholdbackfeedingusthoughtslike,“Don'tstickyourneckout”,“Noonewantstohearfromyou”,and“You'regoingtomakeafoolofyourself.”

Onewonderfulwaytofightagainstourcriticalinnervoiceisthroughactsofbeingkindtoothers.5Wemustalsotrytoseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofthepeopleweaffect.Thedegreetowhichwe'reabletodothatwillhelpdetermineourownhappinessalongwiththehappinesswelightupinothers.

A.However,theworkdoesn'tstopthere.B.Peoplemaylowerthevalueoftheirownkindcomments.C.Weallcarryarounda“criticalinnervoice”thattendstoputusdown.D.Insteadofseeingwhatwehavetooffer,wemaythinkofourselvesasaburden.E.Thismisunderstandingsuggeststhatpeopledevaluetheirownactionsinrelationtoothers.F.Instead,itturnsusagainstourselves,makingusunderestimateourbeneficialeffectonothers.G.Yet,peoplemaynottrulyknowtheimpactthateventhesmallestofkindactscanhaveonanotherperson.參考答案Ⅰ.【語篇導讀】文章主要講述了LaurenKornacki為了救被車壓住的父親,徒手舉起了一輛車,最終父親成功得救的故事。1.C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知,當Lauren到達車庫時,她父親被壓在車底下失去了意識。2.B細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三至五句可知,Lauren舉起車的時候驚訝是因為她沒想到她的努力如此有效。3.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知,Lauren的父親這么快就恢復了意識是因為及時的專業(yè)急救。4.A主旨大意題。LaurenKornacki為了救被車壓住的父親,徒手舉起了一輛車,最終父親成功得救。由此可知,A項“女孩把一輛車從她爸爸身上掀了下來”是最佳標題?！菊Z篇導讀】文章講述了一項研究,研究表明晚年學習對大腦有好處,有助于心理健康。5.D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Researchers...assessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughaseriesoftestsoverasix-weektrainingperiod.”可知,研究人員要求志愿者參加測試是為了測量他們的智力。6.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中EdmondMouton說的話可知,EdmondMouton把大腦比作機器,把學習新事物比作潤滑劑,通過比較來幫助理解“他們的認知功能喪失的速度往往比學習最少的人慢得多”。7.D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段可知,本段主要介紹晚年學習、保持精神活躍對老年人的好處,D項意為“獎勵”,符合語境。8.C推理判斷題。本文主要講了晚年學習、保持精神活躍有助于老人擁有更好的晚年生活?！菊Z篇導讀】本文主要介紹了對群體智慧效應的一項新研究。這項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當大的估算群體被分成小組做估算時,其估算的平均值比同樣數(shù)量的獨立個體的估算結果