職業(yè)健康和安全培訓(xùn)-Slide1

OccupationalHealthandSafetyTraining

職業(yè)健康和安全培訓(xùn)ChemicalSafety化學(xué)安全1OHS3Objectives目標(biāo)Bytheendofthissession,youwillbeableto:通過本節(jié),您將能Identifythedifferentchemicalhazardclasses識(shí)別不同的化學(xué)危害類別Identifysafeproceduresforhandlingchemicals識(shí)別處理化學(xué)品的安全程序Identifyhealthhazardsfordifferentchemicalhazardclasses識(shí)別不同化學(xué)危害類別的健康危害Identifyfirstaidproceduresfordifferentchemicalhazardclasses識(shí)別不同化學(xué)危害類別的急救措施2OHS3ExposureLimits接觸限ExposureLimit接觸限Themaximumallowedairborneconcentrationofachemical允許的化學(xué)品空氣中的最高濃度Notintendedtorepresentafinelinebetweensafeandharmfulconditions有旨在于安全和危害條件中劃一清晰的線itisnotpossibletotakeintoaccountallfactorswhichcouldinfluencetheeffectthatexposuretothesubstancemayhaveonanindividualworker不可能考慮可能影響員工與化學(xué)品接觸而產(chǎn)生作用所有因素theguidingprincipleiseliminationofexposureorreductiontothelowestlevelthatisreasonablyachievablebelowtheexposurelimit指南性原則就是消除接觸,或減少至最低限3OHS3ExposureLimitscont’d接觸限Exposurelimitsareexpressedas接觸限表示為8-hourexposurelimit8小時(shí)接觸限15-minuteexposurelimit15分鐘接觸限ceilinglimit最高限4OHS3ExposureLimits:8-HourLimit

8小時(shí)接觸限Thetimeweightedaverageconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededoveranormal8hourworkperiod在空氣中的平均濃度,不能超過8個(gè)小時(shí)的工作時(shí)間Aworkercanbeexposedtothisexposurelimitdayafterday,withoutarespirator,withnoadversehealtheffects員工每天可以如此接觸化學(xué)品,可以不帶防毒面具,對(duì)員工健康不會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響5OHS3ExposureLimits:15-MinuteLimit

15分鐘接觸限Thetimeweightedaverageconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededoverany15minuteperiod在空氣中的平均濃度,不能超過15分鐘Staffexposureislimitedtonomorethan4suchperiodsinan8hourworkshiftwithatleastonehourbetweenany2successive15minutesexcursionperiods員工在8個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi),接觸時(shí)間不得超過4個(gè)15分鐘.并且間隔1小時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離化學(xué)品6OHS3CeilingExposureLimit

最高限Theconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededatanytimeduringtheworkperiod工作期間,空氣間的濃度任何時(shí)間都不能超過7OHS3ChemicalHazards化學(xué)危害Chemicalhazardsaredefinedaccordingtooneofsixhazardcategories:按化學(xué)品分類規(guī)定有六類化學(xué)危害 (A)–Compressedgases壓縮氣體 (B)–Flammableandcombustible可燃物/易燃物 (C)–Oxidizing氧化物 (D)–Toxic毒性 (E)–Corrosive腐蝕性 (F)–DangerouslyReactiveMaterials危害反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)8OHS3ClassA–CompressedGases

A類—壓縮氣體9OHS3ClassA–CompressedGasescont’d

A類—壓縮氣體ClassA–compressedgasesA類—壓縮氣體compressedgases,dissolvedgasesorgasesliquefiedbycompressionorrefrigerationwithinreinforcedmetalcylinders.壓縮氣體,溶解氣體,在加固的金屬汽瓶被壓力或冷卻液化的氣體10OHS3ClassA–CylinderSafety

A類—?dú)馄堪踩玀ishandledCylinders

氣瓶操作失誤Mayruptureviolentlyandreleasetheirhazardouscontentsorbecomedangerousprojectiles猛烈斷開,釋放出危害品,或發(fā)射性危害Iftheneckofapressurizedcylinderisaccidentallybrokenoff,theenergyreleasedcanpropelthecylinderupto1200meters.如果壓力瓶頸突然斷裂,釋放出的能力可以將氣瓶彈至1200米DamagedCylinders損壞的氣瓶Returntomanufacturer退回生產(chǎn)商11OHS3ClassA–CylinderSafetycont’d

A類—?dú)馄堪踩獵ylinderwithUnknownContent未知內(nèi)容的氣瓶Returntomanufacturer退回生產(chǎn)商MovingCylinders移動(dòng)氣瓶Wearappropriatefootprotection穿上適當(dāng)?shù)哪_部防護(hù)ChemicalSafety化學(xué)安全HaveappropriateMSDS’savailable得到適當(dāng)?shù)奈镔|(zhì)安全數(shù)據(jù)表Befamiliarwiththehealthrisks,flammabilityandreactivityhazardsforaparticulargas.熟悉健康危害,可燃性,與特定氣體的反應(yīng)危害Ensuretheyareproperlylabeled確保適當(dāng)標(biāo)記Identityofgas

氣體標(biāo)識(shí)Hazards危害12OHS3CylinderStorage氣瓶的存放Storeawayfromincompatiblegroups與不相容品分開存放 flammablesfromoxidizers可燃物與氧化劑分開 corrosivesfromflammables腐蝕物與可燃物分開 fullcylindersfromempties滿瓶與空瓶分開 allcylindersfromcorrosivevapors所有氣瓶遠(yuǎn)離腐蝕性蒸氣oxygencylindersmustbeaminimumof6metersawayfromflammablegascylindersorcombustiblematerials氧氣瓶須與可燃性氣瓶或易燃性物質(zhì)分離至少6米13OHS3CylinderStorage氣瓶存放Secureemptyandfullcylinderstoafixedsupportbyuseofchains,orothersubstantialrestrainingdevice用鏈條或其它堅(jiān)固的控制裝置固定空瓶或裝滿氣體的氣瓶Storeupright直立存放Keepvalveprotectivecapsinplacewhilenotinuse不用時(shí),將安全閥門的蓋蓋好MarkemptycylindersEMPTY將空瓶標(biāo)記“空瓶”Keepvalvesclosedonemptycylinders空瓶氣閥擰緊Keepawayfromsourcesofheat遠(yuǎn)離熱源14OHS3

CylinderStoragecont’d

氣瓶存放Keepawayfromelectricalwiring遠(yuǎn)離電線Storeinwellventilatedareasdesignedandmarkedonlyforcylinders在良好通風(fēng)的地方存放,并標(biāo)明僅存放氣瓶15OHS3MovingCylinders移動(dòng)氣瓶Placecylinderonacylindercart氣瓶放在氣瓶專用手推車上Securecylindertocartwithachain.用鏈子將氣瓶固定在手推車上Removeregulatorandattachprotectivevalvecapbeforemovingthecylinder.移動(dòng)前,拿掉調(diào)節(jié)閥,蓋上防護(hù)蓋Donotholdcylinderbytheprotectivecapwhenmovingorlifting移動(dòng)或抬升過程中,不要以防護(hù)蓋為把手Donotdrop不要跌落Donotallowcylinderstostrikeeachother氣瓶不得相互撞擊Handlewithextremecare移動(dòng)時(shí)特別小心16OHS3CylinderUse氣瓶使用Ensureallconnectionsaretight確保所有連接緊密Applysoapywatertolocateleaks用肥皂水檢驗(yàn)漏氣Keepvalves,regulators,couplings,hoseandapparatuscleanandfreeofoilandgrease保持閥,調(diào)節(jié)閥,聯(lián)結(jié)處,軟管和儀器清潔,沒有滑膩Donotattempttorepairsafetydevicesandvalves–returntomanufacturer不要修復(fù)安全裝置和閥,退回生產(chǎn)商Opencylindervalvesslowly慢慢打開氣閥Standawayfromthefaceandbackofthegaugewhileopening打開時(shí)不要面對(duì)壓力計(jì)的表面和背面17OHS3ClassB–Flammableand

CombustibleLiquids

B類—可燃和易燃液體18OHS3ClassB–Flammableand

CombustibleLiquids

B類—可燃和易燃液體Definition:定義Flammableandcombustibleliquidsaresubstanceswhosevapourscanburnorexplode.可燃和易燃液體其蒸氣可以燃燒或爆炸Flammableliquids可燃液體Giveoffvapors釋放蒸氣Usuallyheavierthanair

比空氣重Cantravellongdistancesuntilreachingasourceofignition(openflame,hotsurface,staticsparks)causingafireorexplosion到達(dá)燃燒來源之前可能流過較長距離,引起火災(zāi)或爆炸Canflowtherebyincreasingfirehazards可能流動(dòng),增加火災(zāi)的危害Burningflammableliquidsalsoflow,furtherspreadingthefire燃燒的可燃液體也可能流動(dòng),并進(jìn)一步蔓延火災(zāi)19OHS3FlammableandCombustible

Liquids–GeneralSafety

可燃和易燃液體-通用安全ObtainandreadtheMSDS.得到并閱讀物質(zhì)安全數(shù)據(jù)表Beawareofallofthehazards.了解所有危害Avoidoreliminateignitionsourceswhenworkingwithflammableliquids.當(dāng)使用可燃液體時(shí),避免或消除火源Store,handle,anduseflammableandcombustibleliquidsinwellventilatedareas.在良好通風(fēng)的地方存放,處理和使用可燃和易燃液體20OHS3FlammableandCombustible

Liquids–GeneralSafety

可燃和易燃液體-通用安全Wearappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment.穿上適當(dāng)?shù)膫€(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備Usearubberholdertotransportflammableliquidswithinthebuilding使用橡膠支撐物在建筑物內(nèi)來運(yùn)輸可燃液體Knowhowtohandleemergencies(fires,spills,personalinjury).了解如何處理緊急事項(xiàng)(火災(zāi),遺灑,人員傷害)21OHS3FlammableandCombustibleLiquids-Storage可燃和易燃液體-存放Storein存放在:safecontainers安全容器中insidefireresistantstoragecabinetsdesignedforflammablesOR可燃?xì)怏w專用防火的儲(chǔ)存柜中insidestoragerooms儲(chǔ)存室Minimizetheamountofflammableliquidsstoredinthelaboratory盡量減小實(shí)驗(yàn)室可燃液體存儲(chǔ)量Closecontainerswhennotinuse不用時(shí)關(guān)閉容器Donotuseinareaswithignitionsources不要在有火源的地方使用22OHS3FlammableLiquids–HealthHazards可燃液體—健康危害AcuteHealthEffects嚴(yán)重的健康影響Inhalation吸入Headaches,fatigue,dizziness,drowsiness,narcosis(stuporandunresponsiveness)頭疼,疲勞,眩暈,遲鈍,麻醉(昏迷,無反應(yīng)能力)Ingestion攝入Slightgastro-intestinalirritation,dizziness,fatigue輕微的腸胃疼痛,眩暈,疲勞Skincontact皮膚接觸Dry,cracked,andchappedskin干燥,破裂,皮膚干裂Eyecontact眼睛接觸Stinging,wateryeyes,andinflammationoftheeyelids刺痛,流淚,眼瞼發(fā)炎23OHS3FlammableLiquids–HealthHazardscont’d可燃液體—健康危害ChronicHealthEffects慢性健康影響dependson取決于specificchemical哪種化學(xué)品durationofexposure接觸時(shí)間長短extentofexposure接觸范圍damagetothelungs,liver,kidneys,heartand/orcentralnervoussystemmayoccur可能對(duì)肺,肝,腎,心臟和中樞神系統(tǒng)造成損害cancerandreproductiveeffectsarealsopossible也可能引發(fā)癌癥和對(duì)生殖系統(tǒng)的影響24OHS3FlammableLiquids–FirstAid

可燃液體—急救InhalationandIngestionExposure吸入和攝入接觸Removepersonfromthecontaminatedareaifitissafetodoso如果安全的話,將人員從污染區(qū)移開Getmedicalattentionanddonotleavethepersonunattended請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療救助,不要只留下病人Skincontact:皮膚接觸Removepersonfromsourceofcontamination將人員移離污染源Removeclothing,jewelryandshoesfromaffectedareas將受傷害部位的衣服脫掉,或手飾和鞋子Flushtheaffectedareawithwaterforatleast20minutes將受傷害部位用水沖洗至少20分鐘Obtainmedicalattention請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療救助25OHS3FlammableLiquids–FirstAidcont’d

可燃液體—急救Eyecontact:眼睛接觸Removepersonfromsourceofcontamination將人員移離污染源Flusheyeswithwaterforatleast20minutes用水沖洗眼睛至少20分鐘Getmedicalattention請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療救助26OHS3ClassC–OxidizingMaterials

C類—氧化物27OHS3ClassC–OxidizingMaterialscont’d

C類—氧化物Definition定義Oxidizingmaterialsaresubstancesthatreadilyyieldoxygenoritsequivalenttostimulatethecombustion(oxidation)oforganicmatter氧化物是容易產(chǎn)生氧氣或類似物質(zhì),激活有機(jī)物燃燒(氧化)的物質(zhì)Oxidizersareincompatiblewith氧化劑與下列物質(zhì)不相容Reducingagents(whichusuallycontainhydrogen),suchashydrides,bisulfitesandthiosulfates還原劑(通常含氫氣)如氫化物,重亞硫酸鹽和硫代硫酸鹽Flammableandcombustiblematerials可燃和易燃物28OHS3ClassC–OxidizingMaterialscont’d

C類—氧化物Organicperoxides有機(jī)過氧化物Aparticulargroupofoxidizingmaterialsthatareoftenunstableinnature一組性質(zhì)不穩(wěn)定的氧化物L(fēng)owpowerexplosiveswhicharesensitivetoheatorshock對(duì)光和撞擊敏感的低能量爆炸品SeePeroxideProgramTrainingSession見過氧化物方案培訓(xùn)一節(jié)的內(nèi)容29OHS3OxidizingMaterials–Storage

氧化物-存放Oxidizers氧化物Storeawayfromflammables,organiccompounds,andcombustiblematerials與可燃物,有機(jī)化合物和易燃物分開存放Strongoxidizers強(qiáng)氧化劑Ex:chromicacid如鉻酸Storeinglassorotherinertcontainer(preferablyunbreakable)存放在玻璃或其它惰性容器中(最好是不會(huì)破損的)Donotusecorksandrubberstoppers不要使用軟木塞和橡膠塞30OHS3OxidizingMaterials–HealthHazards氧化物-健康危害AcuteHealthHazards嚴(yán)重健康危害Nitricandsulfuricacidvapours,chlorineand hydrogenperoxideactasirritantgases硝酸和硫酸蒸氣,氯和過氧化氫是刺激性氣體Cancauseinflammationofthe引起發(fā)炎Upperairways上呼吸道Throat嗓子31OHS3OxidizingMaterials–HealthHazardscont’d氧化物-健康危害ChronicHealthHazards慢性健康危害nitrobenzeneandchromiumcompoundscancausehematologicalandneurologicalchanges硝基苯和鉻化合物可引發(fā)血液和神經(jīng)上的變化chromiumandmanganesecompoundscancauseliverandkidneydisease鉻和錳化合物可引發(fā)肝和腎的疾病chromium(VI)compoundshavebeenassociatedwithlungcancer鉻化合物與肺癌有關(guān)聯(lián)32OHS3OxidizingMaterials–FirstAid

氧化物—急救Inhalation,ingestionordirectcontact呼入,攝入或直接接觸Removeinjuredpersonfromthesourceofcontaminationasquicklyaspossiblewhenitissafetodoso如果安全,盡快將受到傷害的人員移離污染源Obtainmedicalattentionimmediately立即請(qǐng)求醫(yī)療救護(hù)33OHS3OxidizingMaterials–FirstAidcont’d

氧化物—急救Exposuretoskinoreyes與皮膚或眼睛接觸Takeinjuredpersontoanemergencyshoweroreyewashimmediately立即將受傷人員緊急淋浴或沖洗眼睛Flushtheaffectedareaforaminimumof20minutes沖洗受傷部位至少20分鐘Obtainmedicalattention得到醫(yī)療救護(hù)34OHS3ClassD–ToxicChemicals

D類—有毒化學(xué)品35OHS3ClassD–ToxicChemicals

D類—有毒化學(xué)品Definition定義Atoxicchemicalisanysubstancethatmaycausedamagetostructure,ordisturbancetofunction,whenitisingested,inhaled,orabsorbed,orwhenappliedto,injectedintoordevelopedwithinthebody,inrelativelysmallamounts,byitschemicalaction.指當(dāng)人體攝入,吸入或吸收少量某種物質(zhì),或少量使用,注入或身體內(nèi)形成該物質(zhì),由于化學(xué)作用,會(huì)對(duì)人體的組織產(chǎn)生損害或引發(fā)功能紊亂,這類物質(zhì)就是有毒化學(xué)品36OHS3ToxicChemicalscont’d

D類—有毒化學(xué)品3subdivisions:三級(jí)分類D1–materialscausingimmediateandserioustoxiceffects立即引起嚴(yán)重毒性效果的物質(zhì)D2–materialscausingothertoxiceffectssuchas:引起諸如下列其它毒性效果的物質(zhì)chronic(longterm)慢性(長期)carcinogenic(causingcancer)致癌物質(zhì)teratogenic(damagesfetus)使胎兒產(chǎn)生畸形reproductive(damagesreproductiveorgans)生殖系統(tǒng)損傷mutagenic(damagesbacterialDNA)基因突變irritatingorsensitizingeffects刺激或光敏影響37OHS3

ToxicChemicals

有毒化學(xué)品

D3–Biohazardousandinfectiousmaterials生物危害和傳染物質(zhì)38OHS3ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntry有毒化學(xué)品—進(jìn)入渠道Skinandeyes皮膚和眼睛Maycauselocalirritationortissuedestruction引起局部刺激或組織損傷Symptomsofexposure接觸癥狀Dryorwhitenedskin皮膚干燥,發(fā)白R(shí)ednessandswelling發(fā)紅和腫脹Rash皮疹Blisters水泡Itching癢Protection防護(hù)Bandageallcutsandscrapes包扎傷口Wearappropriategloves載手套Wearsafetyglasses,gogglesorfaceshield戴安全眼鏡,護(hù)目鏡或面具39OHS3

ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化學(xué)品—進(jìn)入渠道

RespiratoryTract呼吸道Symptoms:癥狀Eye,noseandthroatirritation眼睛,鼻子和嗓子刺激Increasedmucousinnoseandthroat;鼻子和嗓子分泌物增多Narcoticeffects(headache,confusion,dizziness,collapse)麻醉效果(頭疼,思維混亂,眩暈,虛脫)Asphyxiation窒息Protection防護(hù)Fumehoods通風(fēng)櫥Respirators防毒面具40OHS3ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化學(xué)品—進(jìn)入渠道

Gastrointestinaltract腸胃系統(tǒng)Symptoms:癥狀Mouthandthroatdiscomfort嘴和嗓子不適Gastrointestinaldiscomfort腸胃不適Coma昏迷Death死亡Protection:護(hù)護(hù)Donotpipettebymouth不要用嘴吸移液管Donotstorefooditemsinlabglasswareorlabrefrigerator不要在實(shí)驗(yàn)室玻璃器皿或冰箱中存放食品Donoteatinthelab不要在實(shí)驗(yàn)室吃東西Washhandsafterworkingwithchemicals,beforeleavingthelabandbeforeeating使用化學(xué)品后,離開實(shí)驗(yàn)室前和吃飯前洗手41OHS3ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化學(xué)品—進(jìn)入渠道

Injection-throughmishapswithneedlesandbrokenglassware注入—不小心使用針頭和碎玻璃Symptoms:癥狀Localorsystemic局部的或系統(tǒng)性的Protection:

防護(hù)Wearprotectivegloves戴防護(hù)手套Usebroomanddustpanforcleaningupbrokenglass使用掃帚和畚箕清掃碎玻璃42OHS3ClassE–CorrosiveChemicals

E類—腐蝕性化學(xué)品Definition定義Corrosivesubstancesarethosematerialsthat,uponcontact,causevisibledestructionof,orirreversiblealterationsto,tissueormetal.腐蝕性化學(xué)品是那些一經(jīng)接觸對(duì)組織或金屬引起可見的損害,或不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的改變的物質(zhì)43OHS3CorrosiveChemicalscont’d

腐蝕性化學(xué)品Examples例如Acids/bases酸/堿Non-metalchlorides非金屬氯化物Dehydratingagents脫水劑Halogens鹵素Oxidizingagents氧化劑44OHS3CorrosiveChemicalscont’d

腐蝕性化學(xué)品Nitric,sulphuric,hydrochloricacid硝酸,硫酸,高氯酸SodiumHydroxide,AmmoniumHydroxide過氧化鈉,過氧化銨PhosphorousPentoxide,calciumoxide五氧化磷,氧化鈣Fluorine,chlorine,bromine氟,氯,溴Peroxides,permanganates,halogenates過氧化物,高錳酸和鹵化物45OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–Storage

腐蝕性化學(xué)品-存放Storeacidsseparatelyfrombases酸和堿分開存放Neverstoreaboveeyelevel不要在高于眼睛的部位存放Storeinatrayorbuckettocontainanyleaks在盤子或桶中存入,以防泄漏46OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蝕性化學(xué)品—嚴(yán)重健康危害Inhalation吸入irritationofmucousmembranes刺激黏膜difficultybreathing呼吸困難coughing咳嗽pulmonaryedema肺水腫47OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蝕性化學(xué)品—嚴(yán)重健康危害Ingestion:攝入Irritationandburningsensationoflips,mouthandthroat;嘴唇,嘴和嗓子有刺激和灼痛Swellingofthethroat嗓子腫脹Painfulabdominalcramps腹脹絞痛Vomiting嘔吐Shock休克Riskofperforationofthestomach胃穿孔的危險(xiǎn)48OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蝕性化學(xué)品—嚴(yán)重健康危害Eyecontact:

眼睛接觸Stinging刺痛Wateringeyes眼睛流淚Swellingofeyelids眼瞼腫脹Intensepain劇烈疼痛Ulcerationofeyes睛睛潰瘍Lossofeyesight喪失視力49OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蝕性化學(xué)品—嚴(yán)重健康危害SkinContact皮膚接觸Burning灼痛Redness發(fā)紅Swelling腫脹Painfulblisters引發(fā)疼痛的水泡Profounddamagetotissues組織的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷Aslippery,soapyfeelingwithalkalis象與堿接觸的那種滑潤,有皂泡的感覺50OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–ChronicHealthHazards腐蝕性化學(xué)品—慢性健康危害Symptomsvarydependingonthechemical化學(xué)品不同,癥狀不同ChroniceffectofHClisdamagetotheteethHCl對(duì)牙齒的慢性損傷ChroniceffectsofHFacidaredecreasedbonedensity,fluorosisandanemiaHF酸慢性降低骨骼密度,氟中毒和貧血ChroniceffectsofNaOHareunknownNaOH的慢性影響還是未知的51OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAid

腐蝕性化學(xué)品—急救Inhalation吸入Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationifsafetodoso如果安全,將人員移離污染源Getmedicalattention得到醫(yī)療救護(hù)Keeppersonwarm給受傷人員保暖52OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAidcont’d腐蝕性化學(xué)品—急救Ingestion:攝入Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationwhensafetodoso如果安全,將人員移離污染源Getmedicalattention得到醫(yī)療救護(hù)Informemergencyrespondersofthenameofthechemicalswallowed告訴救護(hù)人員攝入的化學(xué)品名稱53OHS3CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAidcont’d腐蝕性化學(xué)品—急救Skincontact皮膚接觸Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationwhensafetodoso如果安全,將人員移離污染源Immediatelytakepersontoemergencyshower立即將人員緊急淋浴Removeclothing,shoes,socks,andjewelryfromaffectedareasasquicklyaspossible盡快將受傷部位的衣服,鞋,襪子,首飾脫掉Cutoffifnecessary必要時(shí)割開Flushaffectedareawithwaterforaminimumof20minutes用水沖