第五章：13種英語構(gòu)詞法

英語構(gòu)詞法1derivation詞綴法2Compoundword復(fù)合詞3conversion轉(zhuǎn)類詞4Onomatopoeia擬聲法5byanalogy類推6bycontrast對比7Acronym(首字母縮略詞)8clipping剪切法縮短法9blending混合法10backformation逆生法11Byborrowingwordsfromotherlanguages12Byaddingnewmeaningintoexistingwords13Translationloans譯借詞

Sep201011derivation詞綴法前綴法后綴法22CompoundwordSoccermom(足球媽媽:郊區(qū)婦女,美選舉中占相當(dāng)大的投票者)ThemeparkFatfarm(減肥場所),Letterbomb(郵件爆炸物)Mailorder(郵購貨物)Toysolider(地雷)Open-heartsurgery(體外循環(huán)心臟手術(shù))33conversion轉(zhuǎn)類詞Suchas:名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞：handinone’spaper;totelephone;動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞:takealook,afind,acheat;形容詞語名詞也可以轉(zhuǎn)化，形容詞也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞等Toemptythebasket,amust44.Onomatopoeia擬聲法Thewordscoinedinimitationofthesoundsassociatedwiththethingsnamedarecalledonomatopoeia(Echo-words).Suchas:cuckoo,coo,mew,ding-dong,band,tick-tackEcho-wordsareuniversalfeaturesinanylanguage.5發(fā)音與其所指之間存在很多自然的相似關(guān)系，如世界各語言中的擬聲詞等。英語中有不少音素，與所表達的意義之間有之間聯(lián)系，如：6Gr-；Fl-gr-表示一種沉悶而又令人不快的聲音：groan呻吟,growl咆哮,gruff粗啞的,grumble抱怨,grunt咕噥,gruntle

嘰咕…fl-表示“閃爍，不穩(wěn)定的光”：flame火焰，flamboyant火焰似的，flare閃耀，flash閃光，flicker閃爍7Onomatopoeia(擬聲法）[,?n?m?t?'pi:?]

英語與漢語有些詞的發(fā)音驚人相似amorous(愛慕)，back(背)，bawd(鴇)，cheat(欺騙)，cough(咳嗽)dawn(旦)，ditch(堤)，give(給)，murmur(喃喃)，palm(巴掌)rude(魯莽)，shy(羞)記憶這些單詞時可用聯(lián)想法8de-；dis-；sn-；-umpde-,dis-表示“低，下，離去，否定”sn-表示與鼻音有關(guān)的詞-ump表示“沉重碰擊”：bump（碰撞）,clump（沉重腳步聲）,dump（砰地一聲）,lump（笨重地走）,stump（笨重地行走）,thump（重擊聲）…9Onomatopoeia(擬聲法）滴答，撲通，咚咚，布谷，雞鳴，犬吠獅吼虎嘯，CanyougivemoreexamplesinChinese?---------??10Thesoundofclock

Ringing,jingling,pealing,tolling,ding,clang,tinting,tintinnabulation,chiming,ding-a-ling,clink……111)StructureofOnomatopoeiaA).Monosyllabicwords:Suchas:crack,crash,rap,ding,dong,bangB).Reduplicatives(重疊詞）Suchas:puff-puff,flick-flick,bow-bow,rat-tat-tat,hurdy-gurdy122)MeansofonomatopoeiaA).FromthesoundofhumanSuchas:giggle(吃吃地笑),Titter(嗤嗤地笑),Murmur(喃喃地說),Hiss(嘶嘶地說),13B).Fromthesoundofanimals

ApesgibberassesbrayBearsgrowlbeetlesdroneBullsbellowcamelsgruntCatsmewducksquackEaglesscreamfliesbuzzFrogcroakgeesecackleGoatsbleathorsesneigh14Fromthesoundofanimals

HensclucklarkswarbleLionsroarmagpiechatterMicesqueakowlshoot(screech)Pigeonspigssqueal(grunt)coo

PuppiesyelpravenscroakSnakeshissthrusheswhistleTurkeysgobblewolveshowl15C).Fromthethings:

Suchas:Bubble(汩汩地流)Splash(撲通)Clash(金屬碰撞聲)Tinkle(叮叮當(dāng)當(dāng))Thump(砰然地響)Bang(砰砰地響)

163)FunctionofOnomatopoeia1.Usedasverbs:tohowl,tosqueal,toroar,totwitter2.Usedasnouns:Cricket(蟋蟀),cuckoo(布谷),ping-pong(乒乓),pop(槍),pompom(高射炮)17找出下列句子中的擬聲詞1.“Nevermind,”hemurmured.“solongasyoudon’tfeellife’spaltryandamiserablebusiness,therestdoesn’tmatter,happinessorunhappiness.”2.didyoueverinyourlifehearanyonerattleonso?使發(fā)出咯咯聲3.Farawayadonkeybrayed.發(fā)嘟嘟聲4.ofcoursetherewasnomarket,soIhad,ha-ha,tofeelthem.185Wordformationbyanalogy類推Yesterday__yesteryearBird’seye(俯視的)__fisheye(全視的),worm’seye(仰視的),Cat’seye(貓眼)Sunrise__moonrise(月出)---earthrise(月平線上看到的地球升出,這種景象只能從宇宙飛船上才能看到),Spaceman__earthman(地球人),moonman(月球人)195byanalogy類推Airport---moonport月球火箭發(fā)射站Seafaring

海上航行---spacefaring

航天飛行Earthquake---starquake星球地震,指星球形狀連續(xù)的急劇變化Landscape---moonscape---marscape火星的表面20byanalogy類推Missilegap指美國與蘇聯(lián)在導(dǎo)彈發(fā)展上的差距Productiongap生產(chǎn)上的差距Developmentgap經(jīng)濟發(fā)展上的差距Credibilitygap信用差距Generationgap代溝21White-collarblue-collargold-collargrey-collarpink-collaropen-collarbyanalogy類推Black-list,White-list(白名單,指準(zhǔn)予上演的短劇的名單),gray-list(灰名單,指非明文查禁但仍屬于不合法的人或物).22byanalogy類推Firstlady第一夫人,國家元首的夫人Firstmother第一母親,國家元首的母親Firstfamily第一家庭,國家元首的家庭Thefirstworld---thesecondworld---thethirdworld---thefourthworld最貧窮的國家23byanalogyUser-friendly(指電腦一般人都能使用的),reader-friendly(指書籍一般人都能閱讀的),Listener-friendly(指音響設(shè)備一般人都能使用的),citizen-friendly(指法律一般人都能讀懂的),24byanalogy類推EnvironmentalpollutionVisualoreyepollutionNoiseorsoundpollutionCulturalpollutionGraffitipollution256Wordformationbycontrast對比Baby-boom(生育高峰)__babybust(生育低谷)Nightmare__daymare(白晝惡夢)Blacklist__whitelist(白名單,指守法人士,合法機構(gòu)的名單,準(zhǔn)備上演的節(jié)目等的名單)Braindrain(人才外流)__braingain(人才引進),Coldwar__hotwarManofletters__ladyofletters(女文人)26bycontrast對比High-rise(高層建筑)---low-rise(低層建筑)Hotline熱線,原指蘇美的熱線---coldline冷線,指關(guān)系冷漠,疏遠Phaseout分階段減少---phasein逐步引入Flash-back倒敘---flash-forward提前敘述未來事件Overproduce過剩地生產(chǎn)---underproduce

生產(chǎn)不足Overkill過度的核殺傷力---underkill核殺傷力不足277Acronym(首字母縮略詞)AI(artificialintelligence),BASIC(beginner’sall-purposedsymbolicinstructionCode),ASCII(AmericanStandardCodeforinformationIntroduction)CD,VCDWHO(worldhealthorganization)PLO(PalestineLiberationOrganization)28Acronym(首字母縮略詞)BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation)UN(UnitedNations)PM(PrimeMinister)MP(MemberofParliament)NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)OPEC(OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)Aids(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)29Acronym(首字母縮略詞)Someabbreviationareonlywrittenforms;theyarestillpronouncedasthefullword.MR(Mister)DR(Doctor)St(Saint)308Clipping剪切法Lab-laboratory;auto-automobileGas-gasoline;trig-trigonometry(三角學(xué)）Copter-helicopter;quake-earthquakeScope-telescopeFlu-influenza;fridge-refrigeratorDaily-dailypaper;final-finalexamination319Blending混合法Camcorder可攜帶式攝像機=camera+recorderComsat通訊衛(wèi)星=communication+satelli