高考英語人教版一輪復習課件寫作板塊四Part3強化細節(jié)

寫作專項高分升級案Part3強化細節(jié)英語2022內容索引微技能1句子提升微技能2篇章提升微技能1句子提升一、同義轉換

概要寫作的語言表達要靈活,不能簡單地照搬原句,而是要用自己的話進行轉換。這就要求考生要有豐富的語言功底,盡可能多地掌握能夠進行語言轉換的詞匯、短語或者句式來豐富自己的表達。多數的可轉換的詞匯之間有一些細微的差別,它們的側重點不一樣,在實際運用中,還要根據不同的語境選擇最恰當的詞?！粼~匯的轉換1.常用名詞(詞組)的轉換方法way,method,approach,means困難difficulty,challenge,barrier問題problem,question,trouble,issue事情thing,matter,affair,business機會chance,opportunity,occasion目標goal,target,aim責任duty,responsibility發(fā)展development,progress,advance職業(yè)job,career,employment,profession優(yōu)勢advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strongpoint劣勢disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weakpoint2.重點動詞(短語)的轉換認為think,consider,insist知道know,realize,beawareof,learnabout相信believe(in),havefaithin,trust,beconvincedof使用use,apply,employ完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete獲得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain提供offer,provide,supply,afford鼓勵encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire發(fā)生happen,occur,takeplace,comeabout同意agree,approve,consent要求request,demand,require,claim影響influence,impact,affect表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate導致leadto,bringabout,resultin,giveriseto,contributeto3.描繪性形容詞的轉換好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable壞的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast小的small,tiny富的rich,wealthy,well-off窮的poor,needy有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous有害的harmful,damaging,destructive勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful嚴重的serious,severe困難的difficult,tough,challenging悲傷的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken高興的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical漂亮的beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching4.高頻副詞(短語)的轉換經常often,regularly,frequently很少rarely,seldom,hardlyever起先firstly,originally,initially,tobeginwith然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally立刻immediately,shortly,rightnow,rightaway偶爾occasionally,attimes,nowandthen也also,too,aswell,likewise,either因為because,as,dueto,since,inthat非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly目前now,atpresent,nowadays,recently忽然suddenly,allofasudden,allatonce當然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly但是however,nevertheless,while,yet大約approximately,about,around,roughly,almost平穩(wěn)地steadily,smoothly只有,僅僅only,just,merely,barely實際上actually,asamatteroffact,indeed,infact,truly完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult,inconsequence5.介詞(短語)和獨立成分等的轉換關于about,concerning,involving,regarding提前aheadoftime,aheadofschedule,inadvance例如forinstance,forexample,tonameonlyafew,suchas隨著時間的推移astimegoeson/by,withtimegoingon/by隨著……的到來withthecoming/approaching/arrivalof...在某種程度上tosomeextent,tosomedegree,inasense,inaway◆詞性的轉換在概要寫作中,學生若是不能完全用自己的語言轉換表達,可以通過詞性轉換法來改變原句中一些詞的詞性以避免照搬原文。例如:1.Theworkershaveproducedataveryhighrate.(名詞與動詞的轉換)Theworkershavespedupproduction.2.Wefounditdifficulttosolvethiscomplicatedproblem.(名詞與形容詞的轉換)Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.3.Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment.(名詞與副詞的轉換)Schoolbusesareenvironmentallysafe.4.Thewhiteandtheblackshouldbeequallytreated.(形容詞與副詞的轉換;名詞與動詞的轉換)

Thewhiteandtheblackshouldreceiveequaltreatment.

5.Whathehadsaidleftadeepimpressiononme.(名詞與動詞的轉換;形容詞與副詞的轉換)

Hiswordsdeeplyimpressedme.

6.Itisabsolutelynecessarytothinkindependentlyinstudy.(形容詞與副詞的轉換;形容詞與名詞的轉換)

Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.

◆句式的轉換在概要寫作中,恰當運用一些簡單的常用句式,來改變原文的句式,可以彰顯考生的綜合語言運用能力,提高文章的檔次。例如:1.時態(tài)的轉換(1)Thebusiscomingnow.(現在進行時)

Herecomesthebus.(一般現在時)(2)Hejoinedthearmytwoyearsago.(一般過去時)Hehasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.(現在完成時)

2.語態(tài)的轉換(1)Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.(主動語態(tài))Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(被動語態(tài))

(2)Wearegoingtodiscussthisprobleminourclassmeeting.(主動語態(tài))Thisproblemisgoingtobediscussedinourclassmeeting.(被動語態(tài))

3.非謂語動詞代替句子(1)ItisdifficultandIcan’tfinishit.Ifinditdifficulttofinishit.(動詞不定式)

(2)Theyknowtheplananditwillbecarriedoutnextweek.Theyknowtheplantobecarriedoutnextweek.(動詞不定式的被動語態(tài))

(3)Whenyouarrive,youcansendmeamessage.Onarriving,youcansendmeamessage.(動詞-ing形式作賓語)(4)Theteacherwalkedoutofthelabandthechildrenfollowedher.Followedbythechildren,theteacherwalkedoutofthelab.(動詞-ed形式作狀語)(5)Thebookisveryinterestingandithasbeenpublishedrecently.Thebookpublishedrecentlyisveryinteresting.(動詞-ed

形式作定語)4.復合句來代替簡單句(1)Simonisourteacher.HewillleaveforJapannextweek.Simon,whoisourteacher,willleaveforJapannextweek.

(2)Pamelaisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.Pamelawhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.

(3)Iwon’tbelievewhatshesays.Nomatterwhatshesays,Iwon’tbelieve.

(4)Itwasacoldday.Therewasnobodyonthestreet.Itwassuchacolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.(5)Tooursurprise,thelittleboyknowssomanythings.Whatsurprisesusisthatthelittleboyknowssomanythings.

(6)Hedidn’tturnupandwefeltdisappointed.Thefactthathedidn’tturnupmadeusfeeldisappointed.

5.使用虛擬語氣(1)Hesuggestedeatingoutforachangethisweekend.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)eatoutforachangethisweekend.

(2)Wedidn’thaveapleasantjourneybecauseoftherain.Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadapleasantjourney.

6.使用特殊句式(1)ThoughIamweak,I’llsparenoeffort.WeakasIam,I’llsparenoeffort.

(2)Icanhelptheoldladyonlyinthisway.OnlyinthiswaycanIhelptheoldlady.

(3)Thefirststepmatters.Itisthefirststepthatmatters.

(4)Ididn’trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.

二、巧妙使用銜接詞要想清晰地概括出文章中的邏輯關系,就要恰當巧妙地使用銜接詞,這些銜接詞會為你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或遞進的14種高分銜接單詞:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover短語:inadditionto;aswellas;alongwith;worsestill;apartfrom結構:what’sworse;tomakemattersworse;what’smore;both...and...;notonly...butalso...2.表示因果的30種高分銜接表示原因的連詞:because;as;for;since表示原因的短語和結構:becauseof;dueto;owingto;thanksto;inthat;nowthat;asaresultof;thecauseof;forfearthat;thereasonfor;seeingthat;onereasonisthat...表示結果的副詞:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly表示結果的短語和結構:resultin;theeffectof;theconsequenceof;causing+n.;leadingto+n.;resultingin+n.注意:以下是動詞短語contributeto;haveaneffecton;owesthto3.表示轉折的25種高分銜接單詞:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite短語:onthecontrary;differfrom;differentfrom;evenso;eventhough;inspiteof;bycontrast;incontrast結構:nomatterwho(what/when/where);inspiteofthefactthat...隱含轉折或否定意義的詞:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;asamatteroffact;infact;indeed4.表示對比的10種高分銜接單詞:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile短語和結構:equallyimportant;atthesametime;ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...;foronething...foranother...5.表示順序、程度等的43種高分銜接首先:first;firstofall;atfirst;inthefirstplace;primarily;initially肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively最近情況:recently;inrecentyears;theseyears;presently;lately;currently總結:onthewhole;inconclusion;inaword;tosumup;inshort;inbelief;toconclude;ingeneral;generallyspeaking;significantly;aboveall;inanycase;anyway;aboveall;infact;especially;mostimportantly微技能2篇章提升一、高度概括概要寫作評分標準第五檔要求,“理解準確,涵蓋全部要點”。用有限的字數涵蓋全部要點就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同點歸納總結外,還要簡明扼要。部分學生概要寫作得分低,主要原因是不會概括。他們只是照抄了原文中的個別句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的話凝練表達。要學會概括,首先要學會尋找主題句。尋找主題句時,要注意以下小技巧:①轉折詞語后面的部分,有可能是主題句;②段首出現疑問時,回答部分可能是主題句;③作者有意識重復強調的觀點,往往是主旨;反復出現的詞語,往往是體現主旨的關鍵詞;④表示總結或者結論的句子常包含therefore,inshort;conclude;thus等。下面我們從段落開始,通過具體案例,來學習、感悟、掌握尋找主題句并進行概括。1.如何尋找主題句?案例①Accordingtomostpeople,afteralongperiodofstudyingorworking,weneedtohavearesttorefreshourselves.②However,thatmaynotbethecase.③Accordingtoarecentreport,youdon’tneedthebreakasmuchasyoumaythink.詳細解析:轉折詞語后面的部分,有可能是主題句。本段第一句話闡述了一種觀點:大多數人認為,經過長時間的學習或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主題:事實可能并非如此。第三句是對上述表述的闡釋:根據最近的一份報告,你并不像你想象的那樣需要休息。因此,需要將前兩句進行整合。參考表達:Havingaresttorefreshyourselfisnotsoessentialasmanypeoplethink.簡要解析:將“經過長時間的學習或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復精神”這種現象用“Having

a

rest

to

refresh

yourself”來概括,用“not

so

essential

as...”替換“may

not

be

the

case”,用自己的語言進行概括,高度提煉段落大意。2.主題句在段首案例①Morethanthreebillionpeopleareatriskfromindoorairpollutionbecauseoftheheatingorcookingfuelstheyuse.②MostliveinAfrica,IndiaandChina.③Theyusewood,cropwaste,animalwasteorcoal.④Thesesolidfuelsmaybetheleastcostlyfuelsavailable.⑤Buttheyarealsoamajorcauseofhealthproblemsanddeath.詳細解析:段落中第一句話表示超過30億人因為使用的燃料而處于室內空氣污染的危險之中。第二句話具體闡述的是這些人來自哪些國家。第三句話具體闡述他們使用的是什么燃料。第四句話闡述了他們使用的原因——廉價。第五句話表明雖然廉價,但是會帶來健康問題甚至死亡。因此判斷第一句為主題句,后面的為支撐句。參考表達:Manypeoplearesufferingfromtheindoorairpollutioncausedbycheapfuels.簡要解析:用“Many

people”概括“More

than

three

billion

people”,用“are

suffering

from”替換“are

at

risk

from”,用“air

pollution

caused

by

cheap

fuels”概括“indoor

air

pollution

because

of

the

heating

or

cooking

fuels

they

use”和“These

solid

fuels

may

be

the

least

costly

fuels

available.”,用高度概括與替換的手法進行整合概括。3.主題句在段末案例①In2002,anAustralianmanwenttohisfriend’s21stbirthdayparty.②Hegotdrunk,felloffsomestepsandcuthislip.③Hetookapictureofhisinjuriesandshareditwithhisfriendsonline.④“Andsorryaboutthefocus,”hewrote,“itwasaselfie(自拍).”⑤Thatwasthefirstrecordeduseoftheword“selfie”,accordingtosomeexpertsatOxfordDictionaries.詳細解析:本段介紹“自拍”的起源。段落第一句話表示一位澳大利亞男子參加朋友的生日聚會。第二句話表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句話表示他拍了張負傷的照片,傳到了網絡上與朋友分享。第四句話表示他說這是張“自拍”。第五句話表示這是“自拍”一詞最早出現的記錄。前面幾句是敘述“自拍”一詞出現的具體事例,引出總結性主題句,主題句在段末。參考表達:Theword“selfie”wasfirstusedbyanAustralianmanin2002.簡要解析:用“The

word

‘selfie’

was

first

used...”被動句來表達主題句,高度概括,省去具體描述事件的詞語。4.主題句在段中案例①Untilthe1960s,mostFinnishstudentsleftschoolaftersixyears.②Inthemiddleofthe1960s,theFinnishgovernmentsawtheneedtochangeandmodernizetheireducationalsystemiftheywantedtobeinternationallycompetitive.③Lawmakersmadeasimpledecision:abasicschoolforallthe7-to-16-year-olds.④Compulsory(義務的)educationbeginsat7.⑤Thegovernmentmakesitpossibleforallchildrentoattendpreschoolaswell.詳細解析:段落第一句話闡述的是一種現象:大多數芬蘭學生入學六年后就會輟學。第二句話表明芬蘭政府意識到了改變這種現象的重要性及重要措施。第三句話講述的是芬蘭政府的決定:為所有7到16歲的孩子建立一所基礎學校。段落中體現重要決策的,往往為主題句。因此,此處為主題句。第四句話表示義務教育開始的年齡。第五句話表示政府盡可能讓所有的孩子都能上學前班。都是對第三句進行的補充。參考表達:TheFinnishgovernmentmadelawstoensurethecompulsoryeducation.簡要解析:用“The

Finnish

government”替換“Lawmakers”,用“made

laws”替換“made

a

simple

decision”,將芬蘭政府具體的政策高度概括為“the

compulsory

education”,簡潔明了。5.提煉主題句案例Inrecentyears,theactoftakingapictureofoneselfwithamobilephone,placingthesubjectcenter-stage,haswongreatpopularitywitheveryonefromBritain’sQueenElizabethⅡtoU.S.Presidentjoiningin.詳細解析:整段就是一個長句。近年來,用手機自拍照片,在屏幕中間設置主題相片的行為越來越流行,甚至英國女王伊麗莎白二世及美國總統(tǒng)也加入了這一行列。概括時只需要用簡潔的語言來表達。參考表達:Today,moreandmorepeoplearecrazyabouttakingselfies,includingsomefamouspeople.簡要解析:使用“Today”代替短語“In

recent

years”,用短語“take

selfies”概括從句“the

act

of

taking

a

picture

of

oneself

with

a

mobile

phone,placing

the

subject

center-stage”,將“everyone

from

Britain’s

Queen

Elizabeth

Ⅱ

to

U.S.President”高度概括為“some

famous

people”,使用詞組代替整句或從句更簡潔。二、刪除細節(jié)在概要寫作中,我們首先要學會辨別哪些是概括性語言,哪些是細節(jié)性語言。能恰當地刪除細節(jié)、刪除具體例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,細節(jié)主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情況下,具體的描述性語言、事例、數據、論據、重復強調的觀點,往往都是細節(jié)。在概括主旨時,往往都要考慮刪除。下面,我們通過具體案例來感悟、掌握如何刪除細節(jié)。1.刪除描繪性語言案例①Scientistshavelongassumedthatwillpowerisalimitedresource,whichiswhyyoufeeltheneedtohavearest,haveasnackandthengetbacktotaskwhenyouarefeelingbetter.②Theyarguethattheonlywayyourbodyrestoreswillpowerisbyrest,foodorentertainment.詳細解析:本段第一句表示長期以來,科學家們一直認為意志力是一種有限的資源,這就是為什么你覺得有必要休息一下,吃點東西,然后當你感覺好些時再繼續(xù)工作。第二句表示身體恢復意志力的唯一方式是休息、進食或者娛樂。本段主旨需要刪除細節(jié),并將兩句話進行概括。參考表達:Willpower,assumedtobealimitedresource,isthoughttoberegainedbyrest,food,aswellasentertainment.簡要解析:第一句刪除描述性的語言“which

is

why

you

feel

the

need

to

have

a

rest,have

a

snack

and

then