高中化學(xué)方程式分類匯總精簡(jiǎn)

r^j中化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)

目錄

第一■部分金屬氟......................甲苯.....................

—堿金屬...幺12

鈉......................氯..................二燃的衍生物

...1...6澳乙烷...............

鉀......................漠......................12

...2...6乙醇.....................

鋰......................碘......................12

??????3...6苯酚.....................

二常見金屬二氮族元素13

鎂......................氮.......................乙醛.................

...3-613

鋁......................磷.......................乙酸.....................

...3,??714

鐵......................第三部分碳族元素、氧族元素乙酸乙酯.................

...4碳族元素15

三其他金屬碳......三糖類、油脂、蛋白質(zhì)

???8葡萄

...4硅

雨..................-8糖....................15

...5氧族元素蔗糖、麥芽糖............

鈣......................氧......15

...5???9

領(lǐng)......................硫...........淀粉、纖維素............

...5…915

鉛......................第四部分有機(jī)反應(yīng)油

...5一煌

鋅......................甲烷.........脂.......................16

...510氨基

被......................酸

1..................16

1第

...5XX

快

乙五部分離子反

汞......................應(yīng)

fI第........17

X苯

...5-

式六部分電極反應(yīng)方程

第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素

一鹵族元素…“20

第一部分金屬

一、堿金屬

1.鈉NaO+HO=2NaOH

Na22A

4Na+C）2=2Na20ZNa/O+O?=2Na2（）2

占燃=

2Na+02=^^=Na202NazO+SOsNajSOi

點(diǎn)燃

Ck+2Na=^=2NaClNa20+C02=Na2C0：）

2Na+S=NaS（爆炸）

2Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O

2Na+2H20=2Na0H+H21

Na202+2Na=2Na20（此反應(yīng)用于制備NaQ）

4Na+TiC"（熔融）=4NaCl+Ti2Na202+2H20=4Na0H+021（此反應(yīng)分兩步Na2O2+2H2O

=2Na0H+H202;2H202=2H20+02t。H202的制備可利

Na20用類似的反應(yīng)）

=

2Na2()2+2C0s2Na2co3+O2NaHCO3+Br2=NaBr+HBrO+CO2t

NaN(h、NaN0

NaH2

2NaN0:i^=2NaN02+02t

NaH+H2O=NaOH+H21

NaOHH2s0“(濃)+NaN03^=NaHS0,+HN0"

2NaOH+Si+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H21

△KC1O3+6HC1=KC1+3C121+3H20

6NaOH+3S^=2Na2S+Na2SO,i+3H2O

NaNO2+NH.,Cl=NaCl+N21+2H20

2NaOH+2A1+2H20=2NaA102+3H21Na3P0八NaH2P0八NaaHPOq

2NaOH(過量)+CO2=Na2CO：s+H2ONa3P(h+HCl=Na2HP04+NaCl

NaOH+COK過量)=NaHCO

3NazHPOMCl=NaH2P0,+NaCl

2NaOH+SiO2=Na,SiO:!+HvO(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻NaH2PO4+HCHH3PO,+NaCl

湖

Na2S>NaHS

2NaOH+Al203=2NaA102+H2ONa2S+Cl2=2NaCl+SI

2NaOH+Cl2=NaC1+NaC10+H203Na2s+8HN03(稀)=6NaN03+2N0+3SI+4H,0

3NaS+Al(S0)+6H0=2Al(0H)I+3H2st

NaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O221323

NaOH+H2s(足量)=NaHS+H0

2Na2sO4、Na2sO3、Na12s2O3

2NaOH+H2s(少量)=Na2S+2H203Na2so3+2HNQ(稀)=3Na2S04+2N0t+H20

3NaOH+AlCl=Al(OH)1+3NaCl

332Na2so3+O2=2Na2SO4

NaOH+Al(0H)3=NaA102+2H20Na2s2O3+H2sCh=Na2sol+S+SO2+H2O

NaOH+NH1Cl=^=NaCl+NH：!t+H20Na2S03+S02+H20=2NaHS03

2NaHS0：9=￡=Na2sO3+SO21+HQ

6NaOH+P,O5=2Na3Po3+340

Na2SiO3

NaA102

Na2SiO.3+2HCl=H2SiO3；+2NaCl

CeHsONa

2NaA102+C02+3H20=2Al(0H)3I+Na2cO3

C6H50Na+C02+H20=CsHsOH+NaHCOj

3NaA102+AlCL+6H20=4Al(OH)3I2.鉀

NaCl、NaC10、NaBr、NaiK

△

NaCl+H2soi(濃)q=NaHSO」+HCltK+O2^=KO2

握?qǐng)?zhí)2K+2H20=2K0H+H2f

H2S0.1(濃)+2NaC1Na2S0,+2HC1K2O、K2O2

K0+H0=2K0H

2NaI+Cl2=2NaCl+I222

KOCOKCO

NaBr+H3P0式濃)=NaH2P0,+HBr2+2=23

2K2O2+2CO2=K2co3+O2

Nal+H3Pol(濃)=NaH2PO4+HI

Na2cO3、NaHCO3

2K20，+2H20=4K0H+02

Na￡(L+SiO2空區(qū)Na2si0:(+C02KOH

2K0H+C0=KC0+H0

Na2cO3+HC1=NaHCO3+NaC12232

KOHCOKHCO

NaHCO:i+HCl=NaCl+H20+C02+2=3

K2cO3

3Na2C03+2AlCl3+3H20=2Al(0H)3I+3C02f+6NaCl

K2C0；i+2HCl=2KCl+C021+H20

3Na2C0:i+2FeCl3+3H20=2Fe(OH)3I+3C02t+6NaCl

K2C03+CaCl2=CaC031+2KC

3NaHCO3+AlCL=Al(OH)31+3C02t

K2C0：!+2AgN0：i=Ag2C0：!；+2KN0;i

3NaHC03+FeCl3=Fe(0H)3!+3C0?tKHCO3

NaHCO+HCl=NaCl+CO1+H0KHCO+HC1=KC1+CO1

：i2232+H2O

△△

2NaHC0：,=Na2cO3+CO2T+H.0

2KHC0；i=K2C0；i+C021+H2

3Na,C03+2Br2+H20=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO21KCIO3

2KC1O,0=2KC1+302T

3.鋰

Li

KC1O+6HC1=KC1+3C11+3H0

322△

Li+O,^=Li2O

KC1O3+5KC1+3H2SO4=3C121+3K2S04+3H20

2Li+2H?O=2LiOH+H"

KI

Li20

2KI+C12=2KC1+I2

Li20+C02=Li2C03

KI+AgN03=AgII+KN03

Li2O+H2O=2LiOH

LiOH

KA1(SO4)2

2Li0H+C0z=Li2cO3I+H，0

2KA1(S0,)2+6Na0H=K2S0,+3Na2S0l+2Al(0H)31

Li0H+C0=LiHC0

2KA1(S0,)2+3Ba(0H)2=K2S0,l+3BaS0lI+2Al(OH)3I2:i

Li2C03

KAI(S04)2+2Ba(OH)2=KA102+2BaS01I

Li2C03+2HCl=2LiCl+C02t+H,0

KSCN

LiHCO3

3KSCN+FeCl=Fe(SCN)+3KCl

33LiHC03+HCl=LiCl+C021+H20

2LiHC0=^=LiC0+C01+H0

KH32322

KH+H2O=KOH+H2t

二、常見金屬

L鎂

MgSOi+Ba(OH)2=Mg(0H)21+BaSO,I

Mg

MgSO+2NaOH=Mg(OH)1+NaS0I

點(diǎn)燃4224

2Mg+O=^=2MgO

2Mg3N2

MgN+8H0=3Mg(0H)+2NH?HQ

Mg+2H0=2Mg(0H)1+Ht;i222:(

2222.鋁

Mg+Cl=^占=燃MgCl

22Al

2Mg+CO,盧=燃^2MgO+CAI+3O2崖絲2Al2O3

△

Mg+S=MgS

2A1+3S=A12S3

△

Mg+Bn=MgBn

2A1+3C12=^2A1C13

4A1+3MnO?上^=2AlO+3Mn

3Mg+N2=Mg3N223

Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2f2A1+O2O3善匚A120：i+2Cr

Mg+H2S04=MgS04+H212A1+Fe203=^=AL0：i+2Fe(鋁熱反應(yīng))

2Mg+TiCL(熔融)=Ti+2MgCL△

2Al+3FeO^=Al2O3+3Fe

MgO2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3H21

2Al+3H2SO1=Al2(SOl):t+3H2t

MgO+2HCl=MgCl2+H2O

2A1+6H2SO4(^)=^=A12(SO,);!+3S02t+6H20

Mg0+H20=Mg(0H)21

Mg(OH)2Al+4HN03(M)=Al(N03)3+N0t+2H20(Al、Fe在冷、

濃的H2s0八HNOs中鈍化)

Mg(0H)2+2HCl=MgCl2+2H20

2A1+2NaOH+2HQ=2NaA102+3H"

MgCO3

AI2O3、Al(OH)3

MgC03+2HCl=2MgCl2+C021+H20

MgC03+2H20^=Mg(OH)21+C02tA12O3+3H2SO4=A12(SO4)3+3H2O(Al203是兩性氧化物)

△,AlO+2NaOH=2NaAl0+H0

MgC0；^=C02t+MgO2322

i,、△

2Al(0H)3=Al20;t+3H20

Mg(HCO3)2

A1(OH)3+3HC1=A1C13+3H2O

Mg(HCO3)2+2HCl=MgCl2+2C021+2H20

△2A1(0H)3+3H2S04=Al2(S01)3+6H20

2Mg(HC03)2^=Mg(0H)21+C02f+H20

Al(OH)3+Na0H=NaA102+2H20

MgS04

鋁鹽Fe203+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H20

AlCl+3Na0H=Al(0H)1+3NaCl

33Fe3O4

A1C13+3NH3?H2O=A1(OH)31+3NH.C1△

Fe30,t+4H2=3Fe+4H20

2AlCl3+3Na2C03+3H20=2Al(0H)3I+3C0,t+6NaCl

Fe3(V8HCl(濃)=^=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H20

AlC13+3NaHC0：i=Al(0H);iI+3C02t

Fe(0H)2、Fe(0H)3

AlCl3+3NaA102+6H20=4Al(0H)3I

AL(SOJ+3NaS+6HO=2Al(OH)I+3H2st

32234Fe(OH)2+02+2H20=4Fe(OH)3

Al,1C3+12H20=4Al(0H)31+3CH"

3.鐵2Fe(0H)3=Fe203+3H20

FeFeCL

2Fe+3cl2m^2FeCk2FeS(aq)+Cl2=2FeCl3

3Fe+20=^=Fe0

231FeCl3

△

Fe+S^^FeS2FeCl3(aq)+Fe=3FeCl2

2FeC1+Cu=2FeCl+CuC1(用于雕刻印刷電路板)

2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3322

△2FeCl3+H2S03+H20=H2S04+2FeCl2+2HC1

Fe+I2^^FeI2

+

△2FeC13Zn=2FeCl2+ZnCl2

Fe+S^^FeS

2FeC13+H2S=2FeC12+2HC1+SI

3Fe+4H20(g)=^=Fe：!0,1+4H2

2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2

Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H21

FeCl3+3NH3?H20=Fe(0H)31+3NH,C1

Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu

2FeCl3+3Na2C03+3H20=2Fe(OH)31+3C02t+6NaCl

Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2

FeCl：i+3NaHC03=Fe(0H):iI+3C0,t

Fe+H2S=FeS+H2t

2FeC13+SO2+2H2O=2FeCl2+H2S0.,+2HC1

2Fe+6H2SO,(濃)=Fe2(S01)3+3S02t+6H20

FeCl；i+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KCl

Fe+H2sol(稀)=FeSO4+H2f

FeS

Fe+6HN0：，(濃)=Fe(N0)+3N0t+3H0

3322FeS+2HCl=FeCk+H2st

Fe+4HN03=Fe(N03+N0t+2H.0

FeS+H2sOEeSOq+H2st

8Fe+30HN0：t=8Fe(NO：,)3+3NH4N03+9H20

4FeS2+1102=2Fe202+8S02

Fe+(CH3COO)2Cu=Cu+(CH:(COO),Fe

H2FeO4

FeO4HFe0+2H0=4Fe(OH)+30t

△21232

3FeO+2Al^=Al2O3+3Fe4Na2Fe04+10H20=4Fe(0H)3+302t+8NaOH

△

2Fe(OH);)+3NaC10+4Na0H=2Na2FeO,+3NaC1+5H.0

6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4

Fe2O3+3Na2O2=2Na2Fe0i+Na20

Fe0+4HN03=Fe(N03)3+NO21+2H20

其它Fe化合物

Fe?。？

Fe?(SO」)+2Ag=FeS0?+AgS04(較難反應(yīng))

Fe203+2Al=^=Al203+2Fe32

△Fe3C+22HN03=3Fe(N03)3+C02+13N02+llH20

Fe203+3C0^=2Fe+3C02

Fe203+3H,=2Fe+3H20(制還原鐵粉)

三、其他金屬

1.鎰

MnO2

KMnO4

△

MnO2+4HCl(^)=^=MnCl2+Cl21+2FL0

2KMnO；K2MnOi+MnO2+O2t

2KMnO,+16HC1=2KC1+2MnC12+5C12t+8H202.銅

2KMn01+5H202+6HCl=2KCl+2MnCl2+5021+8H20Cu

2CU+O2===2CUOBaCl2+H2SO.l=BaSOf；+2HC1

2CU+S==CU2SBaCl2+Na2SO4=BaSOlI+2NaCl

Cu+CL獸dCuCb

BaC03+2HCl=BaCL+C02t+H20

3CUO+2NH3^=3CU+N2+3H2O

BaC03+2HN03=Ba(N03)2+C021+H20

CUO+2HC1=CUC12+H2OBa02+H2S0?(#)=BaSO.)I+H202)

5.鉛

CuO+H2s0]=CUSOI+HJO

Pb、Pb02

CU(0H)2+2HC1=CUC12+2H20

Pb+2HCl=PbCl2+H21

Pb0z+4HCl(濃)金叩區(qū)12+口"+2H.0

Cu(OH)2+H2SOt=CuSOl+2H2O

CU(0H)=^=CU0+H0

22鉛鹽

CUC12+H2S=CUSI+2HC1

Pb(N03)2+H2S=PbSI+2HNO3

CuCL+2NaOH=Cu(0H)21+2NaCl

(CH3COO),Pb+H2S=PbSI+CH3COOH

CUSO+HS=CUS!+HSO6.鋅

4224Zn

CuSO,+2NaOH=Cu(0H)1+Na2s0」△

2Zn+S^=ZnS

CuSO.+Ba(OH)2=CU(OH)2I+BaS0j

3.鈣Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H21

CaZn+H2sO」=ZnSOi+H"

Zn+2NaOH=NaZnO+H1

Ca0+H20=Ca(0H)2222

CaO+SiO=^CaSiO

2:!Zn+2FeCl：i=2FeCl2+ZnC12

ZnO

2Ca(OH)2+2Cl2=CaCl2+Ca(CIO)2+2H20

ZnO+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2O

Ca(OH)2+SO3=CaSO1+H2O

ZnO+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+H2O

CaC03+2HN03=Ca(N03)2+H20+C02t(用HNOs和濃Zn(0H)2

H2soi不能制備乂S、HI、HBr、SO?等還原性氣體)

Zn(0H),+2HCl=ZnCl2+2H20

CaC03+Si02=^=CaSi0；(+C021

Zn(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2ZnO2+2H2O

CaFz+H2soi(濃)=CaS0“+2HFt

Zn(OH)#4限?H20=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H20

CaH，+2H,0=Ca(0H)2+2H,t

4.4貝Zn(OH)?=ZnO+HQ

Ba7.鉞

Be

Ba(0H)2+C02=BaC0；I+H，0

Be(0H)2+2HCl=BeCl2+2H20

Ba(OH)2+2C0“過量)=Ba(HCO:i)2

Be(OH)2+2Na0H=Na2B02+2H20

Ba(OH)2+H2so產(chǎn)BaSOJ+2HQ

3Ba(0H)2+2H3P03=Ba3(P01)21+6H,0

第二部分鹵族元素、氮族元素

一、鹵族元素

1.氟3cl2+2P獸=2PCk

F2

F+H=2HF

22CI2+PCI,APCI;

2F2+2H20=4HF+02

HF3clz+2Fe崖叁2FeCL

4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2OCb+Cu空叁CuCk

2.氯

Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3

Cl2

2Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2

C12+H2=2HC1(光照或點(diǎn)燃)

C1+2KI=2KC1+I

Cl2+2Na^^2NaCl22

5C12+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+1OHC1HC1O

HC10=HCl+02t

Ck+Na2s=2NaCl+SI3.演

C12+H2S=2HC1+SI

Br2

△

C1+SO+2HO=HSO,+2HC1

2222Br2+H,^=2HBr

Br+Fe=FeBr

C12+H2SO3+H2O=H2SO,+2HC123

Br+2FeBr=2FeBr

CI2+H2O=HCI+HCIO223

Br2+NaI=NaBr+I2

Cl2+H202=2HCl+02

Br+HI=HBr+I

C12+2NaOH=NaC1+NaC10+H,022

Br+H0=HBr+HBr0

2Cl2+2Ca(0H)2=CaCl2+Ca(C10)2+2H2022

3cl2+6KOH(熱、=5KC1+KC1O3+3H2O

Br2+NaOH=NaBr+NaBrO+H2O

HC]

Br2+S0,+2H20=H2soi+2HBr

6HC1+2A1=2A1C13+3H,t

2HCl+Fe=FeCl2+H21Br2+H2S=SI+2HBr

4HC1(濃)+MnO,=^MnCL+Cl2+2H2O2Bn+3Na2cO3+H2O=2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2t

4HC1(g)+O2=^=2C12+2H2OHBr

16HCl+2KMnO，1=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2OHBr+Na0H=NaBr+H20

14HC1+K2Cr2O7=2KC1+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H202HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2

4.碘

HC1+NH3=NH4C1(白煙)

I2

2HCl+FeO=FeCl2+3H2O

1升也一一42HI

6HCl+Fe203=2FeCl3+3H20

h+Fe=^=FeI2

8HC1(濃)+Fe：iO1=^=FeC12+2FeC1;)+4H20

I2+2Na0H=NaI+NaI0+H,0

HC1+Na3P0,=Na2HPO,+NaC1

HI

HC1+Na2HP0,=NaH2PO4+NaC1△

2HI^=H+l2

HCl+NaH2POi=H3PO,+NaCl2

2HI+C12=2HC1+I2

HC1+Na2cCL=NaHCO；(+NaC1

HI+Na0H=NaI+H20

HC1+NaHC03=NaC1+H20+C02

二、氮族元素

1.氮

3N02+H20=2HN03+N0

N2

催化劑N205+H20=2HN03

吊+3乩'高]高勰

HNO3

N?+0?坐-2N0

3HN03+Ag3P04=HsPO.+SAgNOa

占燃A1+4HN()3(稀)=Al(N03)3+N0t+2H20

N2+3Mg=^=Mg3N2N2+6Na=2岫撾

3As2s3+28HNO3+4H2O=6H3AsO」+9H2so“+28N0t

NO、NO2、N2O54HN0：,(濃)+C=^=C021+4N02t+2HvO

2N0+02=2N02

2HN03+CaC03=Ca(N03)2+H20+C02t

NO+NO,+2NaOH=2NaNO(用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾

26HN0+Fe=Fe(N0)+3N0t+3H0

氣中的NO和NO?):i:i322

4HN03+Fe=Fe(N03)3+N0t+2H20

6N0+4NH3^=5N2+6H20

30HN03+8Fe=8Fe(N03)3+3N20t+15H20

N0+2KI+H0=N0+I+2K0H(不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒

22236HN03+10Fe=lOFe(N03)3+3N2f+18H20

別演蒸氣和NO?)

30HN03+8Fe=8Fe(NO,)3+3NH4N0：i+9H20

4N02+H2S=4N0+S03+H20