高三英語(yǔ)讀寫任務(wù)作文專題突破

PAGEPAGE4高三英語(yǔ)讀寫任務(wù)作文專題突破如何寫概括30個(gè)詞的摘要怎么寫？PartI.什么是摘要？Asummaryisashortaccountgivingthemainpointsofsomethinglongerordetailed.概括部分包含幾種能力。第一要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中作者的觀點(diǎn)。第二要具有意義篩選的能力，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有用英文解釋英文的能力，用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言文字，不能抄襲原文。一、概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫作目的。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用浮凸式的表達(dá)方式，第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。二、概括的寫作步驟：1.確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒(méi)有主題句的需要自己組合。2.尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。3.重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句?？梢詮淖髡叩膶懽髂康哪嫱疲从硨懽髂康闹黝}句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。4.重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補(bǔ)充過(guò)程或者提供證據(jù)?？谠E：簡(jiǎn)括為：縮長(zhǎng)見短，省卻細(xì)膩。（括：概括性。見：間接引語(yǔ)。短：短的連詞。細(xì)膩：細(xì)節(jié)和例子）三、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句”即“主題+主題的什么”。文體主題句支撐句議論文文章論點(diǎn)（一句）文章論據(jù)（兩三句）記敘文故事的寫作目的/主題（一句）故事大意（兩三句）說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明的對(duì)象/觀點(diǎn)/現(xiàn)象解釋/分述附：廣東高考概括部分評(píng)分細(xì)則：1．完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分；2．機(jī)械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分；3．稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、原文詞序的，得2分；4．創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。5．結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。PartII.寫概括的具體方法Ⅰ.TheStepsofWritingaSummaryA.定時(shí)態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過(guò)去時(shí)，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí)；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；不過(guò)，模板的開頭語(yǔ)一般為現(xiàn)在時(shí)如Thepassagetellsusthat---.B.定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來(lái)寫作。（特殊如書信的，可能會(huì)使用第一、二人稱；）C.定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。1)Usewordsofsimilarmeanings同義替換法Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfish_________Iwasnotpatient.2)Adopttheoppositewaywhensayingasentence正話反說(shuō)法Youwillfail.=Youwill____________________.3)Changethepartofspeech詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patienceisveryimportant.Patienceisof_____________________.4)Changethestructureofasentence句式變化法語(yǔ)態(tài)變換：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.→Childrenshould________________morepraise.簡(jiǎn)單句變復(fù)合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,_______________willhelpthemlearnfaster..5)Usetheshortestpossibletransitions連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildren__________________scoldingthem.6)Changetheorderofthewords.詞序改變法D.下列是常規(guī)的實(shí)用技巧。寫摘要時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧：1)刪除細(xì)節(jié)（Omit(省略)thedetails）。只保留主要觀點(diǎn)。2)避免重復(fù)（Omittherepetitions）。在原文中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題，可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說(shuō)明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句。3)刪除具體例子（Omittheexamples）。不過(guò)，閱讀材料本身是由幾個(gè)具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達(dá)到30個(gè)詞，那就選擇一至兩個(gè)例子（即一兩個(gè)主要節(jié)日）。注：原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子。4)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞（Usegeneral(概括性)wordsinsteadofspecific(具體的)words），比如：“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”“Mykey,”Ishouted.Fortunately,theshoutingwokeupmywifewhoopenedthewindowjustasthepolicemanhadstartedtoclimbtowardsmeWhichskill:____________________________點(diǎn)撥：這是一篇記敘文，請(qǐng)從原文中劃出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事情的經(jīng)過(guò)和結(jié)果。填充下面所給的summary,注意如何借用詞法，語(yǔ)法簡(jiǎn)化句子。Summary:Onarrivinghome__________inthemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeup__________byringingthedoorbell.Hetriedto_______________,butwasfoundby_____________.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswife.5.Advertisingcanbeaservicetocustomers.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhebuyssomething.Itisusefulinthatitletshimknowofthekindsofgoodsintheshops.Printedadvertisementsdothisjobbest.Customerscancollectthemandcomparethem.Theycanbetakenalongtotheshopsandtheirstatementscanbecheckedagainstandactualgoodsintheshops.Someadvertisementsarenotveryusefultothecustomers.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,theysetouttomakehimwantthings.Theysetouttomakeusbelievethatwhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsome,ifonlyweuseit.ThevoiceonTVsays,“GetawaypeopleuseXYZpetrol.”Thescreenshowsapictureofpetrolpumpforafastexpensivecarownedbyaboywithaprettygirlfriend.Theydriveofftothewonderfulcountryoralovelybeach.Somepeoplemayfeelthatclever,successfulpeopleuseXYZpetrol.Somemightchoosethatpetroleverytimetheyfilluptheircars.Skill:_______________________Summary:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.Studentsshouldthinknowaboutwhatextracurricular(課外的)activitiesthey'dliketoparticipatein.Participatinginextracurricularactivitiesmayhelpyoudeepenyourphysical,creative,social,political,andcareerinterestsbybringingyouintocommunicationwithotherlike-mindedpeopleyoudidn’tpreviouslyknow.Youcanjoingroupsasawaytogetsupportfromotherstudents.Acluborgroupcanalsobeagreatwaytomeetpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyou.Lotsofyouthprogramsbringpeopletogetherwiththosewhoaredifferentasawaytobreakdownthebarriersbetweenpeople.Participatinginextracurricularactivitieshelpsyouinotherways,too.Itlooksgoodoncollegeandjobapplicationsandshowsadmissionsofficersandemployersyou’rewell-roundedandresponsible.Specificactivitieshelpwithspecificgoals.Themostbasicreasonforjoiningacluborteamisthatitgivesyousomethingbettertodothanstaringatthewall,wanderingthehall,orsleepingallafternoon.Peoplewhoareparticipatingarelesslikelytopickupbadhabits,likesmokingordrinking.Skill:______________________________________Summary:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅳ.積累模板:要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：Theessay/passage/authorhighlightstheimportanceofencouragementforstudents.Theessay/passage/authorarguesinsupportof…,statingthat…Theessay/passage/authordiscussestheimpactofemail.Theessay/passage/authorcomparesfriendshipwiththecomfortofhome.Theessay/passage/authoroutlinestheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.B.而記敘文的概要?jiǎng)t可以從以下模板中選擇：Thepassage/storyisaboutamisunderstandingbetweenastudentandateacher.Theauthortellsusastoryabouta________.Thepassageisastoryabout________.C.通用型模板：Accordingtothepassage,weknow…Thisarticleismainlyabout…Thewriterstates/saysthat…Ascanbelearnfromthispassage,---Inthispassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceof….另外，更具體一點(diǎn)：(1)記敘文概要模板a.點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：Thewritertellsus…（主題）byshowingusanexampleof…,who/which…（故事情節(jié)）.b.作者經(jīng)歷類：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth,which……c.他人經(jīng)歷類：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb’sexperienceofdoingsth…..(2)議論文概要模板Thearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主題）.…..（補(bǔ)充論據(jù)）.Thepassagehighlights(強(qiáng)調(diào))theimportanceofsth…..Theauthorarguesthat…(3)說(shuō)明文概要模板a.現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon…（主題),which…..（補(bǔ)充解釋）.b.利弊對(duì)比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpact(影響)ofsth.Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….c.研究顯示類：Thestudyreveals(揭露)that…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…PartIII.概括大意時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)事項(xiàng)1.不可忽略,忘記寫.概括要點(diǎn)占5分.2.不可一字不漏地完全照抄原文.(但可以靈活地抄，特別對(duì)基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué))3.不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn).必須忠于原文、忠于作者.4.不要概括太廣，缺乏針對(duì)性，也不要只針對(duì)原文某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)太狹窄.5.不要用列舉、描繪性語(yǔ)言當(dāng)成概括性語(yǔ)言.6.不要只用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句來(lái)概括.或?qū)懙锰嗑渥樱▎卧~）。7.要注意文體特征.文體不同,概括的方式也不同.8.不要把概括跟下文寫成一起。（即要求分段）9．不要用序號(hào)標(biāo)概括和下文，注意概括和下文構(gòu)成一個(gè)不可分隔、完整的文章。附：練習(xí)參考答案：I.“定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。”練習(xí)1)because2)notsucceed3)ofgreatimportance4)begiven；which5)insteadofII.練習(xí)篇學(xué)以致用。1.Skill1:刪除細(xì)節(jié)Therearesometipsforchildrentofollowsothattheycangetonwellwiththeirparents.2.Skill2:避免重復(fù).Itisquitenaturalthatwechildrenlookatthesameproblemdifferentlyfromourparents.3.Skill4:把文章的對(duì)話或直接引語(yǔ)(的要點(diǎn))改成間接引語(yǔ)敘述KatesuggestedthatPaulshouldeatlesssalt.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.4.Summary:Onarrivinghomeatabouttwointhemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeuphiswifebythedoorbell.Hetriedtoclimbtowardsthebedroomwindow,butwasfoundbyapoliceman.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswife.(40words)5.Skill:①段意合并法(topicsentencesorkeywords，ifnotopicsentences)Summary:Advertisingcanbeusefulwhenitprovidescustomerswithreliableinformation，whilesomeadvertisementsarenotthecaseastheyareproducedonlytopersuadecustomerstobuywhattheydon’tneed.(31words)6.主題概括法(適合于議論文)Summary:Theauthor(Thepassage)discussedthebenefitofextracurricularactivitiesincludingbeingawaytoimprovestudents’health,widentheirsocialcircleandintroducethemtonewideasandpeople.(30words)教師寄語(yǔ)：對(duì)于成績(jī)較差的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，可能對(duì)概括感到無(wú)從下手，下面我就介紹一個(gè)秘訣：主題預(yù)測(cè)材料寫好概括讀寫任務(wù)的寫作內(nèi)容一般分為兩個(gè)部分，即寫作內(nèi)容1為概括短文要點(diǎn)，還有寫作內(nèi)容2則是就某個(gè)主題發(fā)表看法。然而，絕大部分的考生會(huì)忽略了寫作內(nèi)容2對(duì)寫作內(nèi)容1的導(dǎo)航作用，而一頭扎進(jìn)了閱讀材料直接去閱讀文章得出要點(diǎn)。事實(shí)上，所謂“讀寫任務(wù)”其實(shí)是“讀”和“寫”的有機(jī)結(jié)合，“讀”的材料是為了后面的“寫”提供情景，同樣，“寫”也是對(duì)“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。故希望大家在概括文章時(shí)，可考慮命題人提供的寫作內(nèi)容2的導(dǎo)航作用，因?yàn)樗軌驇椭蠹腋斓靥岣卟蹲轿恼乱c(diǎn)的速度與準(zhǔn)確性。廣東高考英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)寫作訓(xùn)練一、寫作的基本