內(nèi)容preprc考試界面版

PracticeTest#1

(18Essays,61Questions)

Question#1.019-01 (21247-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-01)

Essay#1.019(21201-!-item-!-188;#058&00019-00)

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

Duringthenineteenthcentury,occupationalinformationaboutwomenthatwasprovidedbytheUnitedStatescensus--apopulationcountconductedeachdecade--becamemoredetailedandpreciseinresponsetosocialchanges.Through1840,simpleenumerationbyhouseholdmirroredahome-basedagriculturaleconomyandhierarchicalsocialorder:theheadofthehousehold(presumedmaleorabsent)wasspecifiedbyname,whereasotherhouseholdmemberswereonlyindicatedbythetotalnumberofpersonscountedinvariouscategories,includingoccupationalcategories.Likefarms,mostenterpriseswerefamily-run,sothatthecensusmeasuredeconomicactivityasanattributeoftheentirehousehold,ratherthanofindividuals.

explainandcritiquethemethodsusedbyearlystatisticians

compareandcontrastahistoricalsituationwithacurrent-dayone

describeandexplainahistoricalchange

discusshistoricaloppositiontoanestablishedinstitution

tracetheoriginofacontemporarycontroversy

Question#2.019-02 (21293-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-02)

Eachofthefollowingaspectsofnineteenth-centuryUnitedStatescensusesismentionedinthepassageEXCEPTthe

The1850census,partlyrespondingtoantislaveryandwomen'srightsmovements,initiatedthecollectionofspecificinformationabouteachindividualinahousehold.Notuntil1870wasoccupationalinformationanalyzedbygender:thecensussuperintendentreported1.8millionwomenemployedoutsidethehomein"gainfulandreputableoccupations."Inaddition,hearbitrarilyattributedtoeachfamilyonewoman"keepinghouse."Overlapbetweenthetwogroupswasnotcalculateduntil1890,whentherapidentryofwomenintothepaidlaborforceandsocialissuesarisingfromindustrializationwerecausingwomen'sadvocatesandwomenstatisticianstopressformorethoroughandaccurateaccountingofwomen'soccupationsandwages.

yearinwhichdataonoccupationsbegantobeanalyzedbygender

yearinwhichspecificinformationbegantobecollectedonindividualsinadditiontotheheadofthehousehold

yearinwhichoverlapbetweenwomenemployedoutsidethehomeandwomenkeepinghousewasfirstcalculated

wayinwhichthe1890censusmeasuredwomen'sincomelevelsandeducationalbackgrounds

wayinwhichhouseholdmemberswerecountedinthe1840census

Question#3.019-04 (21339-!-item-!-188;#058&000019-04)

Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe"women'sadvocatesandwomenstatisticians"mentionedinthehighlightedtext?

Theywantedtocallattentiontothelackofpayforwomenwhoworkedinthehome.

TheybelievedthatpreviouscensusinformationwasinadequateanddidnotreflectcertaineconomicchangesintheUnitedStates.

Theyhadbeguntopressforchangesincensus-takingmethodsaspartoftheirparticipationintheantislaverymovement.

Theythoughtthatcensusstatisticsaboutwomenwouldbemoreaccurateifmorewomenwereemployedascensusofficials.

TheyhadconductedindependentstudiesthatdisputedtheofficialstatisticsprovidedbypreviousUnitedStatescensuses.

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Question#4.066-02 (21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)

Essay#2.066(21346-!-item-!-188;#058&00066-00)

Thegeneraldensitydependencemodelcanbeappliedtoexplainthefoundingofspecialistfirms(thoseattemptingtoserveanarrowtargetmarket).

Accordingtothismodel,specialistfoundingshingeontheinterplaybetweenlegitimationandcompetitiveforces,bothofwhicharefunctionsofthedensity(totalnumber)offirmsinaparticularspecialistpopulation.Legitimationoccursasanewtypeoffirmmovesfrombeingviewedasunfamiliartobeingviewedasanaturalwaytoorganize.Atlowdensitylevels,eachfoundingincreaseslegitimation,reducingbarrierstoentryandeasingsubsequentfoundings.Competitionoccursbecausetheresourcesthatfirmsseek--customers,suppliers,andemployees--arelimited,butaslongasdensityislowrelativetoplentifulresources,theadditionofanotherfirmhasanegligibleimpactontheintensityofcompetition.Athighdensitylevels,however,competitiveeffectsoutweighlegitimationeffects,discouragingfoundings.Themorenumerousthecompetitors,thefiercerthecompetitionwillbeandthesmallerwillbetheincentivefornewfirmstoenterthefield.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmayaccountfortheinconsistencybetweenthegeneraldensitydependencemodelandtheevidenceprovidedbycertainstudiesoffoundings?

Suchstudieshaveoveremphasizedtheimpactofpreexistingfirmsontheestablishmentofnewfirms.

Suchstudieshavenotfocusedstronglyenoughontheroleofcompetitionamongnewlyestablishedfirmsoperatingatthecityandstatelevels.

Suchstudiesfailtodifferentiateamongspecialistfirmswithregardtothedegreetowhichtheydeviatefromfamiliarformsoforganization.

Suchstudieshavenottakenintoaccountthefactthatmanyindustriesareinternationallyintegrated.

Suchstudieshaveneglectedtoinvestigatefirmsthatattempttoserveonlyanarrowtargetmarket.

Question#5.066-04 (21438-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-04)

Inthesecondparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

Whileseveralstudieshavefoundasignificantcorrespondencebetweenthedensitydependencemodelandactualpatternsoffoundings,otherstudieshavefoundpatternsnotconsistentwiththemodel.Apossibleexplanationforthisinconsistencyisthatlegitimationandcompetitiveforcestranscendnationalboundaries,whilestudiestypicallyrestricttheiranalysistothenationallevel.Thusanational-levelanalysiscanunderstatethetruelegitimationandcompetitiveforcesaswellasthenumberoffoundingsinanindustrythatisinternationallyintegrated.Manyindustriesareorarebecominginternational,andsincemediaandinformationeasilycrossnationalborders,soshouldlegitimationanditseffectsonoverseasfoundings.Forexample,ifatypeoffirmbecomesestablishedintheUnitedStates,thatinformationtranscendsborders,reducesuncertainties,andhelpsfoundingsofthattypeoffirminothercountries.Evenwithinnationalcontexts,studieshavefoundmoresupportforthedensitydependencemodelwhentheyemploybroadergeographicunitsofanalysis--forexample,findingthatthemodel'soperationisseenmoreclearlyatthestateandnationallevelsthanatcitylevels.

notingvariousexceptionstoacertaingeneralfinding

examiningtheimpactofonetypeofindustryonanother

proposingapossibleexplanationforaninconsistency

providingspecificexamplesofaparticularphenomenon

defendingthevalidityofaparticularstudy'sconclusions

Question#6.066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)

Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenapopulationofspecialistfirmsreachesahighdensitylevel,whichofthefollowingislikelytooccur?

Foundingswilldeclinedespitelegitimationthathasoccurredintheseindustries.

Increasingcompetitionwillencouragemanyfirmstobroadentheirtargetmarket.

Competitionforresourceswillbecomestabilizedandthusfoundingswillbeencouraged.

Manycustomerswillabandontheirloyaltytoolderfirmsasmoreinnovativefirmsenterthemarket.

Firmswillbegintocrossnationalbordersinanattempttogainacompetitiveadvantage.

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Question#7.066-08 (21530-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-08)

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

questionthevalidityofaneconomicmodel

pointoutsomeinconsistencieswithinaneconomicmodel

outlineaneconomicmodelandsuggestrevisionstoit

describeaneconomicmodelandprovidespecificexamplestoillustrateitsuse

explainwhyaneconomicmodelremainsvaliddespiteinconsistentresearchresults

4

Essay#3.075(21535-!-item-!-188;#058&00075-00)

Question#8.075-03 (21581-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-03)

Inits1903decisioninthecaseofLoneWolfv.Hitchcock,theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtrejectedtheeffortsofthreeNativeAmericantribestopreventtheopeningoftriballandstonon-Indiansettlementwithouttribalconsent.InhisstudyoftheLoneWolfcase,BlueClarkproperlyemphasizestheCourt'sassertionofavirtuallyunlimitedunilateralpowerofCongress(theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate)overNativeAmericanaffairs.Buthefailstonotethedecision'smorefar-reachingimpact:shortlyafterLoneWolf,thefederalgovernmenttotallyabandonednegotiationandexecutionofformalwrittenagreementswithIndiantribesasaprerequisitefortheimplementationoffederalIndianpolicy.Manycommentatorsbelievethatthischangehadalreadyoccurredin1871when--followingadisputebetweentheHouseandtheSenateoverwhichchambershouldenjoyprimacyinIndianaffairs--CongressabolishedthemakingoftreatieswithNativeAmericantribes.Butinrealitythefederalgovernmentcontinuedtonegotiateformaltribalagreementspasttheturnofthecentury,treatingthesedocumentsnotastreatieswithsovereignnationsrequiringratificationbytheSenatebutsimplyaslegislationtobepassedbybothhousesofCongress.TheLoneWolfdecisionendedthiseraofformalnegotiationandfinallydidawaywithwhathadincreasinglybecometheemptyformalityofobtainingtribalconsent.

Accordingtothepassage,thecongressionalactionof1871hadwhichofthefollowingeffects?

NativeAmericantribalagreementsweretreatedaslegislationthathadtobepassedbybothhousesofCongress.

ThenumberofformalagreementsnegotiatedbetweenthefederalgovernmentandNativeAmericantribesdecreased.

TheproceduresforcongressionalapprovalandimplementationoffederalIndianpolicyweremademoreprecise.

ItbecamemoredifficultforCongresstoexerciseunilateralauthorityoverNativeAmericanaffairs.

TheroleofCongressintheratificationoftreatieswithsovereignnationswaseventuallyundermined.

Question#9.075-06 (21627-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-06)

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingresultedfromtheLoneWolfdecision?

TheSupremeCourttookonagreaterroleinNativeAmericanaffairs.

NativeAmericantribeslosttheirlegalstandingassovereignnationsintheirdealingswiththefederalgovernment,buttheirownershipoftriballandswasconfirmed.

ThefederalgovernmentnolongerneededtoconcludeaformalagreementwithaNativeAmericantribeinordertocarryoutpolicydecisionsthataffectedthetribe.

Thefederalgovernmentbegantoappropriatetriballandsfordistributiontonon-Indiansettlers.

NativeAmericantribeswerenolongerabletochallengecongressionalactionsbyappealingtotheSupremeCourt.

Question#10.075-07(21673-!-item-!-188;#058&000075-07)

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

identifyingsimilaritiesintwodifferenttheories

evaluatingaworkofscholarship

analyzingthesignificanceofahistoricalevent

debunkingarevisionistinterpretation

exploringtherelationshipbetweenlawandsocialreality

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Essay#4.094(21680-!-item-!-188;#058&00094-00)

Question#11.094-01(21726-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-01)

SomehistorianscontendthatconditionsintheUnitedStatesduringtheSecondWorldWargaverisetoadynamicwartimealliancebetweentradeunionsandtheAfricanAmericancommunity,analliancethatadvancedthecauseofcivilrights.Theyconcludethatthepostwardemiseofthisvitalallianceconstitutedalostopportunityforthecivilrightsmovementthatfollowedthewar.Otherscholars,however,haveportrayedorganizedlaborasdefendingallalongtherelativelyprivilegedpositionofWhiteworkersrelativetoAfricanAmericanworkers.Clearly,thesetwoperspectivesarenoteasilyreconcilable,butthehistoricalrealityisnotreducibletooneortheother.

The"unions'dilemma"mentionedinthehighlightedtextcanbestbedescribedasthequestionofwhetherornotto

pressuremanagementtocreatemoreskilledandhigh-payingpositions

fightforgreaterunionparticipationinmanagementdecisions

includeminorityworkersintheirmembership

extendfullrightsandbenefitstoalltheirmembers

emphasizetherecruitmentofnewmembersoverservingtheneedsofcurrentmembers

Unionsfacedachoicebetweeneithermaintainingtheprewarstatusquoorpromotingamoreinclusiveapproachthatsoughtforallmemberstherighttoparticipateintheinternalaffairsofunions,accesstoskilledandhigh-payingpositionswithintheoccupationalhierarchy,andprotectionagainstmanagement'sarbitraryauthorityintheworkplace.Whileunionrepresentativesoftenvoicedthisinclusiveideal,inpracticeunionsfarmoreoftenfavoredentrenchedinterests.TheacceleratingdevelopmentofthecivilrightsmovementfollowingtheSecondWorldWarexacerbatedtheunions'dilemma,forcingtradeunioniststoconfrontcontradictionsintheirownpractices.

Question#12.094-02(21772-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-02)

Accordingtothepassage,thehistoriansmentionedinthefirsthighlightedportionoftextandthescholarsmentionedinthesecondhighlightedportiondisagreeaboutthe

contributionmadebyorganizedlabortothewareffortduringtheSecondWorldWar

issuesthatunionmembersconsideredmostimportantduringtheSecondWorldWar

relationshipbetweenunionsandAfricanAmericansduringtheSecondWorldWar

effectoftheSecondWorldWarontheinfluenceofunionsintheworkplace

extenttowhichAfricanAmericansbenefitedfromsocialandpoliticalchangesfollowingtheSecondWorldWar

Question#13.094-06(21818-!-item-!-188;#058&000094-06)

Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

providingacontextwithinwhichtoevaluateopposingviewpointsaboutahistoricalphenomenon

identifyingaflawedassumptionunderlyingoneinterpretationofahistoricalphenomenon

assessingthemeritsandweaknessesofacontroversialtheoryaboutahistoricalphenomenon

discussingthehistoricalimportanceofthedevelopmentofawartimealliance

evaluatingevidenceusedtosupportaparticularinterpretationofahistoricalphenomenon

6

Essay#5.118(21825-!-item-!-188;#058&00118-00)

Question#14.118-03(21871-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-03)

HistorianshaveidentifiedtwodominantcurrentsintheRussianwomen'smovementofthelatetsaristperiod."Bourgeois"feminism,socalledbyitsmoreradicalopponents,emphasized"individualist"feministgoalssuchasaccesstoeducation,careeropportunities,andlegalequality."Socialist"feminists,bycontrast,emphasizedclass,ratherthangender,astheprincipalsourceofwomen'sinequalityandoppression,andsocialistrevolution,notlegalreform,astheonlyroadtoemancipationandequality.

ThepassagesuggeststhatsocialistswithintheRussianwomen'smovementandmostbourgeoisfeministsbelievedthatinRussia

womenwouldnotachieveeconomicequalityuntiltheyhadpoliticalrepresentationwithinthegovernment

theachievementoflargerpoliticalaimsshouldtakeprecedenceovertheachievementofwomen'srights

theemancipationofwomenwouldultimatelybringabouttheliberationoftheentireRussianpopulationfrompoliticaloppression

women'soppressionwasmorerootedineconomicinequalitythanwasthecaseinothercountries

thewomen'smovementwasmoreideologicallydividedthanwerewomen'smovementsinothercountries

However,despiteantagonismbetweenbourgeoisfeministsandsocialistfeminists,thetwomovementssharedcertainunderlyingbeliefs.Bothregardedpaidlaborastheprincipalmeansbywhichwomenmightattainemancipation:participationintheworkplaceandeconomicself-sufficiency,theybelieved,wouldmakewomensociallyusefulandthereforedeservingofequalitywithmen.Bothgroupsalsorecognizedtheenormousdifficultieswomenfacedwhentheycombinedpaidlaborwithmotherhood.Infact,attheFirstAll-RussianWomen'sCongressin1908,mostparticipantsadvocatedmaternityinsuranceandpaidmaternityleave,althoughtheintensehostilitybetweensomesocialistsandbourgeoisfeministsattheCongressmadeitdifficultforthemtorecognizetheseareasofagreement.Finally,socialistfeministsandmostbourgeoisfeministsconcurredinsubordinatingwomen'semancipationtowhattheyconsideredthemoreimportantgoalofliberatingtheentireRussianpopulationfrompoliticaloppression,economicbackwardness,andsocialinjustice.

Question#15.118-05(21917-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-05)

Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

identifyingpointsofagreementbetweentwogroups

advocatingoneapproachtosocialreformoveranother

contrastingtwoapproachestosolvingapoliticalproblem

arguingthattheviewsespousedbyonepoliticalgroupweremoreradicalthanthoseespousedbyanothergroup

criticizinghistoriansforoverlookingsimilaritiesbetweentheviewsespousedbytwosuperficiallydissimilargroups

Question#16.118-06(21963-!-item-!-188;#058&000118-06)

Accordingtothepassage,Russiansocialistswithinthewomen'smovementandmostbourgeoisfeministsdisagreedaboutwhichofthefollowing?

Whetherlegalreformwascentraltotheachievementoffeministgoals

Whetherpaidemploymentwasimportantfortheachievementofequality

Whethermaternityinsurancewasdesirableforworkingmothers

Whetherworkingmothersfacedobstacles

Whetherwomen'semancipationshouldbesubordinatedtotheliberationoftheRussianpopulation

7

Essay#6.145(21972-!-item-!-188;#058&00145-00)

Question#17.145-03(22018-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-03)

ColonialhistorianDavidAllen'sintensivestudyoffivecommunitiesinseventeenth-centuryMassachusettsisamodelofmeticulousscholarshiponthedetailedmicrocosmiclevel,andisconvincinguptoapoint.

AllensuggeststhatmuchmorecoherenceanddirectcontinuityexistedbetweenEnglishandcolonialagriculturalpracticesandadministrativeorganizationthanotherhistorianshavesuggested.However,heoverstateshiscasewiththedeclarationthathehasproved"theremarkableextenttowhichdiversityinNewEnglandlocalinstitutionswasdirectlyimitativeofregionaldifferencesinthemothercountry."

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofmostvillagesinseventeenth-centuryEngland?

Theresidentsquirehadsignificantauthority.

Churchmemberswereselectedonthebasisoftheirsocialstatuswithinthecommunity.

Lowpopulationdensityrestrictedagriculturalandeconomicgrowth.

Therewaslittlediversityinlocalinstitutionsfromoneregiontoanother.

Nationaleventshadlittleimpactonlocalcustomsandadministrativeorganization.

Suchanassertionignorescriticaldifferencesbetweenseventeenth-centuryEnglandandNewEngland.First,Englandwasovercrowdedandland-hungry;NewEnglandwassparselypopulatedandlabor-hungry.

Second,EnglandsufferedthenormalEuropeanrateofmortality;NewEngland,especiallyinthefirstgenerationofEnglishcolonists,wasvirtuallyfreefrominfectiousdiseases.Third,Englandhadanall-embracingstatechurch;inNewEnglandmembershipinachurchwasrestrictedtotheelect.Fourth,ahighproportionofEnglishvillagerslivedunderpaternalisticresidentsquires;nosuchclassexistedinNewEngland.Bynarrowinghisfocustovillageinstitutionsandignoringthesecriticaldifferences,whichstudiesbyGreven,Demos,andLockridgehaveshowntobesoimportant,Allenhascreatedasomewhatdistortedpictureofreality.

Question#18.145-05(22064-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-05)

ThepassagesuggeststhatProfessorCliveHolmeswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?

Anunderstandingofseventeenth-centuryEnglishlocalinstitutionsrequiresaconsiderationofnationalissues.

The"countrycommunity"schoolofseventeenth-centuryEnglishhistorydistortshistoricalevidenceinordertoestablishcontinuitybetweenoldandnewinstitutions.

Mosthistoriansdistortrealitybyfocusingonnationalconcernstotheexclusionoflocalconcerns.

Nationalissuesarebestunderstoodfromtheperspectiveofthoseatthelocallevel.

Localhistoriesofseventeenth-centuryEnglishvillageshavecontributedlittletotheunderstandingofvillagelife.

Allen'sworkisaratherextremeexampleofthe"countrycommunity"schoolofseventeenth-centuryEnglishhistorywhoseintemperateexcessesinremovingallnationalissuesfromthehistoryofthatperiodhavebeenexposedbyProfessorCliveHolmes.Whatconclusioncanbedrawn,forexample,fromAllen'sdiscoverythatPuritanclergywhohadcometothecoloniesfromEastAngliawereone-thirdtoone-halfaslikelytoreturntoEnglandby1660aswerePuritanministersfromwesternandnorthernEngland?Wearenottoldinwhatway,ifatall,thisdiscoveryilluminateshistoricalunderstanding.Studiesoflocalhistoryhaveenormouslyexpandedourhorizons,butitisamistakefortheirauthorstoconcludethatvillageinstitutionsareallthatmattered,simplybecausetheirfunctionsareallthattherecordsofvillageinstitutionsreveal.

Question#19.145-07(22110-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-07)

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorofthepassageconsidersAllen's"discovery"(seehighlightedtext)tobe

alreadyknowntoearlierhistorians

basedonalogicalfallacy

improbablebutneverthelessconvincing

anunexplained,isolatedfact

anew,insightfulobservation

Question#20.145-08(22156-!-item-!-188;#058&000145-08)

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

(A)substantiatingaclaimaboutahistoricalevent

8

reconcilingtwoopposingideasaboutahistoricalera

disputingevidenceascholarusestosubstantiateaclaimaboutahistoricalevent

analyzingtwoapproachestoscholarlyresearchandevaluatingtheirmethodologies

criticizingaparticularstudyandtheapproachtohistoricalscholarshipitrepresents

9

Essay#7.146(22165-!-item-!-188;#058&00146-00)

Question#21.146-01(22211-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-01)

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasalong-standingpolicyofusingfederalfundstokeepsmallbusinessviable.TheSmallBusinessActof1953authorizedtheSmallBusinessAdministration(SBA)toenterintocontractswithgovernmentagencieshavingprocurementpowersandtoarrangeforfulfillmentofthesecontractsbyawardingsubcontractstosmallbusinesses.Inthemid-1960's,duringthewaronpovertyyears,Congresshopedtoencourageminorityentrepreneursbydirectingsuchfundingtominoritybusinesses.Atfirstthisfundingwasdirectedtowardminorityentrepreneurswithverylowincomes.A1967amendmenttotheEconomicOpportunityActdirectedtheSBAtopayspecialattentiontominority-ownedbusinesseslocatedinurbanorruralareascharacterizedbyhighproportionsofunemployedorlow-incomeindividuals.Sincethen,theanswergiventothefundamentalquestionofwhotherecipientsshouldbe--themosteconomicallydisadvantagedorthosewiththebestprospectsforbusinesssuccess--haschanged,andthesocialgoalsoftheprogramshaveshifted,resultinginpolicychanges.

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

discusshistoricalchangesinagovernmentpolicy

describetheroleofCongressinregulatingtheworkoftheSBA

contrasttypesoffundingsourcesusedbyminoritybusinesses

correctamisconceptionaboutminorityentrepreneurship

advocateanalternativeapproachtofundingminorityentrepreneurs

Question#22.146-05(22257-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-05)

Itcanbeinferredthatthe"ownershipgap"(seehighlightedtext)wouldbenarrowedifwhichofthefollowingweretooccur?

Minorityentrepreneursreceivedapercentageofgovernmentcontractsequaltothatreceivedbynonminorityentrepreneurs.

Middle-andhigh-incomeminorityentrepreneursgavemoreassistancetotheirlow-incomecounterpartsinthebusinesscommunity.

Minorityentrepreneurshiredapercentageofminorityemployeesequaltothepercentageofminorityresidentsintheirowncommunities.

Thepercentageofself-employedminoritypersonsrosetomorethantenpercentofallself-employedpersons.

Seventeenpercentofallpersonsemployedinsmallbusinesseswereself-employed.

Thefirstshiftoccurredduringtheearly1970's.Whilethegoalofassistingtheeconomicallydisadvantagedentrepreneurremained,anewgoalemerged:toremedytheeffectsofpastdiscrimination.Infact,in1970theSBAexplicitlystatedthattheirmaingoalwastoincreasethenumberofminority-ownedbusinesses.Atthetime,minoritiesconstitutedseventeenpercentofthenation'spopulation,butonlyfourpercentofthenation'sself-employed.Thisownershipgapwasheldtobetheresultofpastdiscrimination.Increasingthenumberofminority-ownedfirmswasseenasawaytoremedythisproblem.Inthatcontext,providingfundingtominorityentrepreneursinmiddle-andhigh-incomebracketsseemedjustified.

Question#23.146-06(22303-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-06)

Inthelate1970's,thegoalsofminority-businessfundingprogramsshiftedagain.AttheMinorityBusinessDevelopmentAgency,forexample,thegoalofincreasingnumbersofminority-ownedfirmswassupplantedbythegoalofcreatingandassistingmoreminority-ownedsubstantivefirmswithfuturegrowthpotential.Assistingmanufacturersorwholesalersbecamefarmoreimportantthanassistingsmallservicebusinesses.Minority-businessfundingprogramswerenowjustifiedasinstrumentsforeconomicdevelopment,particularlyforcreatingjobsinminoritycommunitiesofhighunemployment.

Accordingtothepassage,in1970fundingtominorityentrepreneursfocusedprimarilyonwhichofthefollowing?

Alleviatingchronicunemploymentinurbanareas

Narrowingtheownershipgap

Assistingminority-ownedbusinesseswithgrowthpotential

Awardingsubcontractstobusinessesthatencouragedcommunitydevelopment

Targetingthemosteconomicallydisadvantagedminority-ownedbusinesses

Question#24.146-09(22349-!-item-!-188;#058&000146-09)

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondparagraphinthepassageasawhole?

10

Itnarrowsthescopeofthetopicintroducedinthefirstparagraph.

Itpresentsanexampleofthetypeofchangediscussedinthefirstparagraph.

Itcitesthemoststrikinginstanceofhistoricalchangeinaparticulargovernmentpolicy.

Itexplainstherationaleforthecreationofthegovernmentagencywhoseoperationsarediscussedinthefirstparagraph.

Itpresentstheresultsofpoliciesadoptedbythefederalgovernment.

11

Essay#8.147(22358-!-item-!-188;#058&00147-00)

Question#25.147-01(22404-!-item-!-188;#058&000147-01)

Interrestrialenviron