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TOC\o"1-5"\h\z合同中常用詞語解釋 2\o"CurrentDocument"(ExplanationstoCommonly-usedwordsandExpressionsinContracts) 2."here+介詞” 2"there+介詞” 2"where+介詞” 3Shall 3should 3notwithstanding 4subjectto 4withoutprejudiceto 4unlessotherwise 5exceptotherwise 5inwitnesswhereof 5Knowallmenbythesepresentsthat 5includingbutnotlimitedto 6providethat 6undersigned 6atone'ssolediscretion 6accordingly 7.asthecasemaybe 7.totheextentthat 7.save 7less 7\o"CurrentDocument"forthepurposeof 7thesame 8合同中常用詞語解釋(ExplanationstoCommonly-usedwordsand
ExpressionsinContracts)不少人在閱讀FIDIC合同條款時感到很吃力,其中一個重要原因是詞語障礙。為了幫助讀者解決這一困難,我們特意從紅皮書中選擇了一些這類的詞匯和短語,對他們進(jìn)行較為詳細(xì)的講解,以供參考。here+介詞 所構(gòu)成的合成詞,如:hereafter(此后),hereby(特此,茲),herein(此中,于此),hereinafter(在下文中),hereof(關(guān)于這一點,在本文中),hereto(于此,至此),heretofore(在此之前,前此),hereupon(就在此刻),herewith(于此一道,隨函附上)等。在這類合成詞中,here相當(dāng)于this,因此,hereafter=afterthis,hereto=tothis,herewith=withthis,余類推。請看下面例句:a) ExampleformsfortheletterofInvitationandInstructionstoTenderersarereproducedhereafter,forusewithanyofthethreeBooks.下文復(fù)制了邀請函和投標(biāo)人須知范例格式,供三本合同條件中的任何一本使用。b) WhereasPartyBandPartyAhaveenteredintothisContractfortheinstallationofPartyA'sair-conditioningequipment,thePartiesheretodoherebyagreeasfollows.鑒于乙方與甲方訂立合同,為甲方安裝空調(diào)設(shè)備,雙方達(dá)成如下協(xié)議。thePartieshereto=thePartiestothiscontract:合同雙方。c) Weencloseherewithasoftcopyofthisdocument.隨信附上本文件的軟拷貝。Herewith=withthisletter:隨本信there+介詞所構(gòu)成的合成詞,如:thereafter(此后,其后,據(jù)此),thereby(因此,從而,由此;借此;在那附近)therefor(為此,因此,因之)therefrom(從哪里,從哪一點,從其中,從此),therein(在其中;在那件事情上,在哪一點上),thereinafter(在下文中,一下),thereof(其,其中;它的),thereon(在其上,就此),thereto(加于[協(xié)議]等之上,隨附),thereunder(在其下;依照),thereupon(因此,關(guān)于此事;隨即,隨后),therewith(以此,與此;立刻,隨即;同時,又)等。在這類合成詞中,there相當(dāng)于that,因此,thereafter=afterthat,thereto=tothat,therewith=withthat,余類推。請看下面例句:a) TheDrawingsshallremaininthesolecustodyofEngineer,buttwocopiesthereofshallbeprovidedtotheContractorfreeofcharge.圖紙應(yīng)由工程師單獨保管,但應(yīng)免費為承包商提供兩套圖紙的復(fù)印件。Twocopiesthereof=twocopiesoftheDrawings.b) TheseveraldocumentsformingtheContractoraretobetakenasmutuallyexplanatoryofoneanother,butincaseofambiguitiesordiscrepanciesthesameshallbeexplainedandadjustedbytheEngineerwhoshallthereuponissuetotheContractor
instructionsthereonandinsuchevent,unlessotherwiseprovidedintheContract,thepriorityofthedocumentsformingtheContractshallbeasfollows.3.4.5.構(gòu)成合同的幾個文件應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是相互說明的,但在出現(xiàn)含混或歧義時,則工程師應(yīng)對此作出解釋或校正,并應(yīng)隨時就此向承包商發(fā)布指令,在此情況下,除合同另有規(guī)定外,構(gòu)成合同文件的優(yōu)先次序應(yīng)如下。thereupon=afterthat:隨即,隨后;thereon=onthatmatter就此(事)priority:優(yōu)先順序;優(yōu)先(權(quán))3.4.5.Where+介詞 所構(gòu)成的合成詞,如:whereas(而,卻;鑒于),whereat(在那兒),whereby(以…的方式;憑借;根據(jù)那個),wherefore(為什么;因此,為此),wherein(在那方面;在那兒),whereof(關(guān)于那事;關(guān)于那物),whereon(在什么上面;在那上面;因此,于是),whereto(到什么地方,向那里),whereupon(馬上,不久以后;因此,于是)等。在這類合成詞中,where往往相當(dāng)于關(guān)系代詞which,與介詞一起形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出定語從句。因此,whereas=aswhich,whereat=atwhich,whereby=bywhich,余類推。請看下面例句:a) WhereasthefirstPartyiswillingtoemploythesecondPartyandthesecondPartyagreestodoasthefirstParty'sEngineerinNajmat,itisherebymutuallyagreedasfollows.鑒于甲方同意聘請乙方,乙方愿意應(yīng)聘為甲方在納吉馬特(工程)的工程師。雙方為此特達(dá)成如下協(xié)議:whereas:鑒于;hereby:由此,特此b) Aconstructionprojectcontractreferstoacontractwherebythecontractorundertakestheconstructionoftheprojectandthecontractlettingpartypaysthecostandremuneration.建設(shè)工程合同是承包人進(jìn)行工程建設(shè),發(fā)包人支付價款的合同。c) Sheknewwhereofhespoke.她知道他在說什么。Whereof=ofwhatShall:用于合同語中,表示“責(zé)任”或“義務(wù)”,相當(dāng)于漢語的“須”或“應(yīng),應(yīng)該”等。如:a) TheEmployershallgivetheContractorrightofaccessto,andpossessionof,allpartsoftheSitewithinthetime(ortimes)statedintheParticularConditions.雇主應(yīng)在專用條件中規(guī)定的時間(或幾個時間)內(nèi),給承包商進(jìn)入和占用場地各部分的權(quán)利。b) TheEngineershallcarryoutthedutiesspecifiedintheContract.工程師須履行合同規(guī)定的職責(zé)。should:should在合類文件中常用以引出省略了if的非真實條件句,但后面主句的謂語動詞卻不用虛擬語氣的woulddo形式,而是用shalldo等陳述形式,表示假設(shè)的條件雖然發(fā)生的可能性不大,但已經(jīng)發(fā)生則必須承擔(dān)主句所表達(dá)的后果。如:a) ShouldtheLetterofCreditfailtoreachtheSellerbeforethestipulateddate,theContractshallbeconsideredasnullandvoidunlessextensionisapprovedbytheSeller.(=IftheLetterofCreditshouldfailtoreachtheSellerbeforethestipulateddate,?…)如果買方未能再規(guī)定日期內(nèi)將信用證開具給賣方,則本合同無效,但經(jīng)賣方同意延期者除外。b) ShouldtheContractornotattend,orneglectoromittosendsuchrepresentative,then
themeasurementmadebytheEngineerorapprovedbyhimshallbetakentobethecorrectmeasurementofsuchpartoftheWorks.6.7.8.如果承包商不參加,或疏忽或遺忘而未派這樣的代表參加,則由工程師進(jìn)行的或由他批準(zhǔn)的測量應(yīng)被視為對工程該部分的正確測量。notwithstanding:prep.盡管,雖然6.7.8.a)NotwithstandingthetermsofthisClauseoranyotherClauseoftheContractnoamountwillbecertifiedbytheEngineerforpaymentuntiltheperformancesecurity,ifrequiredundertheContract,hasbeenprovidedbythecontractorandapprovedbytheemployer.盡管有本條款或任何其他合同條款的條件,在承包商提交履約保證(如果合同有要求的話)并經(jīng)雇主批準(zhǔn)值錢,工程師不對任何支付款額出具證書。b)NotwithstandinganyotherprovisionoftheContract,iftheContractorintendstoclaimanyadditionalpaymentpursuanttoanyClauseoftheseConditionsorotherwise,heshallgivenoticeofhisintentiontotheEngineer,withacopytotheEmployer,within28daysaftertheeventgivingrisetotheclaimhasfirstarisen.盡管本合同有任何其他規(guī)定,如果承包商根據(jù)本條件的任何條款或其他有關(guān)規(guī)定有意要求得到任何追加付款的話,他都硬在引起索賠的事件第一次發(fā)生后的28天之內(nèi),將他的索賠意向通知工程師,同時并將通知副本成交雇主。subjectto:須經(jīng)過;有待于;依照,依據(jù),以?為準(zhǔn);以?為條件,受?的支配(約束或影響)a)ThearrangementismadesubjecttotheapprovaloftheEngineer.這項安排要經(jīng)過工程師的批準(zhǔn)才能成立。b)TheBuyerherebyordersfromtheSellerthefollowinggoodssubjecttothefollowingconditions.賣方特依據(jù)以下條件從賣方訂購如下列貨品,或買方向賣方訂購下列貨品,條件如下。ThisguaranteeissubjecttoUniformRulesforDemandGuarantees,publishedasnumber458bytheInternationalChamberofCommerce,exceptasstatedabove.本保函除上述要求外,還應(yīng)受國際商會出版的編號為458的“即付保函統(tǒng)一規(guī)則”的約束。WheretheContractprovidesforpaymentinwholeorinparttobemadetotheContractorinforeigncurrencyorcurrencies,suchpaymentshallnotbesubjecttovariationsintherateorratesofexchangebetweensuchspecifiedforeigncurrencyorcurrenciesandthecurrencyofthecountryinwhichtheWorksaretobeexecuted.如果合同規(guī)定將全部或部分款額以一種或幾種外幣支付給承包商,則此項支付不應(yīng)受上述的一種或幾種外幣與施工所在國貨幣之間的匯率變化的影響。Providefor:規(guī)定Thisofferissubjecttoourconfirmation.Ifyoufinditacceptable,letushaveyourreplyassoonaspossible.本報價以我方確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)。如果你放認(rèn)可接受,請盡早函告我方。withoutprejudiceto:在不損害?的前提下,在不影響?的情況下
9.10.11.12.a)Withoutprejudicetotheforegoingrights,werequestandurgentmeetingtodiscussthisproblem.9.10.11.12.在不影響上述權(quán)利的情況下,我們要求召開一次緊急會議討論這個問題。b)Theprovision,useandrefundofthedepositsshallbewithoutprejudicetotheultimateliabilityofthecontributingparties.保證金的提供、使用和退還,不影響各方最終的分?jǐn)傌?zé)任。unlessotherwise:除非unlessotherwisespecified/stipulated/provided:除非另有規(guī)定unlessotherwisestated:除非另有說明unlessotherwiseagreed:除非另有協(xié)議UnlessotherwisespecifiedintheContract,thesuppliedGoodsshallbepackedbystandardprotectivemeasures.除非合同另有規(guī)定,對供應(yīng)的貨物應(yīng)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)保護(hù)措施進(jìn)行包裝。However,unlessotherwiseagreedbybothParties,theEngineershallnotdelegatetheauthoritytodetermineanymatterinaccordancewithSub-Clause3.5[Determinations].然而,如果雙方?jīng)]有另外的協(xié)議,工程師不得授權(quán)他人按第3.5款[確定]的規(guī)定去確定任何事物。exceptotherwise:(=unlessotherwise)除非ExceptwhereotherwiseprovidedbytheContract,theContractorshallnotsubcontractanypartoftheWorkswithoutthepriorconsentoftheEngineer.除合同另有規(guī)定外,未經(jīng)工程師的實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一,承包商不得將工程的任何部分分包出去。inwitnesswhereof:用于合同的結(jié)尾條款,而且經(jīng)常全部以答謝形式出現(xiàn),意思相當(dāng)于,“特此證明”或“以資證明”。如:INWITNESSWEREOF,thisContractissignedinKuwaitCitybydulyauthorizedrepresentativesofbothPartiesheretoonthefirstabove-mentioneddate.本合同由被雙方正當(dāng)授權(quán)之人,在科威特城于上述記載之日期代表雙方當(dāng)事人簽訂,特此證明。Knowallmenbythesepresentsthat …:經(jīng)常一大些的形式出現(xiàn)在正式文書的開頭,為達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)或醒目的作用,采用的是倒裝玉虛,正常語序是:Allmenknowbythesepresentsthat…意思相當(dāng)于漢語的:“根據(jù)本文件,特此宣布”“…特此證明”;bythesepresents(根據(jù)本文件)是法律術(shù)語。如:KNOWALLMENBYPRESENTS:ThisAGREEMENThasbeenenteredintobyandamongthefollowingcollegeanduniversitylibrarieshereunderlisted.根據(jù)本文件,特此宣布:本協(xié)議由以下各學(xué)院和大學(xué)的圖書館簽訂。KnowAllMenbythesepresentsthatwe,theABCBankhavingourregisteredofficeat(hereinaftercalledtheBank)willbebounduntotheEmployer,intheSumofforwhichpaymentwellandtrulytobemadetotheEmployer,theBankwillbindhimself,hissuccessorsandassignsbythesepresents.
13.14.15.16.根據(jù)本文件,茲宣布,我行,ABC銀行,其注冊地點在(以下稱“銀行”,向業(yè)主李月?lián)VЦ兜谋WC金。本保證書對銀行及其繼承人和受讓人均具有約束力。13.14.15.16.includingbutnotlimitedto:包括,但不限于TheContractorshallassumefullandexclusiveliabilityforpaymentofalltaxes,duties,levies,fiscalconstributionsandothercharges,includingbutnotlimitedtowithholdingtaxes,personalincometaxes,propertytaxes,capitalgainstaxes,ValueAddedTaxes,pensions,insurancecontributions,turnoverorsalestaxesandallcorporatetaxes,asmaybeimposedonContractor,and/oritspersonnelinconnectionwiththisContract.承包商應(yīng)完全承擔(dān)所有的稅款、關(guān)稅、派稅、財政支出以及其他費用,包括但不限于代扣稅款、個人所得稅、財產(chǎn)稅、資本收益稅、增值稅、養(yǎng)老金、保險金、營業(yè)額或銷售稅以及可能向承包商和(或,與本合同有關(guān)的承包商人員征收的所有公司稅。PrOVidethat:有兩個含義①(=if)如果;條件是(這種情況下也可用providingthat);②(=ltisprovidedthat)規(guī)定,但規(guī)定,但是Provided(that)thereisnoopposition,weshallholdthemeetinghere.=Providing(that)thereisnoopposition…?如果沒有人反對,我們就在這里開會。AttheexpirationofthisAgreement,thepartiesmaynegotiatearenewalorextensionoftheterm,providedthatthePartyBisinfullcompliancewiththisAgreementatthattime.本協(xié)議到期前,雙方可以協(xié)商延長協(xié)議期限,但條件是,屆時乙方完全符合本協(xié)議的條件。lnstructionsgivenbytheEngineershallbeinwriting,providedthaitfforanyreasontheEngineerconsidersitnecessarytogiveanysuchinstructionorally,theContractorshallcomplywithsuchinstruction.工程師應(yīng)以書面形式發(fā)出指令;但規(guī)定,如果由于某種原因,工程師認(rèn)為必須以口頭形式發(fā)出任何此指令,承包商應(yīng)遵照執(zhí)行。undersigned:(本)文末簽名者We,theundersigned,agreetothesearrangements.我們,文末簽名人,同意這些安排。Attheundersignedpersonsareboundbythecontract.所有文末簽名人均受此合同約束。atonessolediswe^on(或atthesolediscretionofsb.)由某人自行決定,按照某人的意見(辦事)Theconsent,notwithstandingtheprovisionsofSub-Clause1.5,shallbeatthesolediscretionoftheEmployer.盡管有1.5條款的規(guī)定,這種統(tǒng)一也應(yīng)由雇主自行決定。Theengineermay,atthesolediscretionoftheEmployer,issueaTestCertificateforanypartoftheWorks.在雇主的決定下,工程師可以為部分工程辦法實驗證書。accordingly:相應(yīng)地,按照…所說的或發(fā)生的(去做)a)However,oftherecipientgivesnoticeofanotheraddress,communicationsshallthereafterbedeliveredaccordingly.然而,如果接收人告知了另外地址,則以后的信件必須按所給的(新)地址發(fā)送。此處,accordingly=accordingtotheaddressstatedinthenotice.b)Pleaseinformusofyourdecisionandwewillactaccordingly.請把你們的決定通知我們,我們會照辦的。Accordingly=accordingtoyourdecision.asthecasemaybe:視情況而定,根據(jù)具體情況Theadvancepaymentshallberecoveredat5%or10%asthecasemaybeeachmonthfromtheamountofeachmonthlypaymentpaidtotheContractorwitheffectfromthefirstmonthlypayment.預(yù)付款應(yīng)按5%或10%的比例(視情況而定),從支付給承包商的月付款中收回,自第一次月付款起執(zhí)行。totheextentthat:達(dá)到這樣的程度(或范圍);結(jié)果,從而;在這樣的范圍內(nèi);在這樣的條件下,如果TotheextentthatfullcompensationforanyriseorfallinCostsisnotcoveredbytheprovisionsofthisorotherClauses,theAcceptedContractAmountshallbedeemedtohaveincludedamountstocoverthecontingencyofotherrisesandfallsincosts.如果本款或其他條款的規(guī)定未能包括對各種成本的任何漲落進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充補(bǔ)償,中標(biāo)合同金額應(yīng)被視為已包括了其他成本不可預(yù)見的漲落費用。save:(=except):prep./conj.除了…以外;只是a) Wehaverepairedalltheloaderssaveone.除了一臺沒修以外,其他所有的裝載機(jī)我們都修好了。(=except)b) Thescreenwasalldarksaveforonebrightspot.除了一點燈光外,屏幕上一片黑暗。(=exceptfor)c) Asimilartimetablehasbeenadopted,savethatthemorningbreakisshorter.采用的時間表答題相同,只是早上的休息時間縮短了°(=exceptthat:只是)d) Saveasaforesaid,wordsorexpressionscontainedinthisAttachmentshallbearthesamemeaningsasintheAgreement.除了上述情況而外,本附件中所用之詞語或表述與協(xié)議中的詞語或表述意思相同。(Save在此句中用作連詞)leSS:在合同文本中,經(jīng)常當(dāng)介詞來使用,意思是:減去、扣除,不計。如:lessretentionandpreviouspayments減去保留金和以前的付款;topaythetotalamountlesstax支付扣除稅款以外的總額Theaccountantgaveme1,000USdollars,less50dollarsforfood.會計發(fā)給我1000美元,扣除了50美元伙食費(實際發(fā)給950美元)。foithepurposeof:就…而言ForthepurposeoftheContract,theCommencementDateoftheWorksshallbeMy8,2007.就本合同而言,工程的開工日期應(yīng)是2007年5月8日。23.thesame:只待前面所描述的“物”或“事”。如:a)TheEngineershall,fromtimetotime,haveauthoritytoissuetotheContractorsuchsupplementarydrawingsandinstructionsasshallbenecessaryfortheproperandadequateexecutionandcompletionoftheWorksandtheremedyingofanydefectstherein.工程師應(yīng)有權(quán)隨時向承包商發(fā)出為合理和恰當(dāng)施工、竣工以及修補(bǔ)工程缺陷所必須的補(bǔ)充圖紙和指示。承包商應(yīng)遵照執(zhí)行并受其約束。句中的thesame指代的是前面所述的supplementarydrawingsandinstructions.b)ThisPlantandMaterialsshallbecomethepropertyof(andbeattheriskof)theEmployerwhenpaidforbytheEmployer,andtheContractorshallplacethesameattheEmployer'sdisposal.此類設(shè)備和材料,在雇主為之付款后,就應(yīng)該成為雇主的財產(chǎn)(雇主亦為之承擔(dān)風(fēng)險),承包商則應(yīng)將其交由業(yè)主處置。句中的thesame指代的是thisPlantandMaterials.EnglishExplanationfortheAbove-mentionedWordshereafterstartingfromthistime,infutureherebywiththesewordsorwiththisactionhereininthishereinafterhereinhereofofthisdocumentheretotothismatterordocumentheretoforebeforethispointintime;previouslyhereuponatthispointintimeherewithtogetherwiththisletterorotherofficialwrittenmaterialthereaftercountingonfromaparticularpointintime,especiallytherebyaftersomethingelsehasstoppedhappeningthereforasaresultofthisactionthereforeforthatobjectorpurposetherefromforthatreasonthereoffromthatorthatplacethereonoforaboutthethingjustmentionedtheretoonorfollowingthethingjustmentionedthereundertothatorthatplacethereuponinaccordancewiththething
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