科技論文英文的規(guī)范表達(dá)-詞性與句子成分課件

第8講科技論文英文的規(guī)范表達(dá)-詞性與句子成分學(xué)以致用cvlab@UESTC1用以促學(xué)Cli詞ck性to

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Title本章內(nèi)容學(xué)以致用cvlab@UESTC2用以促學(xué)3詞性每個(gè)英語單詞都有其特定的屬性，稱為“詞性”，也叫

“詞類”partofspeech。一個(gè)單詞可有多個(gè)詞性，各詞性意思可能相同，也可能不同。同一意思可作多種詞性使用，就是我們學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞的“轉(zhuǎn)化”方法而來的：

water

n.水-water

vt.澆水。不同詞性在句子中所起的作用不同、充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌?n.——名詞noun：表示事物的名稱，是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者或承受者。可作主語、賓語、表語、定語。

teacher,Tomv.——?jiǎng)釉~verb：作謂語。分為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞三大類。其中實(shí)意動(dòng)詞又分為及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞三小類。5vt.——及物動(dòng)詞transitiveverb：表示施加到一個(gè)對(duì)象身上的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作的承受者叫“動(dòng)詞賓語”。及物動(dòng)詞必須加賓語。see,reach,leave,teach,learn,catch,throwvi.——不及物動(dòng)詞intransitive

verb：表示主動(dòng)發(fā)出，沒有動(dòng)作承受者的動(dòng)作。不及物動(dòng)詞不能加賓語，可加介詞短語幫助說明動(dòng)作承受者。look,arrive,remain,go,belongvl.——系動(dòng)詞link

verb：表示說明、描述的動(dòng)詞，后面必須加形容詞或名詞表示說明或描述的內(nèi)容，稱為表語。系動(dòng)詞必需加表語。系動(dòng)詞分為三小類，即be動(dòng)詞(am,is,are)、變化動(dòng)詞(become,turn)和感官動(dòng)詞(look,sound,feel)。6va.——助動(dòng)詞auxiliary

verb：和動(dòng)詞連用，一起做謂語，幫助實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、疑問或否定等語法功能的詞。do,willvm.——情態(tài)動(dòng)詞modalverb：和動(dòng)詞連用，一起做謂語，幫助表達(dá)各種情緒、語氣、感情等意味的詞。can,should,must,may,had

better7a.或adj.——形容詞adjective：修飾名詞，說明名詞的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、特征等。作定語。fast,careful,friendlyad.或adv.——副詞adverb：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或者全句。作狀語。fast,carefully,no,however8prep.——介詞preposition：后加名詞性詞語，表示這個(gè)詞與前面詞語之間關(guān)系的詞。介詞后面必須加一個(gè)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，稱為“介詞賓語”。介詞及其介詞賓語合稱“介詞短語”。介詞短語是副詞性的，可作定語、狀語或表語。in,at,for,after,in

front

of,in

addition

toconj.——連詞conjunction：連接兩個(gè)詞、短語或句子的詞。只有連詞、句號(hào)和分號(hào)可以連接兩個(gè)句子。and,but,because,so,although,as9pron.——代詞pronoun：分為人稱代詞(he,she,I,it)、形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,its,their)、名詞

性物主代詞(mine,his,its,theirs)三類。人稱代詞、名詞性物主代詞指代人或事物，具有類似名詞的性質(zhì)。形容詞性物主代詞具有類似形容詞的性質(zhì)。num.——數(shù)詞number：指數(shù)字，具有類似名詞的性質(zhì)。one,two,twenty-five10art.——冠詞article：起限定或修飾作用，又叫“限定詞”，具有類似形容詞的性質(zhì)。作定語。a,an,theexcl.——嘆詞exclamation：不做句子成分，類似插入語，表示感嘆的詞。oh11除此之外，動(dòng)詞還衍生出了四大新詞，合稱“非謂語動(dòng)詞”。非謂語動(dòng)詞是實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的變形式，它保留動(dòng)詞的一些特性，如保留原動(dòng)詞的狀語或賓語等，但非謂語動(dòng)詞決不能做謂語。實(shí)際上，除了不能做謂語，非謂語動(dòng)詞幾乎能做句子的其他所有成分，功能十分強(qiáng)大。特殊的n.：v-ing動(dòng)名詞、to

do動(dòng)詞不定式He

likes

reading

books. He

likes

to

read

books

in his

study.特殊的adj.：v-ing現(xiàn)在分詞（表主動(dòng)和正在）、v-ed過去分詞（表被動(dòng)和已經(jīng)）The

girl

walked

along

a

path

covered

with

fallen

leaves,sobbing

tearfully. Barking

dogs

seldom

bite.（虛張聲勢(shì)）12課堂練習(xí)This

is

a

book

about

how

we

learn,

one

step

at

atime,

to

come

to

knowledge

of

the

objective

world,and

why

we

sometimes

take

a

stepback.pron

vl

art

n

prep

ad

pron

vi

num

n

prep

art

n不定式（不定式符號(hào)vi

prep

n

prep

art

a

n）conj

ad

pron

ad

vt

art

nadThe

signal

and

the

noise:

why

so

many

predictions

fail

-

butsome

don’t大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代的巫師Nate

Silver13If

asked

to

stepout

of

the

car,

we

will

consciously

obey,and

then

instinctively

stand

about

four

feet

from

theofficer,

although

when

talking

to

friends

we

automaticallyadjust

that

separation

to

about

two

and

a

halffeet.conj過去分詞不定式（不定式符號(hào)vi

prep

art

n）pronva

ad

vi

conj

ad

ad

vi

prep

num

n

prep

art

n

conj

ad現(xiàn)在分詞prep

n

pron

ad

vt

a

n

prep

ad

num

conj

art

n

nSubliminal:

How

you

unconscious

mind

rules

your

behavior潛意識(shí)：你的無意識(shí)心理是如何控制行為的？Leonard

Moldinow

時(shí)間簡史第2作者14Thus

we

trained

it

on

the

largest

facial

dataset

to-date,

anidentity

labeled

dataset

of

four

million

facial

imagesbelonging

to

more

than

4,000

identities,

where

eachidentity

has

an

average

of

over

a

thousand

samples.ad

pron

vt

pron

prep

art

a

a

n

a，art

n過去分詞

n

prepnum

n

a

n

現(xiàn)在分詞

prep

n

prep

num

n

ad

a

n

vt

art

nprep

a

art

n

nDeepFace:

Closing

the

Gap

to

Human-Level

Performance

in

FaceVerificationcvpr

2014

facebook15Our

method

reaches

an

accuracy

of

97.25%

on

the

LabeledFaces

in

the

Wild

(LFW)

dataset,

reducing

the

error

of

thecurrent

state

of

the

art

by

more

than

25%,

closelyapproaching

human-level

performance.Pron(形容詞性物主代詞）n

vt

art

n

prep

num

prep

art過去分詞

n

prep

art

a

(n)

n，現(xiàn)在分詞

art

n

prep

art

a

nprep

n prep

n

prep

num

ad

現(xiàn)在分詞

n

n16Motivated

by

the

observation

that

failure

offacialimage

pair-matching

is

always

caused

byinconsistent

visual

conditions

of

both

total

face

andface

parts,

we

propose

to

train

multiple

classifierson

total

face

and

face

parts

with

respect

todifferentvisual

consistency

conditions.過去分詞prep

art

n

conj

n

prep

a

n動(dòng)名詞vl

ad過去分詞prep

a

a

n

prep

a

a

n

conj

n

n

pron

vt不定式(不定式符號(hào)vt

a

n

prep

a

n

conj

n

n短語介詞a

a

nn)Unconstrained

Face

Verification

by

Optimally

Organizing

Multiple

ClassifiersIJCAS17cvlab@UESTC學(xué)以致用用以促學(xué)Cli詞ck性to

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TitleCli簡ck單to句a的dd句T子it成le

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Title本章內(nèi)容18簡單句的句子成分所有的英語句子只干兩件事：說明“誰（對(duì)誰）干什么?！被蛘摺罢l是什么或怎么樣”。這里的“誰”——主語S；（對(duì)誰的“誰”——賓語O）；干什么——謂語V；是什么或怎么樣——表語P。因而，S、V、O、P是一個(gè)英語句子必須有的4大成分，缺一不可，少了任何一個(gè)成分，句子就是錯(cuò)誤的。要想句子表達(dá)的意義更豐富，需要在主、謂、賓、表的基礎(chǔ)上

增加4個(gè)裝飾性成分，即定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、同位語。這四個(gè)

成分不是句子必不可少的零件，如果去掉不影響句子的正確性。主謂賓表必有一套，定狀補(bǔ)同可多可無。19簡單句的4大必備成分——主謂賓表必有一套1、S主語：謂語動(dòng)詞的發(fā)出者或表語描述的對(duì)象（誰）。由名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)（n、人稱代詞、名詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式（to+動(dòng)詞原型）、主語從句）。在陳述句中一般位于句首，表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者——“誰”。在一些特殊句式里（如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句）位于句中或句尾。祈使句的主語是省略了的“you”。如果主語太長（短語或從句），常常用it做形式主語放在句首代替它，而真正的主語置于句尾。20To

say

is

one

thing;

to

do

isanother.It

is

wrong

to

tell

lies.Here

comes

thebus.It

was

from

this

famous

university

that

he

graduated.Do

give

him

my

best

wishes.It

is

difficult

to

remember

the

new

words.It

has

not

been

decided

whether

I

will

go

back

home

thisNational

Day

Holiday.212、V謂語：說明主語的動(dòng)作（干什么）或狀態(tài)（是什么或怎么樣）。vt、vi、vl、va+v、vm+vHe

comes

here

every

second

day/every

twodays.在陳述句中一般緊跟在主語后面，表示主語發(fā)出

的動(dòng)作——“做”（實(shí)意動(dòng)詞）或者“是”（系動(dòng)詞）。在倒裝句中謂語在主語前面。Here

comes

thebus.223、O（DO）(直接)賓語：謂語動(dòng)詞的承受者（對(duì)“誰”）。

由名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)（n、人稱代詞、名詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、賓語從句）。在陳述句中一般緊跟在謂語及物動(dòng)詞后面，表示動(dòng)作的承受者——“（對(duì)）誰（做）”。如果賓語太長（短語或從句），常常用it做形式賓語放在句中代替它，而真正的賓語置于句尾。They

enjoyed

the

journey

very

much.I

found

it

difficult

to

remember

the

new

words.He

made

it

clear

that

he

would

leave

the

company

at

the

end

of

this

month.234、P表語：系動(dòng)詞的賓語是對(duì)主語的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行表述，所以不叫賓語，改名為表語。除動(dòng)詞外的所有詞性都能做表語It

feelsgood

to

lie

down

on

the

beach

in

thesunshine.在陳述句中總是緊跟在謂語系動(dòng)詞后面，對(duì)主語進(jìn)行表述說明——“（主語是）怎么樣”。That

was

where

we

camped

last

time.24狀補(bǔ)同可多可無+間接賓語+獨(dú)立成分1、AT定語：限定或修飾名詞，表示n的性質(zhì)、大小、狀態(tài)、形狀、重量等。形容詞性結(jié)構(gòu)（a、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞性物主代詞、定語從句）、art、介詞短語、ad、nShe

is

a

kind

teacher.The

shortest

distance

between

two

points

is

a

straight

line.The

last

oneto

arrivepays

for

the

meal.They

live

in

a

roomwhose

window

opens

to

the

south.25如果是單詞做定語，置于被它修飾的名詞前面（不定代詞除外，必須置于后面）；短語或從句做定語，置于被它修飾的名詞后面?！岸糖伴L后隨左右”。A

beautiful

girl

is

waiting

foryou.I

didn’t

see

anything

unusual.The

girl

playing

the

piano

is

my

sister.He

is

the

very

man

I

am

looking

for.262、AD狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、程度、伴隨狀態(tài)等。表示“怎么樣地（做）”。ad、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、狀語從句、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)Light

travels

the

most

quickly.He

is

proud

to

have

passed

the

national

college

entrance

examination.Once

you

begin,

you

must

continue.27單詞（副詞）做狀語，緊挨在vi后面、vt前面；如果有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前；短語或從句作狀語，置于句首或句尾。長首末短靈活，實(shí)意前一助后。He

runs

very

quickly.She

carefully

checked

the

answers

to

the

questions.The

girl

cried

sadly,

not

knowing

what

to

do

next.Let’s

begin

where

we

stopped

yesterday.She

was

so

amused

that

she

couldn’t

even

stop

herself

fromlaughing.283

、

C

補(bǔ)語，分為

OC

賓語補(bǔ)足語和

SC主語補(bǔ)足語：

OC對(duì)O起補(bǔ)說明作用，表示V施加到O身上之后造成O的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。與AD的區(qū)別是：補(bǔ)語與賓語關(guān)系緊密，與賓語之間存在邏輯主謂關(guān)系。判斷成分時(shí)應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮是否賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語合稱復(fù)合賓語。主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，賓語變成了主語，相應(yīng)地賓補(bǔ)就轉(zhuǎn)化成了主補(bǔ)。除動(dòng)詞外，都能做補(bǔ)語Wefound

hima

veryclever

boy. He

was

found

avery

clever

boy

byus.I

saw

him

doing

his

homework

when

I

passed

his

window. He

wasseen

doing

his

homework

by

me

when

I

passed

his

window.29賓語補(bǔ)足語一般在賓語之后；主語補(bǔ)足語在構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的過去分詞之后。Two

policemen

forced

him

to

get

off

the

plane.

→

He

wasforced

to

get

off

the

plane

by

two

policemen.Jame’s

friend

advised

him

to

choose

the

person

carefully.

→James

was

advised

to

choose

the

person

carefully

by

hisfriend.304、AP同位語：與S或O并列，對(duì)S或O進(jìn)行解釋說明。與AT的區(qū)別在于：AT是修飾，AP是解釋說明；AP的中心名詞多是一些需要解釋說明的抽象名詞（idea、fact、truth、news、reason等），AT的中心名詞不受限；AT與中心名詞

之間是主從關(guān)系，AP與中心名詞之間是對(duì)等關(guān)系，A即是B、B即是A。判斷成分時(shí)優(yōu)先考慮是否AP。n、同位語從句Her

daughter

Lily

is

my

classmate.The

reason

why

he

was

latewas

that

he

missed

the

bus.31緊跟在它解釋說明的名詞之后。The

magician

Liu

Qian,

born

in

1976,

must

be

the

mostpopular

one.The

reason

why

he

gave

up

his

ambition

was

not

known.He

took

my

advice

that

he

withdraw

the

money

from

thebank.325、IO間接賓語：有的vt有兩個(gè)賓語，第一個(gè)表示動(dòng)作的目的或指向，稱為間接賓語；第二個(gè)才是動(dòng)作的承受者，稱為直接賓語（DO）。IO和DO合稱雙賓語。n、pronPleasepass

mea

pieceof

paper.to

me.Please

passa

pieceof

paperHe

bought

his

mother

a

birthday

present.birthday

present

for

his

mother.He

bought

a336、額外插入的獨(dú)立成分。excl、呼語、插入語

Hey,where

are

you

going?In

addition

,

he

has

been

told

to

adjust

his

attitudes

andacquire

a

greater

sense

of

showmanship

if

he

wishes

to

gainadmission

to

the

main

ring

in

the

circus

tent.34成分含義由哪些結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)位置特殊情況主語動(dòng)作發(fā)出者或描述對(duì)象名詞、代詞（形容詞性物主代詞除外）、動(dòng)名詞或不定一般在句首半倒裝句中，位于va、vm之后，式（一個(gè)動(dòng)作）、主語從句（一件事“某人干某事”）實(shí)意動(dòng)詞之前；全倒裝句中，位于句末；祈使句中省略；太長的主語用形式主語it代替置于句首，真正主語置于句末謂語動(dòng)作或“是”（be）及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞一般在句中，主語之后、賓語或表語之前全倒裝句中在主語之前；沒有謂語從句賓語動(dòng)作承受者名詞、代詞（賓格；形容詞謂語之后雙賓語（先間賓性物主代詞除外）、動(dòng)名詞后直賓）；太長或不定式（一個(gè)動(dòng)作）、賓語從句（一件事“某人干某事”）的賓語用形式賓語it置于及物動(dòng)詞之后，真正的賓語置于句末35表語系動(dòng)詞之后，“（是）什么/怎么樣”名詞、代詞（主格；形容詞性物主代詞除外）、動(dòng)名詞或不定式（一個(gè)動(dòng)作）、形一般在句末容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、表語從句（一件事“某人干某事”）定語修飾名詞形容詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、副

詞、定語從句短前長后隨左右狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句副詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞、狀語從句、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一助后實(shí)意前，長首末短靈活補(bǔ)語謂語動(dòng)作施加除代詞、動(dòng)名詞、從句之外賓語補(bǔ)足語在沒有補(bǔ)語從句到賓語上之后與表語相同賓語之后；主造成賓語所呈語補(bǔ)足語在構(gòu)現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的過去分詞之后同位語解釋說明名詞名詞、同位語從句緊跟在該名詞之后36簡單句的基本句型根據(jù)句子成分的知識(shí)，構(gòu)建出5種最基本的句型。劃成分三步走：一找動(dòng)詞（V）、二找動(dòng)作發(fā)出者（S）和承受者（O或P）、三分析裝飾性成分是修飾（AT或AD）還是說明（同位語或補(bǔ)語）？修飾誰（修飾n是定語，修飾

v是狀語）？說明誰(說明n是同位語，與O有邏輯主謂關(guān)系的是補(bǔ)足語)？劃分句子成分時(shí)，要分層考慮，一層有且僅有一套主謂、主謂賓或主謂表結(jié)構(gòu)，缺成分或雙成分都是錯(cuò)誤的。373大主力句型：主謂：S+VI:She

smiled.主謂賓：S+VT+O:We

study

English.主謂表：S+VL+P:

He

is

astudent. He

isclever.2大特殊句型：主謂雙賓：S+VT+IO+DO:

He

bought

me

a

birthday

present.主謂復(fù)合賓：S+VT+O+OC:

We

found

him

a

clever

boy.

Wefound

him

clever.Cli詞ck性to

add

TitleCli簡ck單to句a的dd句T子it成le

分Cli長ck句to結(jié)a構(gòu)dd

Title本章內(nèi)容學(xué)以致用cvlab@UESTC38用以促學(xué)39長句結(jié)構(gòu)1、簡單句：當(dāng)一個(gè)句子只包含一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)稱為簡單句。其中主要的組成部分為主語和謂語，而謂語又是句子的核心。簡單句有五種基本句型。2、并列句：把兩個(gè)簡單句之間加上并列連詞，成為一個(gè)并列句，連詞隔開的兩個(gè)分句都是完整的，可單獨(dú)成立，地位平等。逗號(hào)不能連接兩個(gè)完整句，加連詞才行。常

見并列連詞：and，but，yet，or，otherwise，while，when（就在此時(shí)突然），not

only…but

also，either…or。40注意：thus（所以）、therefore（所以）、however（但是）、still（但是）都是adv，不是conj，所以不能連接兩個(gè)完整的句子。逗號(hào)也不能連接兩個(gè)完整句。Take

a

map

with

you,

or

you

will

get

lost.Not

only

is

he

good

at

computer

but

he

can

speak

English

well.Either

you

must

improve

your

work

or

we

shall

dismissyou.I

was

about

to

leave

when

it

began

torain.We

were

on

the

point

of

giving

up

the

ship

when

the

captaintook

charge.413、復(fù)合句：長句中某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)句子成分不是由詞或者短語充當(dāng)，而是由句子充當(dāng)。這個(gè)句中句稱為從句，其他部分稱為主句。從句的特征是有引導(dǎo)詞，它在主從句間起的作用類似連詞。從句共有六種，主、賓、表、定、狀、同這幾個(gè)句子成分都可以由從句充當(dāng)，因而就有這六種從句。請(qǐng)回憶句子成分與詞性的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。由于主從、賓從、表從、同位從具有類似n的性質(zhì)，在句中所作的成分類似n所作的成分，所以合稱名詞性從句。定從類似adj的性質(zhì)，狀從類似adv的性質(zhì)。42What

he

did

made

his

mother

angry.I

don’t

know

where

he

has

gone.This

is

because

you

are

too

careless.The

girls

were

surprised

at

the

fact

that

ocean

ships

can

sail

upthe

Great

Lakes.Do

you

know

the

girl

who

is

playing

the

piano?(從屬連詞)Because

you

are

too

careless,you

failed

in

the

exam.434、并列復(fù)合句：并列句的兩個(gè)分句中又各自有從句。You

may

turn

to

Jane

for

help

if

you

like,

but

I

believethat

youhad

better

do

it

yourself.44練習(xí)分析句子的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。Face

verification

is

still

a

difficult

problem

in

badlyuncontrolled

conditions.Motivated

by

the

observation

that

failure

o