浙江省杭州市2022-2023 學(xué)年高一上學(xué)期期末學(xué)業(yè)水平測(cè)試 英語(yǔ)含答案

2022學(xué)年第一學(xué)期杭州市期末學(xué)業(yè)水平測(cè)試高一英語(yǔ)試題（答案在最后）第一部分聽(tīng)力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。1.Whatwasthewomanconcernedabout?A.Hersleeplessness.B.Hermother'shealth.C.Herillness.2.Whydoesthemanmakethecall?A.Tovisitthewomantonight.B.Toseeadoctor.C.Toputofftheappointment.3.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Thereasonfornoise.B.Thedateforameeting.C.Theneedformedicalcare.4.Whenistheshipleaving?A.At12:15.B.At12:30.C.At12:45.5.WhatwillthewomandothisSunday?A.Stayathome.B.Havelunchwiththeman.C.Gohiking.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽(tīng)下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽(tīng)每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽(tīng)完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)自讀兩遍。聽(tīng)第6段材料，回答第6、7題。全科免費(fèi)下載公眾號(hào)-《高中僧課堂》6.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Onthetrain.B.Inthewaiting-room.C.Attheleft-luggageoffice.7.Whatistherelationshipofthespeakers?A.Strangers.B.Friends.C.Husbandandwife.聽(tīng)第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.Whatisthemandoing?A.Walkingoutwithhisbird.B.ReadingEnglishbooks.C.Doingmorningexercise.9.Whatisthenameoftheparrot(鸚鵡)inthegirl'sbook?A.May.B.Lucy.C.Polly.10.Whatdoesthemanwishhisparrottodo?A.Tobefriendswiththegirl.B.TosaygoodbyeinEnglish.C.TolearnmoreChinese.聽(tīng)第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Thedevelopmentoftechnology.B.Theiraddictiontothesmartphone.C.TheirexperiencesontheInternet.12.Howdotheyfeelwithouttheirsmartphones?A.Upset.B.ProudC.Excited.13.Whatwillthemandotocutdownusertime?A.Havenophone.B.Contacthisfriendsless.C.Domoreoutdooractivities.聽(tīng)第9段材科，回答第14至17題。14.Whatisthemanplanningtodo?A.DobusinessinLondon.B.TourLondon.C.InvitethewomantoLondon.15.Whatdoesthewomanadvisethemantodo?A.Visithistoricalbuildings.B.LearnLondon'sculture.C.Readhistorybooks.16.WhatdoesthewomanthinkofthefoodinLondon?A.Delicious.B.Cheaper.C.Various.17.Whatisthewoman'ssuggestioninLondon?A.Tryinglocalfood.B.Carryinganumbrella.C.Wearingplainclothes.聽(tīng)第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.WherecanwegetafreeticketforMuseumDay?A.IntheSanJoseMuseumofArt.B.OntheSmithsonianMagazinewebsite.C.Fromanearbymuseum.19.Howmanypeopleisafreeticketfor?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.20.Whatisthepurposeoftheorganizer?A.Tocreatemoreartworks.B.Tohandoutmoretickets.C.Toattractmorevisitors.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題：每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、CD四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。AThesebookswillsendyouupintheairandflyingthroughtheclouds.TheStoryofFlightbyJakobWhitfieldThisillustrated(插圖)historyofflyingmachinesincludeseverythingfromtheearliestballoonsandairshipstothelateststealth(隱形)jets.Discoverhowhistoricaleventsandsocialchangeshaveaffectedtheextraordinarystoryofhumanflight-andtheunbelievableinventionsthatmightwaitforusinthefuture.SkyChasersbyEmmaCarrollInspiredbythereal-lifestoryoftheMontgolfierbrothers,thishistoricaladventurefollowsMagpie,apickpocketwhodreamsofflyingovertherooftopsofParis.WhenshemeetsPierre,sheissooncaughtupinaracetobethefirsttoflyahotairballooninCarrollfrontoftheKingandQueenofFrance.SkywardbySallyDengIt's1927,andintheUK,RussiaandtheUS,threegirlssharethesamedreamofflying.Againstalltheodds(逆境),Hazel,MarleneandLilyafollowtheirhearts-andendupflyingfortheircountriesinwartime.ThisbeautifulillustratedbookexplorestherolethatbravefemalepilotsplayedintheSecondWorldWar.Wings:FlyboybyTomPalmerInthisexcitingstory,youngfootballerJatinderfeelsasthoughsomethingisholdinghimback.Thenanextraordinarythinghappens:hefindshimselftransportedintobattle-intheFirstWorldWarfighterplaneofhishero,pilotHarditSinghMalik.CanthisamazingadventurehelpJatinderlearntotakerisks?21.Whatarethesebooksabout?A.Takingflights.B.Showinginventions.C.Havingadventures.D.Exploringwartime.22.WhatdoTheStoryofFlightandSkywardhaveincommon?A.Theyhavehighprices.B.Theyaresetinawar.C.Theyhavemanypictures.D.Theyareintendedforgirls.23.Whowroteastoryoftimetravelexperience?A.JakobWhitfield.B.EmmaCarroll.C.SallyDeng.D.TomPalmer.BAt6.00p.m.onThursday,inWaterstonesinPiccadilly,London,staff(全體雇員)wererunningaroundwithbowlsofjellybeansandbottlesoflemonjuice.Fiveminuteslater,peopleofallagesstartedtocomethroughthedoors,somedressedupascharactersfromthebooks!"ThisisthethirdeventI'vebeento,"said28-year-oldAlex."LastyeartheychangedthesecondfloorintoDiagonAlley."Inmanyofthechain's275branchesacrosstheUK,similarscenesweretakingplace."Ourfirstwizards(巫師)havearrivedforHarryPotternight,"saidstaffattheBradfordstore.ButHarryPotternightwasn'ttheonlycauseforcelebrationforstaffandcustomers.Thepreviousday,Waterstoneshadannouncedthatitwasbackinprofitforthefirsttimesince2011,undertheleadershipofitsveryownwizard,JamesDaunt.Dauntwasalreadyasuccessfulbookseller.HewasbroughtintorescuetheWaterstoneschainwhenitwasabouttoclosedown.WhenDaunttookoverWaterstones,hisfirsttaskwastocutcosts.Thenhehadtomakethestoresmoreattractiveandimprovethelighting.Coffeeshopswereopenedinsidethestores,andeventswereheld,suchasthenow-famousHarryPotternights,ortalksbyauthors.ButthebiggestchangewasthatDauntgaveeachstorethepowertochoosewhatbookstosell,andtochoosethepricesfordifferentbooks.Thismadeabigdifference.Saleswentupbecauseshopswerestoringmorebooksthatinterestedlocalcustomers.Dauntisconfidentaboutthefutureofbookshops."Peoplelovebuyingbooks,"hesaid."It'saphysicalpleasurethatcustomersdon'tgetwhentheyshoponline.Ifwekeepcreatingshopsthatdothat,itdoesn'tmatterwhatgoesononline.Highstreetsandshopsarepartoftheheartofthecommunity.Peoplewillalwayswanttogotoshops."24.WhydidpeoplecometoWaterstonesinPiccadillyonThursday?A.TobuytheHarryPotterbooks.B.ToattendaHarryPotternight.C.Tomeettheauthorofbooks.D.TolookaroundDiagonAlley.25.WhatwasanotherreasonforWaterstonestocelebrate?A.Awizardwasvisitingthestore.B.Thechainstartedtomakemoney.C.Thebookshopswouldopenagain.D.JamesDauntbecametheowner.26.WhatwasthebiggestchangeDauntmade?A.Makingstoressmaller.B.ChoosingthebookshimselfC.Givingstoresmorefreedom.D.Sellingbookstolocalcustomers27.WhydoesDauntthinkbookshopshaveagoodfuture?A.Theyprovidecheaperbooksforpeople.B.Onlineshoppingwillnotlastforever.C.Theycanrecommendsuitablebooks.D.Theyprovidewhatonlinebooksellerscannot.CAreyouthekindofpersonwhoalwayskeepsabarofchocolatenearby?Perhapsyoufeelweakorsleepywithoutyoursweets.Ifso,youmayhaveaproblemthatmillionsofothershave:sugaraddictionAddictionmeansusingasubstanceordoinganactivityoverandoveragain,inspiteofitsbadeffects.Playingcomputergames,drinking,andeatingareexamplesofactivitiesthatcandevelopintoaddictions.Therearefourstages(階段)ofbehaviorthathappenduringasugaraddiction.Stageonebeginswithastrongwishforsomethingsweet.Thishappensbecausesugarcausesthebodytoproducedopamine(多巴胺).Itisachemicalthatcreatesfeelingsofhappiness.Instagetwo,evenaftersugarhasbeeneaten,thedesireremainsandgrows.Thisisbecausethebodybecomeslesssensitive(敏感)totheeffectofsugarovertime.So,itisnecessarytoeatmoresugartoproducethepositiveemotions.Instagethree,whenasugarneedisnotsatisfied,thepersonfeelsbad.Sugaraddictsexperiencebademotionalsymptoms(癥狀).Theyalsofeelphysicalsymptoms,suchasheadaches,sleepiness,andlackofenergy.Overtime,asugaraddictionwillreachstagefour.Thisiswhentheworsthealtheffectsofsugaraddictioncanbeseen.Unhealthybodyweightanddepressionareexamples.Breakingasugaraddictioncanbechallenging,butitisimportantforyourhealth.Thereareafewthingstokeepinmind.It'ssimpleadviceyouprobablyhaveheardbefore.Eatthreemealsaday,getenoughsleep,andexerciseoften.Choosehealthysweets,likefruit,andavoidsaltysnacks.Theseusuallycausepeopletowanttoeatsweets.Don'tpushyourselftoohard.Rememberthatlifestylechangeshappenslowly.28.Whatcausespeopletobecomeaddictedtosugar?A.Havingpiecesofchocolateathand.B.Feelingtheeffectsofdopamine.C.Tastingsugarinregularfoods.D.Experiencingalackofenergy.29.Inwhichstageofasugaraddictionmaypeoplebecomeoverweight?A.Instageone.B.Instagetwo.C.Instagethree.D.Instagefour.30.Whatismentionedasapieceofadviceforbreakingasugaraddiction?A.Sleepingless.B.Eatingsalt.C.Exercisingoften.D.Avoidingsweets.31.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheCompleteGuideToBeatingSugarAddictionB.SugarAddictionInChildrenAndHowToGetOverItC.SugarAddiction:YourFirstStepIsYourFirstCallD.SugarAddiction:AProblemThatMillionsOfPeopleHaveDTheworld'sweakestcountriesaresaidtobepreparingtotakeontherichestcountrieswithademandformoney-possiblyincludingnewtaxes(稅)onoilorflying-fortheirrecoverablelossestheyaresufferingfromtheclimatechange.Extremeweatherisalreadyhittingmanydevelopingcountrieshardandisexpectedtocausefurthercatastrophes.Lossanddamage-theissueofhowtohelppoornationssufferingfromthemostextremeeffectsofclimatebreakdown,whichcountriescannotbeprotectedagainst-isoneoftheproblemsthatcausedisagreementinclimatediscussions.Someoftheworld'sweakestcountrieshavepreparedapaperfordiscussionthisweekattheUNgeneralmeetinginNewYork.Itshowstheyarepreparingtoaskfora"climate-related"globaltaxasawayoffundingpaymentsforlossanddamage.Thefundscouldberaisedinseveralways:byaglobalcarbon(碳)tax;ataxonairlinetravel;ataxontheheavilypollutingoilusedbyships;addingtaxestooilproduction;orataxonfinancialbusiness.Thediscussionpapernotestheprosandconsofeachofthese,andthechoicesofraisingfundsthroughdevelopmentbanksandfromtheprivatesector.NationswillmeetagainforfreshtalkscalledCOP27inEgyptinNovember,wherelossanddamageisexpectedtobeamajortopicofdiscussion.AtCOP26,theUNclimatemeetingheldinGlasgowin2021,therewasanagreementontheneedtolimitglobaltemperaturerisesto1.5℃abovepre-industriallevels.Damagetopoorcountriesissettoincrease.Aseparatesubmission(呈遞)totheUN,byAntiguaandBarbuda,warnsthatincreasingseaandairtemperaturesintheCaribbeancouldcreateasuperstormwithinyearsthatwouldcause$9billion(￡7.8billion)indamagetotheislandnationalone,sixtimesitsyearlyGDP.32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"catastrophes"inparagraph2mean?A.Disasters.B.Doubts.C.Diseases.D.Droughts.33.Whatisthepurposeofa“climate-related"globaltax?A.Toraisemoneyforloss.B.Todevelopairlineindustry.C.Toproducemoreoil.D.Tostopseapollution.34.WhatwillbeadirectresultofincreasingtemperaturesintheCaribbean?A.Thesealevelwillrise.B.ApoorcountrywilldisappearC.Asuperstormwillform.D.Theclimatemeetingwillbeheld.35.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.TheUNispayingmoreattentiontosomeeconomicproblems.B.Theglobaltemperaturewillriseto1.5℃abovepre-industriallevels.C.DevelopingcountriesneedmorefundstoprotectagainstpoorenvironmentD.Thepoorernationswillasktherichesttocoverdamagefromclimatechange.第二節(jié)（共5小題：每小題2.5分。滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填人空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Mountainsaregreatplacestospendyourfreetime,buttheycanbedangerousifyou'renotprepared.Imagineyouwenthikingwithyourfriendsorfamilyandgotlostwhiletakingpicturesofplantsandanimals.Whatifyoucouldn'tfindyourwaybackandhadtowaituntilsomeonecameandsavedyou?__36__Fireisimportantbecausemountainsgetcoldatnight,eveninthesummer.Firealsokeepsdangerousanimalsawayandcanletpeopleknowwhereyouare.__37__Ifyoudon'thaveeitherofthese,youcanhitarockagainstapieceofsteeltomakeaspark(火花)andstartafire.Justmakesurethatthefiredoesn'tspread!__38__Humanscan'tlivewithoutwater.Ifyourdrinkingwaterrunsout,you'llneedtofindcleanwaterassoonaspossible.It'sbesttolookforrunningwater,suchasastreamorriver.Ifyoucan'tfindany,trydiggingadeepholetofindwaterunderground.Or,ifyouhaveanyemptycontainers(容器)，youcanusethemtocollectrainwater.__39__Acavecanbeagoodshelter.Ifyoucan'tfindone,findadryarea,buildaframe(支架)withbranches,andcoveritwithablanket.Ifyoudon'thaveablanket,coveryourbodywithapileofleavesinstead.__40__Remember,youshouldnevergointothemountainswithouttherightskillsandequipment.Butifyou'reprepared,you'llhaveasafeandenjoyableexperience.A.Finally,youwillneedsomekindofshelter.B.Anotherthingyou'llneediscleandrinkingwater.C.Tosurvive,you'dneedthreethings:fire,waterandshelter.D.Youcansurviveforhourswithoutshelteriniceconditions.E.Thiswillkeepyoudryontherainiestnightsandblockthewind.F.It'simportanttokeepyourhomewarmtoavoidhealthproblemsG.Therefore,youshouldalwayscarryalighteroraboxofmatcheswithyou.第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題：每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。OakMiddleSchoolorganizedaschooltalentshowonSaturdaynightwhereJagger,ateenagerwithautism(自閉癥)sang"LetItGo".Suddenlyheforgotthe__41__.ThechildrenwatchingJagger'sperformanceoffered__42__andspontaneously(自發(fā))startedto__43__alongwithhim.Theaddedsupportgavethe13-year-oldboyenoughconfidenceto__44__thewordsofthesongagain.Jaggerendedhisappearancetoloudapplause(鼓掌)."Itwasjustthat__45__momentwhenitjustfeltliketheentirecommunitygatheredaroundhim,"Jagger'smotherStaceysaid.What__46__Jaggerwasthateveryonedidthatforhim.Thekids__47__aroundhim.Theyshowedhimthatheisnotdisabledbutheisjustdifferently__48__.OliviaKleinJagger'steacherrecordedthe49momentoncamera."Youcouldseeanobvious__50__inhisemotions,"Kleinsaid."Hegotreallyhappyandhe__51__thesong."Jaggerdidn't__52__anyofthekidsintheaudiencebecauseheattendsadifferentschooloutoftown.Itmadethe__53__evenmorespecial."Ijustfeelso__54__tolivehereandforthewaythekidsandthecommunity__55__him,"hismotheradded.41.A.fearsB.performanceC.wordsD.music42.A.guidanceB.assistanceC.servicesD.explanation43.A.singB.cryC.applaudD.come44.A.makeupB.searchforC.refertoD.pickup45.A.disastrousB.magicalC.awkwardD.annoying46.A.excitedB.frightenedC.attractedD.confused47.A.turnedB.dancedC.gatheredD.ran48.A.impressiveB.ableC.fluentD.calm49.A.difficultB.quietC.sacredD.heartwarming50.A.changeB.featureC.injuryD.stress51.A.challengedB.startedC.finishedD.chose52.A.requestB.knowC.admireD.greet53.A.diseaseB.communityC.momentD.camera54.A.luckyB.anxiousC.responsibleD.lost55.A.remindedB.contactedC.honoredD.supported第二節(jié)（共10小題：每小題1.5分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。It'smidnightonNewYear'sEve.Clocks__56__(strike)twelveaspeoplewelcomeinthecomingyearandsaygoodbyetotheold.It'satime__57__peoplewishforgoodluckinthefutureandforgetbadthingsinthepast.Aroundtheworld,peopledodifferentthings__58__(help)theirwishescometrue.Someofthemmightsurpriseyou.FoodisoftencentraltoNewYear'scustoms.TheSpanishandtheMexicanseattwelve__59__(grape)intwelveseconds-oneforluckineachofthecomingmonths.Eatinggrapessofastisn'teasybutit'shappyandoften__60__(mess)!Colorsareimportanttoo.Brazilians,forexample,choosetheirclothesverycarefully-forpeacetheywearwhite,yellowmightbringsuccess,andred__61__(mean)loveisintheair!TheChinesebelieveredbringsgoodluck,sotheyliketodress__62__thiscolor,too.Theyalsopaintthefrontdoorof__63__(they)housesredandgivefamilymembersandfriendsredenvelopes(封)withmoney.SomepeopledestroythingsonNewYear'sEvebecausetheywanttoforget__64__past.Andsomecustomshavenoreasonatall;theyjustdevelopovertime.OnNewYear'sEveinGermany,severalTVstationsshowashortblack-and-whitemovie__65__iscalledDinnerforOne.It'sacomedy(喜劇)inEnglish,starringEnglishactors.Nobodyknowswhytheydothis,noteventheGermans!第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)單詞拼寫（共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分）根據(jù)下列句子及所給的首字母，在答題紙上按題號(hào)寫出各單詞的正確、完全形式（每空限填一詞)。66.Ibuyyoulunchandyoufixmycomputer.Isthatafaire____________?67.-Coffeeortea?-I'dp____________teatocoffee,thanks.68.Yesterdaythediscussionf____________onthreemainproblems.69.Hotela____________isincludedinthepriceofyourholiday.70.Whenhiswifedied,theoldmanfoundhisworldfella____________.71.Shedidn'tlovethejobthoughshep____________to.72.Inlessthanoneminute,alargecitylayinr____________.73.Whatisthea____________ofthespeakertowardsforeignlanguagelearning?74.Shecycledroundthecorner,lostherb____________andfelloff.75.Youcanspendthreedaysexploringtherainforestandenjoyingtheplantsandanimalsu____________totherainforest.第二節(jié)（滿分15分）假定你是李華，是學(xué)校上周剛成立的讀書俱樂(lè)部的負(fù)責(zé)人，請(qǐng)給外教Chris寫一封郵件邀請(qǐng)她做一次講座。內(nèi)容包括：1.俱樂(lè)部介紹；2.講座的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、和內(nèi)容。注意：1.寫作詞數(shù)應(yīng)為80左右：2.請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。DearChris,___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua第三節(jié)（滿分15分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫一段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。"Ihateyou!"Ishouted,asIranupthestairstomyroom.Throwingopenmydresserdrawers,IpulledoutacleanT-shirtandjeans,threwtheminmybackpackandranbackdownthesteps.MomandDadstoodthere,lookingliketheywereinshock."Whereareyougoing?"Momasked."Anywherebuthere,"IshoutedasIranoutthedoor.Theyweren'tfastenoughtoholdme,andIdisappearedintothenight.Itwascold,butmyhottemper(脾氣)warmedme,andIdidn'tfeelit.Ihitthestreetswithmythumb(拇指)out.Afreeridewasn'tsafe,butIdidn'tcare.Deepdowninside,Iknewmyparentslovedme,butitwasn'tenough.IsleptonaparkbenchthefirstnightItookoff.Itwashardasarock,andIwassurprisedtofindthatIwasn'talone.Peekingthroughhalf-closedeyes,Icouldseeotherhomelesspeoplejustlikeme,onlytheylookedlikethey'dbeentherealong,longtime.Bytheendofthesecondday,I'dmademywaytoanothercitysixty-fivemilesawaywhereIfoundahalfwayhouseforrunaways.Iwastired,coldandhungry.BythetimeIgotthere,thekitchenwasclosed.Allthatwasleftonthetablewasacoldpotato.Iliftedittomylipsandbitintotheskin.ItwasdryandstuckinmythroatwhenItriedtoeatitup.ThatnightIsleptonasmallbedinaroomwithfourotherrunaways.Itwasn'tawholelotbetterthanthepark.Threedayslater,mydadshowedupatthefrontdoorofthehalfwayhouse.Idon'tknowhowhefoundoutIwasthere,butpartofmewasgladhedid,thoughIwouldn'tadmititoutloud.Aftergatheringmyfewthings,wedrovehomeinsilence.Icouldseebythelookonhisfacethathefeltresponsibleforallmyangerandsadness.IregrettedshoutingatmyparentsthenightIranaway.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為100左右；請(qǐng)按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。Whenwefinallyreachedourhouse.Momopenedthefrontdoor.____________________________________________________________________________________________