教程成果真題集

TPO-29

1.Reading

CharacteristicsofRomanPottery

ThepotteryofancientRomansisremarkableinseveralways.ThehighqualityofRomanpotteryisveryeasytoappreciatewhenhandlingactualpiecesoftablewareorindeedkitchenwareandamphorae(thelargejarsusedthroughouttheMediterraneanforthetransportandstorageofliquids,suchaswineandoil).However,itisimpossibletodojusticetoRomanwaresonthepage,evenwhenwordscanbebackedupbyphotographsanddrawing.MostRomanpotteryislightandsmoothtotouchandverytough,although,likeallpottery,itshattersifdroppedonahardsurface.Itisgenerallymadewithcarefullyselectedandpurifiedclay,workedtothin-walledandstandardizedshapesonafastwheelandfiredinakiln(potteryoven)capableofensuringaconsistentfinish.Withhandmadepottery,inevitablythereareslightdifferencesbetweenindividualvesselsofthesamedesignandoccasionalminorblemishes(flaws).ButwhatstrikestheeyeandthetouchmostimmediatelyandmostpowerfullywithRomanpotteryisitsconsistenthighquality.

Thisisnotjustanaestheticconsiderationbutalsoapracticalone.Thesevesselsaresolid(brittle,butnotfragile),theyarepleasantandeasytohandle(beinglightandsmooth),and,withtheirhardandsometimesglossy(smoothandshiny)surfaces,theyholdliquidswellandareeasytowash.Furthermore,theirregularandstandardizedshapeswouldhavemadethemsimpletostackandstore.WhenpeopletodayareshownaveryordinaryRomanpotand,inparticular,areallowedtohandleit,theyoftencommentonhowmodernitlooksandfeels,andtheyneedtobeconvincedofitstrueage.

AsimpressiveasthequalityofRomanpotteryisitssheermassivequantity.Whenconsideringquantities,wewouldideallyliketohavesomeestimatesforoverallproductionfromparticularsitesofpotterymanufactureandforoverallconsumptionatspecificsettlements.Unfortunately,itisinthenatureofthearchaeologicalevidence,whichisalmostinvariableonlyasampleofwhatonceexisted,thatsuchfigureswillalwaysbeelusive.However,noonewhohaseverworkedinthefieldwouldquestiontheabundanceofRomanpottery,particularlyintheMediterraneanregion.ThisabundanceisnotableinRomansettlements(especiallyurbansites)wherethelaborthatarchaeologistshavetoputintothewashingandsortingofpotsherds(fragmentsofpottery)constitutesahighproportionofthetotalworkduringtheinitialphasesofexcavation.

Onlyrarelycanwederiveany“real”quantitiesfromdepositsofbrokenpots.However,thereisoneexceptionaldump,whichdoesrepresentaverylargepartofthesite’stotalhistoryofconsumptionandforwhichanestimateofquantityhasbeenproduced.OntheleftbankoftheTiberRiverinRome,byoneoftheriverportsoftheancientcity,isasubstantialhillsome50metershighcalledMonteTestaccio.Itismadeupentirelyofbrokenoilamphorae,mainlyofthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.IthasbeenestimatedthatMonteTestacciocontainstheremainsofsome53millionamphorae,inwhicharound6,000millionlitersofoilwereimportedintothecityfromoverseas,importsintoimperialRomeweresupportedbythefullmightofthestateandwerethereforequiteexceptionalbutthesizeoftheoperationsatMonteTestaccio,andtheproductivity

andcomplexitythatlaybehindthem,nonethelesscannotfailtoimpress.Thiswasasocietywithsimilaritiestomodernone movinggoodsonagiganticscale,manufacturinghigh-qualitycontainerstodoso,and

occasionally,ashere,evendiscardingthemondelivery.

Romanpotterywastransportednotonlyinlargequantitiesbutalsooversubstantialdistances.ManyRomanpots,inparticularamphoraeandthefinewaresdesignedforuseattables,couldtravelhundredsofmilesallovertheMediterraneanandalsofurtherafield.ButmapsthatshowthevariousspotswhereRomanpotteryofaparticulartypehasbeenfoundtellonlypartofthestory.Whatismoresignificantthananygeographicalspreadistheaccessthatdifferentlevelsofsocietyhadtogood-qualityproducts.Inallbuttheremotestregionsoftheempire,Romanpotteryofahighstandardiscommonatthesitesofhumblevillagesandisolatedfarmsteads.

Paragraph1:ThepotteryofancientRomansisremarkableinseveralways.ThehighqualityofRomanpotteryisveryeasytoappreciatewhenhandlingactualpiecesoftablewareorindeedkitchenwareandamphorae(thelargejarsusedthroughouttheMediterraneanforthetransportandstorageofliquids,suchaswineandoil).However,itisimpossibletodojusticetoRomanwaresonthepage,evenwhenwordscanbebackedupbyphotographsanddrawing.MostRomanpotteryislightandsmoothtotouchandverytough,although,likeallpottery,itshattersifdroppedonahardsurface.Itisgenerallymadewithcarefullyselectedandpurifiedclay,workedtothin-walledandstandardizedshapesonafastwheelandfiredinakiln(potteryoven)capableofensuringaconsistentfinish.Withhandmadepottery,inevitablythereareslightdifferencesbetweenindividualvesselsofthesamedesignandoccasionalminorblemishes(flaws).ButwhatstrikestheeyeandthetouchmostimmediatelyandmostpowerfullywithRomanpotteryisitsconsistenthighquality.

1.Paragraph1indicateswhichofthefollowingaboutRomanpottery?

OOOO

RomanamphoraewereofmuchhigherqualityoverallthanotherRomanpottery.Romanpotterycanbestbeappreciatedwhenactualpiecesarehandled.

Romanpotterydeclinedslightlyinqualitywhentheuseoffastwheelsandkilnswasintroduced.RomanpracticaltablewarespreadmorerapidlyacrosstheMediterraneanthanamphoraedid.

2.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph1ascharacteristicsofRomanpotteryEXCEPT:

OOOO

Itwasusuallymadewithhigh-qualityclay.Itgenerallydidnotweighmuch.

Itdidnotbreakaseasilyasotherancientpottery.Itsometimeshadimperfections.

Paragraph2:Thisisnotjustanaestheticconsiderationbutalsoapracticalone.Thesevesselsaresolid(brittle,butnotfragile),theyarepleasantandeasytohandle(beinglightandsmooth),and,withtheirhardandsometimesglossy(smoothandshiny)surfaces,theyholdliquidswellandareeasytowash.Furthermore,theirregularandstandardizedshapeswouldhavemadethemsimpletostackandstore.WhenpeopletodayareshownaveryordinaryRomanpotand,inparticular,areallowedtohandleit,theyoftencommentonhowmodernitlooksandfeels,andtheyneedtobeconvincedofitstrueage.

3.Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofRomanvessels?

OOOO

Theyweregoodcontainersforliquids.

Theirshapesallowedforeasystackingandstoring.

Theysometimeshadshinysurfaces.

Theirtrueageisimmediatelyapparent.

Paragraph3:AsimpressiveasthequalityofRomanpotteryisitssheermassivequantity.Whenconsideringquantities,wewouldideallyliketohavesomeestimatesforoverallproductionfromparticularsitesofpotterymanufactureandforoverallconsumptionatspecificsettlements.Unfortunately,itisinthenatureofthearchaeologicalevidence,whichisalmostinvariableonlyasampleofwhatonceexisted,thatsuchfigureswillalwaysbeelusive.However,noonewhohaseverworkedinthefieldwouldquestiontheabundanceofRomanpottery,particularlyintheMediterraneanregion.ThisabundanceisnotableinRomansettlements(especiallyurbansites)wherethelaborthatarchaeologistshavetoputintothewashingandsortingofpotsherds(fragmentsofpottery)constitutesahighproportionofthetotalworkduringtheinitialphasesofexcavation.

4.Theauthormentionstheworkofarchaeologistsinparagraph3inorderto

OOOO

supporttheideathatpotterywasproducedinlargequantitiesbytheRomansillustratehowharditisforarchaeologiststofindcompletepiecesofRomanpottery

contrastarchaeologicalsitesinRomanurbanareaswithothersitesintheMediterraneanexplainwhythequantitiesofpotteryfoundvarysignificantlyfromonesitetoanother

Paragraph4:Onlyrarelycanwederiveany“real”quantitiesfromdepositsofbrokenpots.However,thereisoneexceptionaldump,whichdoesrepresentaverylargepartofthesite’stotalhistoryofconsumptionandforwhichanestimateofquantityhasbeenproduced.OntheleftbankoftheTiberRiverinRome,byoneoftheriverportsoftheancientcity,isasubstantialhillsome50metershighcalledMonteTestaccio.Itismadeupentirelyofbrokenoilamphorae,mainlyofthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.IthasbeenestimatedthatMonteTestacciocontainstheremainsofsome53millionamphorae,inwhicharound6,000millionlitersofoilwereimportedintothecityfromoverseas,importsintoimperialRomeweresupportedbythefullmightofthestateandwerethereforequiteexceptionalbutthesizeoftheoperationsatMonteTestaccio,andtheproductivityandcomplexitythatlaybehindthem,nonethelesscannotfailtoimpress.Thiswasasocietywithsimilaritiestomodernone movinggoodsonagiganticscale,manufacturinghigh-qualitycontainerstodoso,andoccasionally,ashere,evendiscardingthemondelivery.

5.Theword“substantial”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

protectedman-madelargefamous

6.Accordingtoparagraph4,MonteTestaccioisparticularlyimportantforarchaeologistsbecausearchaeologistswereableto

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concludehowamphoraemanufacturingincreasedrapidlyafterthesecondcenturyA.D.findthelocationswheremostoftheamphoraeintheRomanEmpirewereproduced

obtainrelativelyaccuratecalculationsofthequantitiesofamphoraeusedovertimeinthatplacediscoverthattheRomanstatehadsupportedamphoraeproduction

7.Theword“entirely”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

apparentlycompletelybasicallymostly

8.Paragraph4indicateswhichofthefollowingabouttheportontheTiberRivernearMonteTestaccio?

OOOO

ItwasbuiltaroundthethirdcenturyA.D.

Itwasclosetoareaswherelargequantitiesofoilwereproduced.

Itwasinuseonlyforaveryshortperiodoftime.Ithadimpressivelevelofcommercialactivity.

9.Thestatementinparagraph4thatamphoraedeliveredtotheportnearMonteTestacciowereoccasionallydiscardedsupportwhichofthefollowing?

OOOO

Tradersattheportwereoftencareless.

Thequalityoftheamphoraeusedattheportwasnotverygood.

Thescaleofthetrademadeitpossibletowastequalityamphoraesometimes.

Theimportingofoilfromoverseasgraduallydeclined,reducingtheneedforpotterycontainers.

Paragraph5:Romanpotterywastransportednotonlyinlargequantitiesbutalsooversubstantialdistances.ManyRomanpots,inparticularamphoraeandthefinewaresdesignedforuseattables,couldtravelhundredsofmilesallovertheMediterraneanandalsofurtherafield.ButmapsthatshowthevariousspotswhereRomanpotteryofaparticulartypehasbeenfoundtellonlypartofthestory.Whatismoresignificantthananygeographicalspreadistheaccessthatdifferentlevelsofsocietyhadtogood-qualityproducts.Inallbuttheremotestregionsoftheempire,Romanpotteryofahighstandardiscommonatthesitesofhumblevillagesandisolatedfarmsteads.

10.Thestatementthat“mapsshowthevariousspotswhereRomanpotteryofaparticulartypehasbeen

foundtellonlypartofthestory”makesthepointthat

O mapsindicatewherespecificpotterystyleshavebeenfound,buttheydonotindicatewherethesestylesoriginated

OOO

mapsshowthegeographicalspreadofRomanpotterybutnotthepeoplewhohadaccesstoitmapsdonotusuallyincludepotterystylesfoundintheremotestregionstheRomanEmpirearchaeologiststudyingRomanpotteryneedtousearangeoftechniquesintheirinvestigations

11.Theword“humble”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

ruraldistantancientmodest

12.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

specificcommonancientsuperior

Onlyrarelycanwederiveany“real”quantitiesfromdepositsofbrokenpots.■However,thereisoneexceptionaldump,whichdoesrepresentaverylargepartofthesite’stotalhistoryofconsumptionandforwhichanestimateofquantityhasbeenproduced.■OntheleftbankoftheTiberRiverinRome,byoneoftheriverportsoftheancientcity,isasubstantialhillsome50metershighcalledMonteTestaccio.■Itismadeupentirelyofbrokenoilamphorae,mainlyofthesecondandthirdcenturiesA.D.IthasbeenestimatedthatMonteTestacciocontainstheremainsofsome53millionamphorae,inwhicharound6,000millionlitersofoilwereimportedintothecityfromoverseas,importsintoimperialRomeweresupportedbythefullmightofthestateandwerethereforequiteexceptionalbutthesizeoftheoperationsatMonteTestaccio,andtheproductivityandcomplexitythatlaybehindthem,nonethelesscannotfailtoimpress.Thiswasasocietywithsimilaritiestomodernonemovinggoodsonagiganticscal,manufacturinghigh-qualitycontainerstodoso,andoccasionally,ashere,evendiscardingthemondelivery.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thatisbecauseresidentsofacitydidnotusuallydiscardusedpotteryatthesamesiteoveralongperiod

oftime.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

14Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

ThepotteryoftheancientRomanEmpireisremarkable.AnswerChoices

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●

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O Romanpotteryisconsideredtobepracticalandofconsistentlyhighquality.

O Romanpotterywastransportedoverlongdistances,anddifferentlevelsofsocietyhadaccessto

qualitypottery.

O ArchaeologistslookingfortheremainsofRomanpotteryconcentrateonurbansitesbecausethatiswheretheoldestpiecesofkitchenwareandamphoraehavebeenfound.

O EventhoughtheexactquantityofpotteryproducedbytheRomansisalmostimpossibletocalculate,itiscertainthatiswasproducedinlargequantities.

O PeoplearenotfamiliarwiththewholerangeofpotteryofRomanscreatedbecausemostoftheavailablepiecesrepresentonlyalimitednumberofstylesandshapes.

O ItisstilluncleartoarchaeologistswhattheroleoftheRomanstateinthecommercialsuccessofRomanpotterywas.

參考答案1.○2

2.○3

3.○4

4.○1

5.○3

6.○3

7.○2

8.○4

9.○3

10.○2

11.○4

12.○1

13.○2

14.Romanpotteryisconsidered…Romanpotterywastransported…Archaeologistslookingfor…

Competition

Whenseveralindividualsofthesamespeciesorofseveraldifferentspeciesdependonthesamelimitedresource,asituationmayarisethatisreferredtoascompetition.Theexistenceofcompetitionhasbeenlongknowntonaturalists;itseffectsweredescribedbyDarwininconsiderabledetail.Competitionamongindividualsofthesamespecies(intraspeciescompetition),oneofthemajormechanismsofnaturalselection,istheconcernofevolutionarybiology.Competitionamongtheindividualsofdifferentspecies(interspeciescompetition)isamajorconcernofecology.Itisoneofthefactorscontrollingthesizeofcompetingpopulations,andextremecasesitmayleadtotheextinctionofoneofthecompetingspecies.ThiswasdescribedbyDarwinforindigenousNewZealandspeciesofanimalsandplants,whichdiedoutwhencompetingspeciesfromEuropewereintroduced.

Noseriouscompetitionexistswhenthemajorneededresourceisinsuperabundantsupply,asinmostcasesofthecoexistenceofherbivores(planteaters).Furthermore,mostspeciesdonotdependentirelyonasingleresource,ifthemajorresourceforaspeciesbecomesscarce,thespeciescanusuallyshifttoalternativeresources.Ifmorethanonespeciesiscompetingforascarceresource,thecompetingspeciesusuallyswitchtodifferentalternativeresources.Competitionisusuallymostsevereamongcloserelativeswithsimilardemandsontheenvironment.Butitmayalsooccuramongtotallyunrelatedformsthatcompeteforthesameresource,suchasseed-eatingrodentsandants.Theeffectsofsuchcompetitionaregraphicallydemonstratedwhenalltheanimalsoralltheplantsinanecosystemcomeintocompetition,ashappened2millionyearsagoattheendofPliocene,whenNorthandSouthAmericabecamejoinedbytheIsthmusofPanama.Northand

SouthAmericanspeciesmigratingacrosstheIsthmusnowcameintocompetitionwitheachother.TheresultwastheexterminationofalargefractionoftheSouthAmericanmammals,whichwereapparentlyunabletowithstandthecompetitionfrominvadingNorthAmericanspeciesalthoughaddedpredationwasalsoanimportantfactor.

Towhatextentcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunityandthedensityofparticularspecieshasbeenthesourceofconsiderablecontroversy.Theproblemisthatcompetitionordinarilycannotbeobserveddirectlybutmustbeinferredfromthespreadorincreaseofonespeciesandtheconcurrentreductionordisappearanceofanotherspecies.TheRussianbiologistG.F.Gauseperformednumeroustow-speciesexperimentsinthelaboratory,inwhichoneofthespeciesbecameextinctwhenonlyasinglekindofresourcewasavailable.Onthebasisoftheseexperimentsandoffieldobservations,theso-calledlawofcompetitiveexclusionwasformulated,accordingtowhichnotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche.Numerousseemingexceptionstothislawhavesincebeenfound,buttheycanusuallybeexplainedascasesinwhichthetwospecies,eventhoughcompetingforamajorjointresource,didnotreallyoccupyexactlythesameniche.

Competitionamongspeciesisofconsiderableevolutionaryimportance.Thephysicalstructureofspeciescompetingforresourcesinthesameecologicalnichetendstograduallyevolveinwaysthatallowthemtooccupydifferentniches.Competingspeciesalsotendtochangetheirrangessothattheirterritoriesnolongeroverlap.Theevolutionaryeffectofcompetitiononspecieshasbeenreferredtoas“speciesselection”;however,thisdescriptionispotentiallymisleading.Onlytheindividualsofaspeciesaresubjecttothepressuresofnaturalselection.Theeffectonthewell-beingandexistenceofaspeciesisjusttheresultoftheeffectsofselectiononalltheindividualsofthespecies.Thusspeciesselectionisactuallyaresultofindividualselection.

Competitionmayoccurforanyneededresource.Inthecaseofanimalsitisusuallyfood;inthecaseofforestplantsitmaybelight;inthecaseofsubstrateinhabitantsitmaybespace,asinmanyshallow-waterbottom-dwellingmarineorganisms.Indeed,itmaybeforanyofthefactors,physicalaswellasbiotic,thatareessentialfororganisms.Competitionisusuallythemoreseverethedenserthepopulation.Togetherwithpredation,itisthemostimportantdensity-dependentfactorinregulatingpopulationgrowth.

Paragraph1:Whenseveralindividualsofthesamespeciesorofseveraldifferentspeciesdependonthesamelimitedresource,asituationmayarisethatisreferredtoascompetition.Theexistenceofcompetitionhasbeenlongknowntonaturalists;itseffectsweredescribedbyDarwininconsiderabledetail.Competitionamongindividualsofthesamespecies(intraspeciescompetition),oneofthemajormechanismsofnaturalselection,istheconcernofevolutionarybiology.Competitionamongtheindividualsofdifferentspecies(interspeciescompetition)isamajorconcernofecology.Itisoneofthefactorscontrollingthesizeofcompetingpopulations,andextremecasesitmayleadtotheextinctionofoneofthecompetingspecies.ThiswasdescribedbyDarwinforindigenousNewZealandspeciesofanimalsandplants,whichdiedoutwhencompetingspeciesfromEuropewereintroduced.

1.Thephrase“mechanismsofnaturalselection”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

typesofnaturalselectiondangersofnaturalselectionproblemsnaturalselectionsolveswaysnaturalselectionworks

2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatisoneeffectofcompetitionamongindividualsofdifferentspecies?

OOOO

Itresultsintheeventualeliminationoftheresourceforwhichtheyarecompeting.Itleadstocompetitionamongindividualsofthesamespecies.

Itencouragesnewspeciestoimmigratetoanarea.

Itcontrolsthenumberofindividualsinthecompetingpopulations.

3.Theword“

”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

nativeratemost

numerous

4.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthormentionwhathappenedinNewZealand?

OOOO

ToindicatethatDarwinunderstoodtheimportanceofcompetitionToillustratethatcompetitioncanleadtotheextinctionofspeciesToidentifywheretheideaofcompetitionamongspeciesfirstarose

Toargueagainsttheideathattheprocessofselectionisanaturaloccurrence

Paragraph2:Noseriouscompetitionexistswhenthemajorneededresourceisinsuperabundantsupply,asinmostcasesofthecoexistenceofherbivores(planteaters).Furthermore,mostspeciesdonotdependentirelyonasingleresource,ifthemajorresourceforaspeciesbecomesscarce,thespeciescanusuallyshifttoalternativeresources.Ifmorethanonespeciesiscompetingforascarceresource,thecompetingspeciesusuallyswitchtodifferentalternativeresources.Competitionisusuallymostsevereamongcloserelativeswithsimilardemandsontheenvironment.Butitmayalsooccuramongtotallyunrelatedformsthatcompeteforthesameresource,suchasseed-eatingrodentsandants.Theeffectsofsuchcompetitionaregraphicallydemonstratedwhenalltheanimalsoralltheplantsinanecosystemcomeintocompetition,ashappened2millionyearsagoattheendofPliocene,whenNorthandSouthAmericabecamejoinedbytheIsthmusofPanama.NorthandSouthAmericanspeciesmigratingacrosstheIsthmusnowcameintocompetitionwitheachother.TheresultwastheexterminationofalargefractionoftheSouthAmericanmammals,whichwereapparentlyunabletowithstandthecompetitionfrominvadingNorthAmericanspeciesalthoughaddedpredationwasalsoanimportantfactor.

5.Accordingtoparagraph2,competitionisnotusuallyasignificantfactoramongtwocoexistingspecieswhen

O oneofthespecieshasonlyrecentlymovedintotheterritoryoftheotherO thespeciesarecloselyrelatedtoeachother

indigenous

O thepopulationofonespeciesismuchlargerthanthatoftheotherO bothofthespeciesareherbivores

6.Theword“graphically”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OOOO

vividlyfrequentlybroadlytypically

7.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthortalkaboutwhathappenedasaresultofNorthandSouthAmericabecomingjoinedattheIsthmusofPanama?

O TomakethepointthatpredationcanhaveasmucheffectonspeciessurvivalascompetitiondoesO Toshowhowtheabilitytoswitchtoanalternativeresourcecangiveaspeciesacompetitive

advantage

O ToaccountforthecurrentspeciescompositionofNorthandSouthAmerica

O Toprovideanexampleoftheseriouseffectsofcompetitionbetweenunrelatedspecies

Paragraph3:Towhatextentcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunityandthedensityofparticularspecieshasbeenthesourceofconsiderablecontroversy.Theproblemisthatcompetitionordinarilycannotbeobserveddirectlybutmustbeinferredfromthespreadorincreaseofonespeciesandtheconcurrentreductionordisappearanceofanotherspecies.TheRussianbiologistG.F.Gauseperformednumeroustow-speciesexperimentsinthelaboratory,inwhichoneofthespeciesbecameextinctwhenonlyasinglekindofresourcewasavailable.Onthebasisoftheseexperimentsandoffieldobservations,theso-calledlawofcompetitiveexclusionwasformulated,accordingtowhichnotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche.

sameniche.

8.Paragraph3supportstheideathatGause’sexperimentswereimportantbecausethey

O providedasituationinwhichcompetitioncouldberemovedfromtheinteractionbetweentwospecies

O showedthatpreviousideasabouttheextenttowhichcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunitywerecompletelymistaken

O helpedestablishthatcompetitionwillremoveallbutonespeciesfromanygivenecologicalniche

O offeredevidencethatcompetitionbetweenspeciesisminimalwhenthereisanoverabundanceofasinglefoodsource

9.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

O Apparentexceptionstothislawusuallyinvolvescasesinwhichtwospeciescompeteforthesamemajorresourcebutoccupyslightlydifferentniches.

O Althoughitmayappearthattwospeciesalwayshavedifferentniches,manyexceptionsshowthat

Numerousseemingexceptionstothislawhavesincebeenfound,buttheycanusuallybeexplainedascasesinwhichthetwospecies,eventhoughcompetingforamajorjointresource,didnotreallyoccupyexactlythe

speciescompetewitheachother.

O Casesinwhichtwospeciesnotonlycompeteforasharedresourcebutalsooccupysimilarniches

areconsideredexceptionstothislaw.

O Casesinwhichthetwospeciesdonotoccupythatsamenicheyetstillcompeteforthesameresourcearebelievedtobeexceptionstothislaw.

Paragraph4:Competitionamongspeciesisofconsiderableevolutionaryimportance.Thephysicalstructureofspeciescompetingforresourcesinthesameecologicalnichetendstograduallyevolveinwaysthatallowthemtooccupydifferentniches.Competingspeciesalsotendtochangetheirrangessothattheirterritoriesnolongeroverlap.Theevolutionaryeffectofcompetitiononspecieshasbeenreferredtoas“speciesselection”;however,thisdescriptionispotentiallymisleading.Onlytheindividualsofaspeciesaresubjecttothepressuresofnaturalselection.Theeffectonthewell-beingandexistenceofaspeciesisjusttheresultoftheeffectsofselectiononalltheindividualsofthespecies.Thusspeciesselectionisactuallyaresultofindividualselection.

10.Accordingtoparagraph4,howdoescompetitionaffectevolution?

O Itresultsintheevolutionofphysicalstr