華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)微生物英文版課件

HuazhongAgriculturalUniversityMicrobiologyEngl目錄CONTENTSIntroductionTypesofMicroorganismsMicrobialMetabolismMicrobialLifeProcessesMicrobialEcologyMicrobialPathogenesisandDisease01IntroductionItinvolvestheinvestmentofmicroorganisms'structure,function,andinteractionwiththeirenvironmentMicrobiologyalsoexplorestheapplicationofmicroorganismsinvariousfieldssuchasmedicine,industry,andagricultureMicrobiologyisthestudyofmicroorganisms,includingbacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa,andalgaeDefinitionofMicrobiologyImportanceofMicrobiologyMicrobiologyplaysacriticalroleinunderstandingthemicrobialworldanditsimpactonourdailylivesItprovidesfundamentalknowledgeforthedevelopmentofnewdrugsandvaccinestocombatdiseasesMicrobiologyalsocontributestotheimprovementoffoodsafetyandproductionmethodsintheagriculturalindustry01Microbiologyhasalonghistorydatingbacktothe17thcenturywhenAntonievanLeeuwenhoekfirstobservedmicroorganismsusingamicroscope02Thefieldhassincethenmadesignificantprogressintheunderstandingofmicrobialdiversityandtheirrolesinvariousecosystems03Thedevelopmentofantibioticsandvaccinesinthe20thcenturyhasgreatlycontributedtothecontrolandpreventionofinfectiousdiseasesHistoryandDevelopmentofMicrobiology02TypesofMicroorganismsBacteriaaresinglecelledmicroorganismsthatlakeacellnucleusandotherorganellesTheycanbebeneficial,neutral,orpathologicaltohumansandotherorganizationsTheyarepromotionsandthemostnumericalanddiversegroupofmicroorganismsonEarthBacteriaplayimportantrolesinbiogeochemicalcycles,symbolicrelationships,andhumanhealthBacteria01TheyareheterotrophicandcandigestorganicmattertoattractenergyandnutrientsFungiplayimportantrolesincomposition,nutrientcycling,andsymbolicrelationshipswithplantsandanimalsSomefungiareeditableandhaveculinaryuses,whileotherscancausediseasesinplantsandanimalsFungiareeucaryoticmicroorganismsthatincludeyears,molds,androoms020304FungiProtozooa01Protozooaaresinglecelledeucaryoticmicroorganismsthataremobileandcanmovethroughliquidenvironments02Theyareheterotrophicandcanfeedonbacteria,algae,ororganicmatter03Protozooaplayimportantrolesinaquaticandterrestrialecosystems,wheretheyhelptocontrolothermicrobialpopulations04Someprotozooacancausediseasesinhumansandotheranimals,suchasmalariaandamoebiasis01020304AlgaeAlgaearephotosyntheticeucaryoticmicroorganismsthatcanbeunicellularormulticellularTheyarefoundinaquaticenvironments,includingfreshwater,seawater,andevensnowAlgaeplayimportantrolesinaquaticecosystems,wheretheycontributetoprimaryproductionandnutrientcyclingSomealgaehaveeconomicimportance,beingusedasfoodsourcesorfortheproductionofbiofuelslikeorganisms03MicrobialMetabolismAutomotiveMetabolism010203AutomotivemetabolismistheprocessinwhichmicroorganismsproducetheirownfoodfrominorganicsubstratesThisprocessisalsoknownasprimaryproductionAutomotivebacteriaarethosethatcanuseinorganicsubstancesastheirsourceofcarbonandenergyTheyarephotosyntheticbacteriathatuselightenergytoconvertcarbondioxideintoorganicmatterAutomotivearcheaarethosethatcanuseinorganicsubstancesastheirsourceofcarbonandenergyTheyarechemical,meaningtheycanuseinorganicsubstancessuchassulfur,iron,ornitratetoproduceenergyHeterotrophicarcheaarethosewhocannotproducetheirownfoodandmustconsultorganicmattertosurveyTheyarefoundinawiderangeofenvironments,includingthegutofrunners,hotsprings,andthedeepsubsurfaceHeterotrophicmetabolismistheprocessinwhichmicroorganismsadheretotheirenergyandcarbonfromorganicmatterThesemicroorganismscannotproducetheirownfoodandmustconsumepreexistingorganicmattertosurveyHeterotrophicbacteriaarethosethatcannotproducetheirownfoodandmustconsultorganicmattertosurveyTheyarefoundinawiderangeofenvironments,includingthehumangut,soil,andwaterHeterotrophicMetabolismMicroorganismscanbeculturedindifferentenvironments,suchasonsolidsurfacesorinliquidmediaThechoiceofcultivationenvironmentdependsonthetypeofmicrobiologyandthedesiredoutcomeoftheexperienceorstudyRespirationistheprocessinwhichmicroorganismsgenerateenergybyoxidizingorganicmatterorinorganicsubstancesThisprocessreleasesenergythatcanbeusedtosynthesizeATP.Differentmicroorganismshavedifferentbreathingpatterns,suchasaerobicrespiration,anaerobicrespiration,andfermentation.CultivationandRespiration04MicrobialLifeProcessesCellwallStructure,function,androleinmaintainingcellshapeandprotectingthecellOrganizationsDifferenttypes,functions,andexamplesoforganizationsfoundinbacteriaandeucaryoticmicroorganismsCellmembraneComposition,function,andtransportprocessesacrossthemembraneCellStructureandFunctionBinarysessionProcessofbacterialcelldivisionandreproductionMultiplicationReproductionofvirusesandtheirlifecyclesBuddingFormationofDaughterCellsinYeastandOtherEucaryoticMicroorganismsGrowthandReproduction123Chromosomeorganization,geneexpressionandregulationDNAstructureandfunctionTypes,causesandeffectsonmicrobialfitnessandevolutionMutationMechanismsandexamplesofnaturalselectioninmicroorganismsNaturalselectionGeneticsandEvolutionRecommendationMicrobialproductionofalcohol,wine,yogurt,andothernegotiatedfoodsBiomediaUseofmicroorganismstocleanuppollutantsintheenvironmentBiopharmaceuticalProductionofantibiotics,vaccinesandotherbiopharmaceuticalsusingmicroorganismsBiotechnologyandBioprocessing05MicrobialEcologyMicrobialpopulation:ThenumberofmicroorganismsinacertainenvironmentorhabitatMicrobialdiversity:Thediversityofmicroorganismsfoundinaspecificenvironmentorcommunity,includingtheirgeneticdifferencesandecologicaladaptationsMicrobialallowance:Thetotalnumberofmicroorganismsinagivenenvironmentorhabitat,commonlymeasuredintermsofcellcountorbiomassMicrobialcommunity:Agroupofmicroorganismsthatinteractwitheachotherandtheirenvironment,formingacomplexecosystemMicrobialPopulationandCommunitiesSymbiosisAclose,longtermrelationshipbetweendifferentorganizationsthatbenefitsatleastoneofthepartnersArelationshipbetweenoneorganization(theparallel)andanother(thehost),inwhichtheparallelbenefitswhilecausingharmtothehostOneorganization(thepredictor)killingandconsultinganotherorganization(thepre)forfoodTwoormoreorganizationsmeetingforlimitedresourcessuchasfood,space,orterritoryParasitismPredictionCompetitionMicrobialInteractionswithOtherOrganizationsSoilmicrobiologyThestudyofmicroorganismsthatincludessoil,theirrolesinsoilfertilityandplantgrowth,andtheirinteractionswitheachotherandtheenvironmentAquaticmicrobiologyThestudyofmicroorganismsthatincludeswaterbodies,includinglakes,rivers,oceans,andotheraquaticenvironmentsAtmosphericmicrobiologyThestudyofmicroorganismsthatincludestheatmosphere,includingtheirrolesincloudformationandatmosphericchemistryMicrobialInhabitantsofSpecificHabitats(e.g.,Soil,Water,Air,Animals,Plants)AnimalassociatedmicrobiologyThestudyofmicroorganismsthatincludesanimals,includingtheirrolesinanimalhealthanddiseasePlantassociatedmicrobiologyThestudyofmicroorganismsthatincludesplants,includingtheirrolesinplantgrowthandhealth,aswellastheirinteractionswithothermicroorganismsandtheenvironmentMicrobialInhabitantsofSpecificHabitats(e.g.,Soil,Water,Air,Animals,Plants)06MicrobialPathogenesisandDisease03EscherichiacoliO157:H7andentryis