美國概況之十大標(biāo)志性建筑 中英文介紹

美國十大標(biāo)志性建筑

1.TheEmpireStateBuildingTheEmpireStateBuildingisa102-storyArtDecoskyscraperinNewYorkCityattheintersectionofFifthAvenueandWest34thStreet.ItsnameisderivedfromthenicknameforthestateofNewYork.Itstoodastheworld'stallestbuildingformorethanfortyyears,fromitscompletionin1931untilconstructionoftheWorldTradeCenter'sNorthTowerwascompletedin1972.FollowingthedestructionoftheWorldTradeCenterin2001,theEmpireStateBuildingagainbecamethetallestbuildinginNewYorkCityandNewYorkState.TheEmpireStateBuildinghasbeennamedbytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersasoneoftheSevenWondersoftheModernWorld.ThebuildinganditsstreetfloorinterioraredesignatedlandmarksoftheNewYorkCityLandmarksPreservationCommission,andconfirmedbytheNewYorkCityBoardofEstimate.[3]ItwasdesignatedasaNationalHistoricLandmarkin1986.In2007,itwasrankednumberoneontheListofAmerica'sFavoriteArchitectureaccordingtotheAIA.ThebuildingisownedandmanagedbyW&HProperties.3.MountRushmore拉什莫爾山MountRushmoreisamemorialtothebirth，growth，preservationanddevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.GutzonBorglumsculptedbustsofPresidentsGeorgeWashington，ThomasJefferson，TheodoreRoosevelt，andAbrahamLincolnhighintheBlackHillstorepresentthefirst150yearsofAmericanhistory.

TheprimaryresourceatMountRushmoreisthegranitesculptureitself，butalsoofinterestistheSculptor'sStudiobuiltunderthedirectionofSculptorGutzonBorglumin1939.Uniqueplastermodelsandtoolsrelatedtothesculptingprocessaredisplayedinthestudio.4.TheWhiteHouseForalmosttwohundredyears,theWhiteHousehasstoodasasymbolofthePresidency,theUnitedStatesgovernment,andtheAmericanpeople.Itshistory,andthehistoryofthenation'scapital,beganwhenPresidentGeorgeWashingtonsignedanActofCongressinDecemberof1790declaringthatthefederalgovernmentwouldresideinadistrict"notexceedingtenmilessquare...ontheriverPotomac."PresidentWashington,togetherwithcityplannerPierreL'Enfant,chosethesiteforthenewresidence,whichisnow1600PennsylvaniaAvenue.Aspreparationsbeganforthenewfederalcity,acompetitionwasheldtofindabuilderofthe"President'sHouse."Nineproposalsweresubmitted,andIrish-bornarchitectJamesHobanwonagoldmedalforhispracticalandhandsomedesign.

5.TheLibertyStatueItwastobeanothertwoyearsbeforeitcouldbeproperlyunveiled:moneyhadtobecollectedtofundtheconstructionofthebase,andforsomereasonAmericanswereunwilling-orunable-todipintotheirpockets.OnlythroughthecampaigningeffortsofnewspapermagnateJosephPulitzer,akeensupporterofthestatue,diditallcometogetherintheend.RichardMorrisHuntbuiltapedestalaroundtheexistingstar-shapedFortWood,andLibertywasformallydedicatedbyPresidentClevelandonOctober28,1886,inaflag-wavingshindigthathasneverreallystopped.Thestatuewasclosedforafewyearsinthemid-1980sforextensiverenovationand,in1986,fifteenmillionpeopledescendedonManhattanforthestatue'scentennialcelebrations.Thestatue,whichdepictsLibertythrowingoffhershacklesandholdingabeacontolighttheworld,wasthecreationoftheFrenchsculptorFrédéricAugusteBartholdi,whocrafteditahundredyearsaftertheAmericanRevolutioninrecognitionofsolidaritybetweentheFrenchandAmericanpeople(thoughit'sfairtoaddthatBartholdioriginallyintendedthestatueforAlexandriainEgypt).BartholdibuiltLibertyinParisbetween1874and1884,startingwithaterracottamodelandenlargingitthroughfoursuccessiveversionstoitspresentsize,aconstructionofthincoppersheetsboltedtogetherandsupportedbyanironframeworkdesignedbyGustaveEiffel.ThearmcarryingthetorchwasexhibitedinMadisonSquareParkforsevenyears,butthewholestatuewasn'tofficiallyacceptedonbehalfoftheAmericanpeopleuntil1884,afterwhichitwastakenapart,cratedupandshippedtoNewYork.

Todayyoucanclimbstepsuptothecrown,butthecrampedstairwaythoughthetorchsadlyremainsclosedtothepublic.Don'tbesurprisedifthere'sanhour-longwaittoascend.Evenifthereis,LibertyPark'sviewsofthelowerManhattanskyline,thetwintowersoftheWorldTradeCenterlordingitoverthejuttingteethofNewYork'sfinancialquarter,arespectacularenough.6.WashingtonMonumentWashingtonMonumentTheMallsmostprominentfeature,theWashingtonMonumentisanunadornedmarbleobeliskbuiltinmemoryofGeorgeWashington.At555ftitsthetallestall-masonrystructureintheworld.Volunteersstartedworkonitin1848,butvariousinternalarguments,andlatertheCivilWar,sodisruptedconstructionthatitwasntcompleteduntil1884.WhentheUSGovernmenttookovertheprojectin1876,theyusedmarblefromaslightlydifferentsource;thetransitionlinewhereworkresumedatthe150ftlevelisreadilyapparent.

Tovisitthemonumentpickupafreeticketfromthe15thStkiosk(ontheMall,southofConstitutionAve),whichallowsyoutoturnupatafixedtimelaterintheday.Theelevatoruptakesseventysecondsanddepositsyouatthe500ftlevelinordertoenjoythemonumentspanoramic360°viewsofthecity7.戰(zhàn)爭墻/越南陣亡將士紀(jì)念碑(theVietnamVeteransMemorial)，坐落在華盛頓特區(qū)。整個建筑由兩面有黑色石頭組成的V字造型組成，上面按照死亡日期和失蹤年月刻滿了在越戰(zhàn)中失去的58000名美國士兵。曾有人批評建筑過于簡單了，可它每年仍吸引著超過150萬游客來參觀。

戰(zhàn)爭墻于1982年開放，是十大建筑中，最晚設(shè)計和建造的，建筑師是年僅21歲的耶魯在校學(xué)生MayaLin。還有一個理由讓我們記住這個華裔女孩，近代史上的大才女林徽因是她的姑姑，可算是出身建筑世家。

越戰(zhàn)紀(jì)念碑，簡單利落的線條，敞開的大角度V，一端指著林肯紀(jì)念碑，另一端指著華盛頓紀(jì)念碑。在兩端與地平線合而為一，還有黑色的大理石鑲嵌在高度的落差之中。就是這么簡單，所以震撼如此深刻。讀到的說明中有形容它是一本敞開著的大書。當(dāng)沿著他順著走下時，就好似是在閱讀著表達(dá)越南戰(zhàn)爭歷史的書，黑色的大理石上封存著一去不復(fù)返的士兵的名字。沒有說明，什么都沒有。很嚴(yán)肅，很靜，卻靜水流深的感覺。8.GoldenGateBridgeTheorangetowersoftheGoldenGateBridge-probablythemostbeautiful,certainlythemostphotographedbridgeintheworld-arevisiblefromalmosteverypointofelevationinSanFrancisco.TheonlycleftinNorthernCalifornia's600-milecontinentalwall,foryearsthismile-widestraitwasconsideredunbridgeable.Asmuchanarchitecturalasanengineeringfeat,theGoldenGatetookonly52monthstodesignandbuild,andwasopenedin1937.DesignedbyJosephStrauss,itwasthefirstreallymassivesuspensionbridge,withaspanof4200ft,anduntil1959rankedastheworld'slongest.ItconnectsthecityatitsnorthwesterlypointonthepeninsulatoMarinCountyandNorthernCalifornia,renderingthehithertoessentialferrycrossingredundant,andwasdesignedtowithstandwindsofuptoahundredmilesanhourandtoswingasmuchas27ft.9.ThePentagonThePentagonistheheadquartersoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense,locatedat48N.RotaryRoad,Arlington,Virginia22211(Map).Itsmailingaddressis"Washington,DC20301."AsasymboloftheUSmilitary,"thePentagon"isoftenusedmetonymicallytorefertotheDepartmentofDefenseratherthanthebuildingitself.ThosewhoworkwithinitswallsoftensimplycallittheBuilding.ThebuildingwasdedicatedonJanuary15,1943.Itisthehighest-capacityofficebuildingintheworldandoneoftheworld'slargestbuildingsintermsoffloorarea.Ithousesapproximately23,000militaryandcivilianemployeesandabout3,000non-defensesupportpersonnel.Ithasfive