北京英語閱讀理解CD篇

閱讀理解CD篇第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題紙上將該項涂黑。COncesmallfarmersinMasii,aremotevillageinKenya,havepickedtheircrops,alltheycandoiswaituntilabuyertrucksthrough.Thesystemworksfairlywellforbeansandcorn,butmangoes-thearea’sothermaincrop-spoil(腐爛)morequickly.Ifthetraderislate,theyrot.ObadiahKisaingu,afarmerinMasii,estimates40%ofthevillage’smangocropislosttospoilage.Butasimplecoatingcouldchangethat.Acompany,SmartTech,hascreatedaproductthatdoublestheshelflifeoffreshproduce,enablingfarmerslikeKisaingutoaccessfar-off,largermarkets.Moretimeforfreshproduceongrocers'shelvesalsomeanslessfoodwaste-a$2.6trillionproblem,accordingtotheUnitedNations'FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO).JamesRogers,CEOofSmartTech,whohasaPh.Dinmaterialsscience,wantedtosolvetheproblemforfoodmuchinthesamewaythatoxidebarrierspreventingrust(銹)haveachievedforsteel.Fortunately,researchershavefoundwhenplantsmadethejumpfromwatertolandhundredsofmillionsofyearsago,theydevelopedcutin,abarrierwhichismadeoffattyacidsthatlinktogethertoformasealaroundtheplant,helpingkeepwaterin.Thecutinwassuchagrandstrategythattodayyou'llstillfinditacrosstheplantkingdom.Notthatit'sexactlythesamesolutionacrosstheboard:Anorangecanlastlongerthanastrawberrynotsomuchbecauseofthethicknessofitsskin,butbecauseofthedifferenceinthearrangementofthosecutinmolecules(分子)onthesurface.SmartTech’schallengewasfirstidentifyingthekeycomponentsofcutin.Afterextensivetrials,Rogersandhisteamdevelopedanaturalandtastelessprotectivecoatingfromplantmaterial-stems,leavesandskins.Theproductextendsthesweetspotbetweenripeningandrot.Andbestofall,thetreatedproducedoesn'trequirerefrigeration.SmartTechtraveledalongroadtogethere.Itwassixyearsfromlaunchbeforeproductsappliedwiththesubstancewereinstores.SmartTech-treatedfruitsandvegetablesarealreadyinlargegrocerychainsinEuropeandtheU.S.andthecompanyrecentlygainedregulatoryapprovalinseverallessdevelopedcountriesinSouthAmerica.“SmartTechhashugepotentialtoturnpoorfarmersinAfricaintocommercialfarmers,”saysRogers.“Thatmeansmoremoneyinpockets,andmorefoodinstomachs.”Butwhetherthecompanycancost-effectivelyreachsmallfarmersinfar-offareasstillremainsachallenge.27.TheauthormentionsthesmallfarmersinKenyato_______________.A.stresstheirneedforpreservingproduceB.showtheirdifficultyinharvestingcropsC.evaluatetheirlosscausedbyslowtransportD.helpexpresstheirwishtoreachlargermarkets28.WhatcanwelearnaboutSmartTech'sproduct?A.ItisfinanciallysupportedbyFAO.B.Itisintendedtoreplacerefrigeration.C.Itisdesignedtothickenproduce’sskin.D.Itisbasedonplants’owndefencesystem.29.WhatdoesJamesRogersexpect?A.Toprofitfarmers. B.Toearnmoremoney.C.Toproducemorefood. D.Toexpandgrocerychains.30.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto_______________.A.proveatheory B.promoteaproductC.introduceacompany D.presentatechnologyDElizabethSpelke,acognitive(認(rèn)知的)psychologistatHarvard,hasspenthercareertestingtheworld'smostcomplexlearningsystem-themindofababy.Babiesmightseemlikenomatchforartificialintelligence(AI).Theyareterribleatlabelingimages,hopelessatminingtext,andawfulatvideogames.Thenagain,babiescandothingsbeyondthereachofanyAI.Byjustafewmonthsold,they’vebeguntograspthefoundationsoflanguage,suchasgrammar.They’vestartedtounderstandhowtoadapttounfamiliarsituations.YetevenexpertslikeSpelkedon’tunderstandpreciselyhowbabies—oradults,forthatmatter—learn.Thatgappointstoapuzzleattheheartofmodernartificialintelligence:We'renotsurewhattoaimfor.ConsideroneofthemostimpressiveexamplesofAI,AlphaZero,aprogrammethatplaysboardgameswithsuperhumanskill.Afterplayingthousandsofgamesagainstitselfatasuperspeed,andlearningfromwinningpositions,AlphaZeroindependentlydiscoveredseveralfamouschessstrategiesandeveninventednewones.Itcertainlyseemslikeamachineeclipsinghumancognitiveabilities.ButAlphaZeroneedstoplaymillionsmoregamesthanapersonduringpracticetolearnagame.Mostimportantly,itcannottakewhatithaslearnedfromthegameandapplyittoanotherarea.TosomeAIexperts,thatcallsforanewapproach.InaNovemberresearchpaper,FrancoisChollet,awell-knownAIengineer,arguedthatit’smisguidedtomeasuremachineintelligencejustaccordingtoitsskillsatspecifictasks.“Humansdon’tstartoutwithskills;theystartoutwithabroadabilitytoacquirenewskills,”hesays.“Whatastronghumanchessplayerisdemonstratingisnotonlytheabilitytoplaychess,butthepotentialtofulfillanytaskofasimilardifficulty.”Cholletposedasetofproblems,eachofwhichrequiresanAIprogrammetoarrangecoloredsquaresonagrid(格柵)basedonjustafewpriorexamples.It’snothardforaperson.Butmodernmachine-learningprogrammes-trainedonhugeamountsofdata—cannotlearnfromsofewexamples.JoshTenenbaum,aprofessorinMIT'sCenterforBrains,Minds&Machines,workscloselywithSpelkeandusesinsightsfromcognitivescienceasinspirationforhisprogrammes.HesaysmuchofmodernAImissesthebiggerpicture,comparingittoacartoonaboutatwo-dimensionalworldpopulatedbysimplegeometrical(幾何形的)people.AIprogrammeswillneedtolearninnewways—forexample,bydrawingcausalinferencesratherthansimplyfindingpatterns.“Atsomepoint—youknow,ifyou’reintelligent—yourealizemaybethere'ssomethingelseoutthere,”hesays.31.ComparedtoanadvancedAIprogramme,ababymightbebetterat_______________.A.labelingimages B.identifyinglocationsC.playinggames D.makingadjustments32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eclipsing”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Stimulating. B.Measuring. C.Beating. D.Limiting.33.BothFrancoisCholletandJoshTenenbaummayagreethat_______________.A.AIisgoodatfindingsimilarpatternsB.AIshouldgainabilitieswithlesstrainingC.AIlackstheabilityofgeneralizingaskillD.AIwillmatchhumansincognitiveability34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A.Whatisexactlyintelligence?B.WhyismodernAIadvanced?C.Whereishumanintelligencegoing?D.HowdohumanstacklethechallengeofAI?CHundredsofpeopledieatseaeveryyearduetoshipandairplaneaccidents.Emergencyteamshavelittletimetorescuethoseinthewaterbecausetheprobabilityoffindingapersonalivefalldramaticallyaftersixhours.Beyondtidesandchallengingweatherconditions,unsteadycoastalcurrentsoftenmakesearchandrescueoperationsextremelydifficult.NewinsightintocoastalflowsgainedbyaninternationalresearchteamledbyGeorgeHaller,ProfessorofNonlinearDynamicsatETHZurich,promisestoenhancethesearchandrescuetechniquescurrentlyinuse.Usingtoolsfromdynamicalsystemstheoryandoceandata,theteamhasdevelopedanalgorithm(算法)topredictwhereobjectsandpeoplefloatinginwaterwillgo.“Ourworkhasaclearpotentialtosavelives,”saysMattiaSerra,thefirstauthorofastudyrecentlypublishedinNatureCommunications.Intoday’srescueoperationsatsea,complicatedmodelsofoceandynamicsandweatherforecastingareusedtopredictthepathoffloatingobjects.Forfast-changingcoastalwaters,however,suchpredictionsareofteninaccurateduetouncertainboundariesandmissingdata.Asaresult,asearchmaybelaunchedinthewronglocation,causingalossofprecioustime.Haller’sresearchteamobtainedmathematicalresultspredictingthatobjectsfloatingontheocean’ssurfaceshouldgatheralongafewspecialcurves(曲線)whichtheycallTRansientAttractingProfiles(TRAPs).Thesecurvescan’tbeseenwithoureyesbutcanbetrackedfrominstantoceansurfacecurrentdatausingrecentmathematicalmethodsdevelopedbytheETHteam.Thisenablesquickandpreciseplanningofsearchpathsthatarelesssensitivetouncertaintiesinthetimeandplaceoftheaccident.IncooperationwithateamfromMIT,theETHteamtestedtheirnew,TRAP-basedsearchalgorithmintwoseparateoceanexperimentsnearMartha’sVineyard,whichisonthenortheasterncoastoftheUnitedStates.Workingfromthesamereal-timedataavailabletotheCoastGuard,theteamsuccessfullyidentifiedTRAPsintheregioninrealtime.Theyfoundthatbuoysandmanikins(浮標(biāo)和人體模型)throwninthewaterindeedquicklygatheredalongtheseemergingcurves.“Ofseveralcompetingapproachestestedinthisproject,thiswastheonlyalgorithmthatconsistentlyfoundtherightlocation,”saysHaller.“Ourresultsarerapidlyobtained,easytointerpretandcheaptoperform,”pointsoutSerra.Hallerstresses:“Ourhopeisthatthismethodwillbecomeastandardpartofthetoolkitofcoastguardseverywhere.”27.Inasearchandrescueoperation,.A.thesurvivalratedropstoalmostzeroaftersixhoursB.theuseofdynamicsleadstothewronglocationC.weatherconditionsareadeterminingfactorD.changingcurrentspresentachallenge28.Whatisthedistinctfeatureofthenewalgorithm?A.Itreliesonoceandynamics.B.Ittracksthepathofthecurves.C.Itstopstheuncertaintiesoftheaccident.D.Itfiguresouthowtideschangeovertime.29.Paragraph5mainlytalksabout.A.thecollectionofdata B.thetestingofthealgorithmC.theidentificationoftheTRAPs D.thecooperationoftworesearchteams30.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.WhySuccessRatesofRescueOperationshaveFallenB.WhyAlgorithmsarePopularinRescueOperationsC.HowMathematicsCanSaveLivesatSeaD.HowCoastalWatersAffectSavingLivesDRecentlytheterm“climateanxiety”hasbeenusedtobetterdescribeourgrowingconcernsaboutclimatechange.Whilethereisevidencethatclimateanxietycanbeidentifiedandreliablymeasured,what’slessclearishowitrelatestomentalillness.Mentalhealthprovidersacrosstheworldarenotingthepresenceofclimateanxietyintheirpatients;however,thedegreetowhichitisinfluencingmentalillnessisnotyetclear,thoughevidenceaddressingthisquestionisslowlygrowing.Foryearsnow,mentalhealthclinicianshaveseenclimateanxietyinfluencingpresentationsofmentalillnessinavarietyofways,someextreme.Recentstudiesarestartingtolookatlinksbetweenclimateanxietyandmentalillnessinlargersamplestohelpbetterunderstandthedirectionalityoftheirrelationship.InaU.S.surveyofmorethan340peoplepublishedin2018,climateconcernswereassociatedwithdepressivesymptoms(癥狀).Ecologicalcoping,whichincludespro-environmentalbehaviorssuchasreducingenergyconsumption,appearedtobeprotectiveagainstdepression,indicatingthatclimateconcernsandthepoorcopingskillsusedtoaddressthemcouldbecausingdepressivesymptoms.Sowhomightbemoreatriskofmentalillnesssecondarytotheuncertaintiesaroundclimatechange?Unsurprisingly,climateanxietyappearshigherinindividualswithmoreconcernaboutenvironmentalissuesatbaselineandthosealreadyexperiencingdirecteffectsofclimatechange.Climatologistsalsofaceincreasedriskgiventheirin-depthknowledgeontheissuecoupledwiththeupsettingtaskoftryingtoconveyittoindividualsandgovernmentsthatoftendenyordownplayit.Peoplewithhighlevelsofneuroticism,apersonalitytraitthatincreasessusceptibilitytomentalillness,arealsolikelytobeathighrisk.Someindividualsreportadaptiveresponsestoclimateanxietylikeadoptingpro-environmentalbehaviorsandparticipatingincollectiveaction,whileothersareunabletorespondbehaviorallyatall.It’snotyetclearhowthesevaryingreactionsmanifest(呈現(xiàn))onapopulationlevelandhowthey’reinfluencinghumanity’sresponsetoclimatechange.However,arecentsurveyofnearly200peoplefoundthat,whileclimateanxietywasassociatedwithanemotionalresponsetoclimatechange,itwasnotcorrelatedwithabehavioralresponse.Ifthisistrueforhumanityasawhole,wemusturgentlyhelpmotivatetheanxiousamongus.Doingsosuccessfullywillrequiremanyapproaches,suchasdeliveringcognitive-behavioraltherapy(認(rèn)知行為療法)tothemostseverelyaffectedanddemonstratingtoentirepopulationsthatchangeispossiblebybetterpublicizingproductiveeffortsbyorganizationstoreducetheircarbonfootprints.Wecan’tletclimateanxietystopusfromrespondingtoclimatechange,becausenow,morethanever,weneedaction,notinaction.31.Whatcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Mentalillnessmayincreasetheriskofclimateanxiety.B.Reducingenergyconsumptioncanhelptreatdepression.C.Failuretohandleclimateanxietymaycausedepressivesymptoms.D.Theinfluenceofclimateanxietyonmentalillnesscanbemeasured.32.Theunderlinedphrase“secondaryto”inParagraph3probablymeans.A.asaresultof B.lessimportantthanC.asseriousas D.regardlessof33.Whichofthefollowingmightbeeffectiveinhelpingtheanxiousovercomeclimateanxiety?A.Publicizingthelatestresearchonclimateanxiety.B.Fundingstudiesintocognitive-behavioraltherapies.C.Deliveringspeechestoanxiouspeopleonaregularbasis.D.Informingthepublicofpracticalwaystoliveagreenerlife.34.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Torevealconsequencesofclimateanxiety.B.Toshownewfindingsaboutclimateanxiety.C.Tocompareclimateanxietyandmentalillness.D.Todemandcareforthoseexperiencingclimateanxiety.CPhotoResearch“Ifyouwanttobeabetterphotographer,standinfrontofbetterstuff.”PhotographerJimRichardsonshareditwithothers.Hespendsagreatdealoftimedoingphotoresearch,lookingforgreatlocationstoshoot.Seeingawonderfulplaceisbread-and-butterphotography—it’sjustpartofthejob.Gettingthereisonlyhalfofanygreatphotograph’sstory.Theotherhalfishowthephotographerpreparestocapturethesubjectonceinfrontofit.Itisbelievedthatgroundworkispartofphotography,asessentialasknowingexposureandlightingorrecognizingthedecisivemomenttotaketheshot.Researchsoundslikeaboringtaskformanyphotographers,whileforothersdiggingintoasubjectinadvanceispartofthepleasure.Philosophically,photographersseemtodividealongthatline.Ononesidearethosewhodesireonlytobeinthemoment.Ontheothersidearetheplanners.Theywouldneverdreamofgoingoutthedoorwithoutafulllistofhowthey’regoingtoapproachtheshoot.Actually,thereisathirdgroupnowadays.TheyjusttakephotosofthewholesceneanddoallthecreativeworkinPhotoshopaftertheevent.Mostphotographersdoboth:researchcarefullytopreparetheirscheduleandthenactinthemomentonceonsite.Photographersshoulddoalotofresearchinordertogetreadyforaphotographictrip.Thisincludescreatingafileforeachlocationtheyareduetovisit.Theystartafileforeachplaceandbegintomakealistofthepiecesofinformation.Knowingwhattheplacelookslikeinadvanceisinvaluable,soitisgoodtohitseveralInternetphotosites.Besidesclueingthemintothephotographicpossibilitiesofthelocation,thiscanalsoshowwhatangleshavealreadybecomeoverusedandwhichtheyshouldthereforeavoid.Butphotographerswillalsofindanglestheydidn’texpectfromlocationstheyhadn’timagined.Armedwiththesetheywillbebetterpreparedtopushtheboundariesofwhattheyexpect.“Aboveall,I’lllookforplacesandeventsthatareseasonalandtimeless.Iopenmymindtowhatmightmakeagreatsubjectforapicture,”Jimsaid.“Mosttravelerstendtothinkonlyofplacesthey’revisiting,withoutlookingdeeperintoculture,historyormeaning.Itrytogetintimewiththerhythmoftheplaceandintunewithitsmelody.ButmostofallIjustwanttobeready.IfI’mready,Icanjustaboutcountonbeinglucky.”27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“capture”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Identify. B.Record. C.Arrange. D.Explore.28.WhatpointdoestheauthormakeaboutphotographersinParagraph3?A.Theyareunabletodecideonthebestplanofaction.B.Itispossibleforthemtoadoptflexiblewaysofworking.C.Thethirdgroupisnotasimaginativeassomeoftheothers.D.Someofthemrefusetotrytounderstandthewayotherswork.29.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph4?A.Soundpreparationisamustforasatisfactoryphoto.B.Oneshouldcreatephotositesinaphotographictrip.C.Takingphotosrequiresvividimaginationinadvance.D.Itisessentialtodophotoresearchincentrallocations.30.Inthelastparagraph,Jimstatesthat______.A.hefeelsgoodtovisitthosehistoricalplacesB.herefusestospendtoomuchtimeinoneplaceC.heiscarefulaboutchoosingtherightplacetovisitD.helikestogotoplacesthatfewpeoplebothertovisitDBrightNights,BigProblemsAstronomersratethedarknessofourskiesonarangeof9(brightest)to1(darkest),andmostofusspendourlivesinthelightoflevels5to8.Allovertheglobeournightsaregrowingbrighter,andalmostnowherearetheygrowingdarker.Studiesincreasinglylinkouroveruseoflightatnightwithhealthconcernssuchassleepdisordersanddiseases.Otherstudiesreportthedamagingecologicalconsequencesandthebigwasteofenergy.Butthesteadylossofdarknessfromourlivesisnoteasilymeasured,forthetruevalueofdarknessissomethingwearebarelyawareof.Sincethebeginningoftime,askywithstarswaspartofthecommonhumanexperience.EverywhereonEarth,onmostnights,peoplecamefacetofacewiththeuniverse.Thisexperienceinfluencedtheirbeliefs—theirveryunderstandingoftheirplaceintheworld.Today,manyofusliveunderskieswhicharepollutedbylight.Weliveunderanightskyshowingmuchfewerstars.Althoughournightskycontinuestoshapeus,itistheabsenceoftheuniversearoundusthatinfluencesourbeliefstocreate.Wearebeingshapedbyalessexperienceofdarkness,andmostofusdon’tevenknowwhatwearemissing.OurMilkyWaygalaxyishometoseveralhundredbillionstars,andtheuniversehometoseveralhundredbillionothergalaxies.Askywithalargenumberofstarsencouragesustoemphasizeourimportance,toimaginehumanityasthecenterofallthings.Facetofacewiththeendlesssizeoftheuniverse,wehavethechancetoknowhowinsignificantwereallyare.Butwealsorealizethetruelargenessofourlivingonthisplanet,andrealizethatwehaveanenormousresponsibilitytocare,thatthereisnootherplacetogo,thathome