國際結(jié)算筆記2

Chapter3:CreditInstrumentsInternationalSettlementsDefinitionofcreditinstruments

Acredit(financial)instrumentisawrittenorprintedpaperbymeansofwhichfundsaretransferredfromonepersontoanother.1.Traditionalcreditinstruments:notes票據(jù)※Definitionsinthenarrowsense,notes,negotiablesecuritieswiththepurposeofpaymentinmoney,signedbytheissuer,unconditionallypaidbytheissueroranotherperson.Chapter3:CreditInstrumentsInternationalSettlementsNotesinChina※Billofexchange/draft匯票只用于異地的國際結(jié)算Promissorynote本票主要用于同城結(jié)算Check/cheque支票同城結(jié)算Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsCharacteristics※Negotiability流通轉(zhuǎn)讓性受讓人權(quán)利優(yōu)于前手財險保單不經(jīng)過過戶轉(zhuǎn)讓無效，該程序適用于除貨物運輸險之外的其他所有財產(chǎn)保險。貨物運輸保險單則由于貨物不確定性較高采用交付轉(zhuǎn)讓?？瞻妆硶鳦hapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsCharacteristicsNegotiability※Assignment過戶轉(zhuǎn)讓流動性最差過戶登記要爭得債權(quán)人同意:sharecertificate,lifepolicies壽險保單,certificateofgovernmentstock政府債券,debenture信用債券;※Transfer交付轉(zhuǎn)讓（記名）單純交付背書交付單據(jù)為物權(quán)單據(jù)確保貨物到達(dá)收貨人手中:B/L提單,warehousereceipt倉庫單,dockwarrants碼頭棧單,quasi-negotiableinstrument準(zhǔn)流通券;受讓人權(quán)利不優(yōu)于前手，受到前手權(quán)利缺失的影響※Negotiation流通轉(zhuǎn)讓（不記名）單純交付背書交付:billsofexchange,promissorynotes,checks,CDs大額可轉(zhuǎn)讓訂單,bearersecurities不記名債券來人債券,negotiableinstrument.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments

Negotiableinstrumentisachoseinaction無形資產(chǎn)依法享有但未實際占有的資產(chǎn)兌現(xiàn)后才算實際擁有之前相當(dāng)于借給別人自己無使用權(quán),thefullandlegaltitletowhichistransferablebydeliveryoftheinstrumentwiththeresultthatcompleteownershipoftheinstrumentandallpropertyitrepresentspassesfreelyfromequitiestothetransferee受讓人,providingthelattertakestheinstrumentingoodfaithandforvalue.善意等價交換Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※Non-CausativeNature無因性不過問原因:theefficacyoftheinstrumentisindependentonthecausesforissuing.※RequisiteinForm要式性必須有國家規(guī)定的法定科目按規(guī)范格式

:tobeeffective,abillmustembodytherequireditems.※Presentation提示性流通有效期內(nèi)行使過期一段時間內(nèi)實際債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系仍存在超期付款人拒付:theholdermustpresentthebilltothepayerinordertobepaid.※Restitution返還型當(dāng)付款后資金的所有權(quán)使用權(quán)合二為一票據(jù)退出流通※Part4：國際結(jié)算中的業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險及防范RisksinbillsForgeryofbills（票據(jù)的偽造）狹義的票據(jù)偽造，指假冒他人名義為出票行為；廣義的票據(jù)偽造，指假冒他人名義而為的各種票據(jù)行為，包括出票、背書、承兌、保證等票據(jù)行為的偽造。Part4：國際結(jié)算中的業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險及防范Falsificationofbills（票據(jù)的變造）所謂票據(jù)的變造，是指無權(quán)變更票據(jù)記載事項的人，擅自變更票據(jù)上的（除簽章外）的記載事項的行為。例如：變造票據(jù)的記載金額、票據(jù)的到期日等等。Part4：國際結(jié)算中的業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險及防范Droitflaws（票據(jù)的所有權(quán)缺陷）持票人對票據(jù)享有的所有權(quán)有缺陷。票據(jù)的持有人以欺詐、脅迫、暴力或恐嚇等手段，或以不合法的支付對價，或在票據(jù)的流通轉(zhuǎn)讓過程中違反誠信原則，或在相當(dāng)于欺詐的情況下取得票據(jù)。Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments1.BillofExchange

匯票只用于異地跨國結(jié)算需寄送※Definition書面的委托銀行或第三方付款的命令A(yù)billofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyoneperson(drawer出票人)toanother(drawee受票人接受命令),signedbythepersongivingit,requiringthepersontowhomitisaddressedtopayondemandorataspecifiedordeterminablefuturetime固定期約定期支付1月內(nèi)

asumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortobearer.※必要項目匯票字樣，billofexchange出票日期和地點（dateandplace）付款期限（tenor）無條件付款命令，paytosb.……收款人（payee）受票人或付款人（drawee/payer）出票人（drawerissuer）匯票金額（amount）Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※thedateandplaceofissuanceFunctions:

todeterminewhetherthepresentationofthedrafthasexpired;

——見票后定期付款的匯票，持票人應(yīng)當(dāng)自出票日起1個月內(nèi)向付款人提示承兌；

——見票即付的匯票提示付款期限自出票日起1個月。

todeterminethepaymentdate;todecidewhetherthedrawerhastheissuingability.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentstenor

sightbill即期匯票:payondemand(example3-9)

timebill

遠(yuǎn)期匯票(example3-10):payonafixedfuturedate;payatxxdaysafterdate;payatxxdaysaftersight.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※unconditionalordertopay無條件付款命令PaytoABCco.OrorderthesumofonethousandUSD$.PaytoABCco.ProvidingthegoodstheysupplyarecompliedwithcontractthesumoftenthousandUSD$.不合法，違背無因性PaytoABCco.TheproceedsinourNo.1accountthesumofonethousandUSD$.不合法指明資金來源，有條件的，使銀行受額外條件限制PaytoABCco.ororderthesumoftenthousandUSD$and（可去掉）charge/debitthesumtoapplicant’saccountmaintainedwithyou.不限定銀行如何獲得償付PaytoABCco.ororderthesumoftenthousandUSD$drawnunder簽發(fā)背景L/CNo.12345issuedbyXYZbank,N.Y.datedon15th.Aug.2004.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentspayee

bearertitle:PaytobearerorPaytoABCco.orbearer.

※Restrictivetitle:限制性抬頭

只能一次轉(zhuǎn)讓PaytoJohnDavidsonlyorPaytoJohnDavidsnottransferable.

Indicativetitle:指示性抬頭任何一次轉(zhuǎn)讓都記載PaytotheorderofABCco.orPaytoABCco.ororder.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsthenameandaddressofthedraweeorpayersequenceofdebtors’paymenttobillsofexchange:beforeacceptance:theissuer,thefirstendorser,thesecondendorser,……..;afteracceptance:thedrawee,thedrawer,thefirstendorser,thesecondendorser,……Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentssignatureoftheissuer“for”“onbehalfof”“forandonbehalfof”“perpro”e.g.forABCco.Ltd.LondonJohnSmith,Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsbehaviorsrelatedtobillsofexchange

issuance

;endorsement

前手Endorser:whenapayeeoraholdersignshisnameonthebackoftheinstrumentforthepurposeoftransferringittoanotherperson,heiscalledanendorser.Heisliabletoanyofhissubsequentendorser.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments

※

Endorsee當(dāng)前匯票持票人后手:thepersontowhomaninstrumentisendorsed.Heistheholderofaninstrument.blankendorsement空白背書:ForBankofChinasignatureindicativeendorsement指示性背書所有真實交易的當(dāng)事人都會出現(xiàn)在背書上:Paytotheorderof(nameoftheendorsee)for(nameofendorser)Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsrestrictiveendorsement限制性背書:

Payto(nameofendorsee)onlyPayto(nameofendorsee)nottransferablePayto(nameofendorsee)nottoorderfor(nameofendorser)presentationorpresentment本次背書受讓人是唯一的合格收款人，之后流通結(jié)束。Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※Acceptance承兌:Ifthedraweeagreesandassentstotheorderinwritingaddressedtohimonabillofexchange,hewillsignhisnameonitsface,indicatingthathewillpayonduedate.Thenthedraweebecomesanacceptor.受票人見票后鑒別簽名聯(lián)系收款人查詢基礎(chǔ)債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系ordinaryacceptance:AcceptedDATEFor(nameofdrawee)signatureChapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsrestrictiveacceptance:※conditionalacceptance:違反無因性不可行

AcceptedDatePayableondeliveryofB/L提單

交提單為條件For(nameofdrawee)signature匯票作為獨立的付款憑證不能附加條件，否則做拒付處理Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※(2)partialacceptance:部分承兌不可行只能全盤付或拒付AcceptedDatePayableforamountofGBP20,000onlyFor(nameofdrawee)signature

Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※(3)acceptanceatadesignatedplace:限定付款地點AcceptedDatePayableattheHambrosBankandthereonlyFor(nameofdrawee)SignatureChapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※(4)Deferredacceptance:延期支付AcceptedDatePayableat6monthsafterdateFor(nameofdrawee)signatureChapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentspayment※dishonorandprotest拒付拒絕承兌拒絕付款Dishonor:afailureorrefusaltomakeacceptanceonorpaymentofadraftwhenpresented.Protest:AwrittenstatementundersealdrawnupandsignedbyaNotaryPublicorotherauthorizedpersonforthepurposeofgivingevidencethatabillofexchangehasbeenpresentedbyhimforacceptanceorforpaymentbutdishonored.第三方出具拒絕證書比如公證機(jī)構(gòu)行使追索權(quán)的前提Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※Recourse追索Abonafideholdercanclaimpaymentfromallpartiesliableontheinstrumentwhendishonoredbytheacceptor.

Abonafideholderisthepersonwhoisinpossessionofaninstrumentthatis①completeandregularonitsface;②takenbeforematuritywithoutnoticeofitspreviousdishonor;③takeningoodfaithandforvalue;④takenwithoutnoticeofanyinfirmity缺失intheinstrumentordefectinthetitleofthepersonnegotiatingit.Chapter3:CreditInstrumentsInternationalSettlements票據(jù)時效期間屆滿而使票據(jù)權(quán)利消滅的情形：持票人對匯票、本票出票人和承兌人的權(quán)利，自票據(jù)到期日起2年；見票即付的匯票、本票自出票日起2年。持票人對支票出票人的權(quán)利，自出票日起6個月。持票人對前手的追索權(quán)，自被拒絕承兌或被拒絕付款之日起6個月。持票人對前手的再追索權(quán)，自清償日或被提起訴訟之日起3個月。Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※typesofbillsofexchange

commercialdraftsandbankers’draftsCommercialdraft:abillofexchangeissuedbyafirmonanotherfirmoronabank.Bankers’draft:adraftdrawnbyabankonanotherbank.銀行匯票都是即期匯票，見票即付Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsChapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※Commercialacceptancebill商業(yè)承兌匯票andbanker’sacceptancebill銀行承兌匯票※cleanbill光票只憑匯票進(jìn)行結(jié)算與貨物結(jié)算無關(guān)anddocumentarybill

跟單匯票適用于貨物結(jié)算與各種單據(jù)一起使用Cleanbill:abillwithoutshippingdocumentsattachedthereto.Documentarybill:abillwithshippingdocumentsattachedthereto.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstruments※

promissorynotes

本票definition:出票人自己出票向收票人作出無條件書面付款承諾Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyonepersontoanothersignedbythemakerengagingtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortothebearer.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsSample3-11※DifferencebetweenapromissorynoteandabillofexchangeApromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromisetopay,whereasabillofexchangeisanunconditionalordertopay;Therearetwopartiestoapromissorynote,whereastherearethreepartiestoabillofexchange;Themakerisprimarilyliableonapromissorynote,whereasthedrawerisprimarilyliableforasightbillandtheacceptorisprimarilyliableforatimebill.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentstypes:banknotesCheck相當(dāng)于債券主要用于同城結(jié)算※definition:銀行給存款人提供的結(jié)算工具，持有人可命令銀行以轉(zhuǎn)賬付款的方式調(diào)動活期存款A(yù)checkisanunconditionalorderinwriting,addressedbyapersontoabank,signedbythepersonmakingit,requiringthebanktopayondemandasumcertaininmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortothebearer.本票與支票的比較對于真實合規(guī)本票不拒付，但是意味著銀行對企業(yè)資金的無償占用，同時只限于同城結(jié)算銀行本票作為融資結(jié)算工具作用不大。Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsSample(3-12)Types:Cashcheck現(xiàn)金收款,transfercheck轉(zhuǎn)賬收款,ordinarycheck都可以※Crossedcheck支票劃線:acheckunderwhichfundsmustbepaidtoabankonly.※Generalcrossing一般劃線收款人可以讓任何銀行收款劃兩條平行線寫notnegotiable不能轉(zhuǎn)讓:thebankthroughwhichthecheckispaidisnotspecified.Example3-14.AC約定存款人賬戶銀行※Specialcrossing特殊劃線只能特定銀行:onlythebankmentionedinthecheckcanreceivepaymentfromthedraweebank.Example3-15ICBC扮演的中間代收行Chapter3:CreditInstrumentsInternationalSettlements我國票據(jù)發(fā)展主要歷程：1、1981年，上海推出銀行匯票承兌貼現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)；2、1984年，人民銀行頒布《商業(yè)匯票承兌、貼現(xiàn)暫行辦法》，1986年開展銀行承兌匯票再貼現(xiàn)業(yè)務(wù)；3、1988年人民銀行頒布《銀行結(jié)算辦法》，進(jìn)行結(jié)算制度的改革；4、1996年票據(jù)法頒布實施；5、1998年人民銀行開始單獨公布再貼現(xiàn)率，將其作為央行基準(zhǔn)利率之一，貼現(xiàn)利率再此基礎(chǔ)上加點確定，轉(zhuǎn)貼現(xiàn)利率由交易雙方自主確定；6、2000年，第一個票據(jù)專營機(jī)構(gòu)成立——中國工商銀行票據(jù)營業(yè)部；7、2003年，全國銀行間同業(yè)拆借中心建立“中國票據(jù)報價系統(tǒng)”。Chapter3:CreditInstrumentsInternationalSettlements我國票據(jù)法的特別規(guī)定：1、不得采用不記名背書空白背書；2、承兌不得附條件，否則視為拒絕承兌；3、不允許部分付款；4、本票僅指銀行本票僅限于銀行發(fā)行；5、允許持票人在到期日前進(jìn)行追索只要遭到拒付就可以追索；6、凡簽發(fā)持票人或來人抬頭的匯票無效。Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentstraveler’scheck

旅行支票跨國銀行國際連鎖酒店旅行社發(fā)行需要兩處簽名購買和旅行的時候簽確保資金使用安全性有固定面額個人因私出境或者出差見票即付的匯票丟失可掛失definition:Atraveler’scheckisaspeciallyprintedformofcheckissuedbyafinancialinstitution,leadinghotels,andotheragenciesinpreprinteddenominationsforafixedamounttoacustomerforusewhenheisgoingtotravelabroad.Atraveler’scheckisactuallyadraftonabankorotheragency.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentspartiesIssuer特定發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu):thefinancialinstitutions,leadinghotelsorotheragenciesissuingthetraveler’scheck.Sellingagent代售機(jī)構(gòu)手續(xù)費提成及時匯給國外發(fā)行機(jī)構(gòu)oroffice:theonethatsellsthetraveler’scheck.Thesellingagentsshouldkeepseparateaccountstorecordthetotalamountofchecksreceivedandsoldandremittheproceedstotheissueratonce.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsHolder:Whenpurchasingthecheck,thepersonmustsignhisnamethereononthecounterofsellingagent.Payingagent:theonethatundertakesbyarrangementwiththeissuertopaythetraveler’scheckpresentedbytheholder.Transferee:theonetowhomthetraveler’scheckistransferred.Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsProceduresFirst,afterfillinginanapplicationform,thepurchasersignshisnameonthefaceofeachcheckinthepresenceofthetellerandpaystheamountequivalenttothetotalvalueofthecheckspluscommission;Secondly,whenevertheholderneedstocashthecheck,hecountersignsoneachcheckinthepresenceofthecashier.Afterensuringthatthesignatureisidenticalwiththatalreadysignedthereon,thecashierencashesthecheck;Chapter3:InternationalSettlementInstrumentsThirdly,Afterpayingthecheck,thepayingagentsendsthecheckforwardforcollectionandinstructstheissuingbanktopaytheproceedseithertoitsaccountortosomeotherbankforcredittoitsaccount.Adv