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OldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureOutlineofBritishLiteratureOldandMedievalEnglishLiteature(449-1485)TheRenaissancePeriod(1485-1660)The17thCentury(1660-1700)The18thCentury(1700-1798)TheRomanticMovement(1798-1832)TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)ContemporaryPeriod(1901-)OldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)TheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1485)
OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature(History)OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature(Literature)HistoricalBackgroundTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)EarlySettlers:Celtsaround700B.C.ThreeInvasionsRomanInvasionInvasionsbyGermanic/Teutonictribes
DanishInvasion
1).Processofinvasion:Earlyinvasion:(in55B.C.〕JuliusCaesar,theRomanConqueror,whohadthenjustoccupiedGaul(thepresentdayFrance)RomanInvasionRomanInvasion2)FinaloccupationoftheislandsbyRomein43A.D.(ClaudiustheEmperor)
BecomeoneofprovinceofRomanEmpire.3).EndofRomanoccupation:
In410A.D.,alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned,thusendedtheRomanoccupationinBritain.TheHistoricalBackground
3).Influence:1.WiththeRomanConquesttheRomanmodeoflifecameacrosstoBritain.2.Also,itwasduringtheRomanrulethatChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.
InvasionsbyGermanic/TeutonicTribesTime:
fromthemiddleofthe5thcenturytothe11thcentury
Origin:
threeGermanictribesfromtheNortheastofEurope:
theAngles,theSaxonsandtheJutes
Socialpattern:thelaterstagesoftribalsociety.somesmallkingdomsaunitedkingdomcalledEngland(thelandofAngles)bythe7thcentury
Language:thethreedialectsasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-SaxonorOldEnglish.DanishInvasion
From787,theEnglishbegantobetroubledbybandsofDanishVikings.
Atfirsttheyjustinvadedpartsofthecountryfromtimetotime.Graduallytheycametomakepermanentsettlementandruthlesslydestroyedmanyofthemonasteries.
WhowereVikings?ThetermVikingiscustomarilyusedtorefertotheNorse(Scandinavian)explorers,warriors,merchants,andpirateswhoraided,traded,exploredandsettledinwideareasofEuropeandtheNorthAtlanticislandsfromthelate8thtothemid-11thcentury.GeneralViewofLiteratureQ:Whatdoyouthinkwillexertinfluencesonliteratureatthistime?A:1.Northernmythologytrace2.ChristianfeatureWhatwastheoriginalformofliteratureatthattime?Anglo-Saxonliteratureisalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.
Itcouldbepasseddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogeneration.Itscreatorsforthemostpartareunknown.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.Whatwasthemajorgenreofliterature?a.ItistheearliestformofliteratureinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.b.Theearliestpoemsorsongswerenarratedorallybyminstrels,orscopsorgleemen.Whatwasthemajorgenreofliterature?c.TherearetwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod—pagan〔無宗教信仰的;異教徒的〕andreligiouspoetry.Paganpoetrywas
representedbyBeowulfwhilereligiouspoetrywasrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulfMasterpiece:“TheSongofBeowulf〞
SignificanceSettingCharactersPlotThemeLiteraryFeaturesSignificanceThenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Passedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforewrittendowninthe10thcentury;ThemostimportantandrepresentativeworkoftheOldEnglish(theAnglo-Saxon)literature.SettingTime:
Thestorymaytakeplaceasearlyas400or500A.D.Place:itissetinwhatisnowSweden,whereatribecalledtheGeatslived.Setting:Beowulf’stimeandplaceEuropetodayTimeofBeowulfCharacters:
Beowulf:theheroGrendel’smother
Hrothgar:theking
Grendel:amonster
BeowulfPlotBeowulf’sfightwiththemonsterGrendelinHrothgar’shallBeowulf’sslayingofGrendel’smotherinherlairBeowulf’sreturntohishometown,andhissuccessiontothethrone.
Beowulf’svictoryindeath,fiftyyearslater,overthefiredragon
ThemeGood&EvilHeroism&HeroicDeedsLoyaltyBeowulf(OldEnglish)HW?T,WEGAR-DEnaingeardagum,
teodcyningatrymgefrunon,
huea?telingasellenfremedon!
oftScyldScefingsceatenatreatum,
monegumm?gtummeodosetlaofteah,
egsodeeorlas,syeean?restweare
feasceaftfunden;het?sfrofregebad,
weoxunderwolcnumweoremyndumtah,
oet?thim?ghwylcymbsittendra
oferhronradehyranscolde,
gombangyldan;t?tw?sgodcyning!
D?meaferaw?s?ftercenned
geongingeardum,toneGodsende
folcetofrofre;fyreneearfeongeat,
tehie?rdrugonaldorlease
langehwile;himt?sLiffrea,
wuldresWealdendworoldareforgeaf,
Beowulfw?sbreme–bl?dwidesprang-ScyldeseaferaScedelandumin.
Swascealgeonggumagodegewyrcean,
fromumfeohgiftumonf?derbearme,
t?thineonyldeeftgewunigen
wilgesitas,tonnewigcume,
leodegel?sten;lofd?dumsceal
inm?gtagehw?remangeteon.
HimeaScyldgewattogesc?phwile
felahrorferanonFreanw?re;
hihyneta?tb?rontobrimesfaroee,
sw?segesitas,swaheselfab?d,
tendenwordumweoldwineScyldinga---
leoflandfrumalangeahte.
Beowulf(ModernEnglish)Lo!theSpear-Danes’glorythroughsplendidachievementsThefolk-kings’formerfamewehaveheardof,Howprincesdisplayedthentheirprowess-in-battle.OftScyldtheScefingfromscathersinnumbersFrommanyapeopletheirmead-benchestore.Sincefirsthefoundhimfriendlessandwretched,Theearlhadhadterror:comforthegotforit,Waxed’neaththewelkin,world-honorgained,Tillallhisneighborso’erseawerecompelledtoBowtohisbiddingandbringhimtheirtribute:LiteraryFeaturesRhyme:ThepoemiswritteninalliterativeverseinalineRhetoric:Afigurativelanguageisused,whichiscalled“kenning〞ormetaphor〔隱喻〕.Simile(使用like或as等詞語的;明喻)AlliterativeVerse/AlliterationTherepetitionofthesamesoundsorofthesamekindsofsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllablesEg.Windwhistles,laughinglion…MoreexamplesLastbutnotleastFirstandforemost(with)mightandmain(in)wealandwoefullofvigorandvitality
blackandbluesafeandsoundUseofalliterationinBeowulfOftScyldScefing Monegummaegpum Egsodeeorlas…KenningAkenningisintheformofacompound(usuallytwowords,oftenhyphenated(以連字符號連接))thatemploysfigurative〔比喻的,修飾多的,象征的〕languageinplaceofamoreconcretesingle-wordnoun.Kenningswhale’sway=?Wound-sea=?Sleepofthesword=?SeabloodDeathGuessmoreBattlesweat=Feedtheeagle=Ravenharvest=Baneofwood=Seasteed=BloodKillCorpseFireshipKenningsinBeowulfOldEnglishinBeowulfModernEnglishversionMeaningswan-rād
swan-roadseabeadoleomaflashinglightswordbanhusbone-housebodyTheAnglo-NormanPeriodHistoricalBackgroundBeginning:NormanConquestin1066
WilliamtheDukeofNormandyImportantEventsintheperiodHundredYears’War(1337-1453)BlackDeath(around1340A.D.)PeasantUprisings(around1380A.D.)WhatwasitliketoliveinEnglandintheMiddleAges?
Theideaofestates(較高的社會地位),ororders,wasencouragedduringtheAge.The3EstatesinEnglandduringtheAgeClergyLatinchieflyspoken,thosewhopray,purposewastosaveeveryone’ssoulNoblesFrenchchieflyspoken,thosewhofight,purpose
wastoprotect—allowforalltoworkinpeace—andprovidejusticeCommonersEnglishspoken,thosewhowork,purposewastofeedandclotheallabovethemanislandofpeoples,languages,anddivisions...Latin--church,schoolsFrench--court,castleEnglish--commonersTheWhiteTowerinLondon…partofWilliam’slegacyChartresCathedral
MatureFeudalSystemLiterarygenrepopularinthisperiodThemostprevailing(盛行的)kindofliteratureinfeudalE
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