《話語(yǔ)分析》書評(píng)課件

Whatisdiscourseanalysis?Accordingtothisbook:theanalysisoflanguageinuse.apragmaticapproachtoDAThediscourseanalysthastoconsidercontext.TheimportantdefinitionDiscourseAnalysisbyGillianBrown&GeorgeYule1最新版整理pptThisbookintroducesthedifferentapproachestodiscourseanalysis.Thisbookcanhelplearnershaveacomprehensiveviewaboutthissubject.Thecorporaincludedinthisbookcoversrecording,notice,letter,novelandnewspaperarticles.myview:Itisnotthatdifficulttounderstandbecauseitdealswiththebasicconcepts,thecommonapproaches,buteffortsarestillneededinordertofullyunderstandit.Generalimpressionaboutthebook2最新版整理pptHowtointerpretdiscourse?Readerscanbasetheirinterpretationofthewriter’sintendedmeaningon:1localinterpretationandgeneralfeaturesofcontextdiscussedinChapter2,2theregularitiesofdiscoursestructureoutlinedinChapter3and4,3theregularfeaturesofinformationstructureorganizationdetailedinChapter5,4reference,coherenceinChapter6&7.3最新版整理pptChapter1:introduction2functionsoflanguage:transactional(信息性)和interactional(互動(dòng)性)transactional用來(lái)表達(dá)命題和傳達(dá)信息，interactional用于建立和維持社會(huì)關(guān)系。

thedifferencebetweenspokendiscourseandthewrittenonethedifferencebetweensentenceandutterance

Thestructureofthebook4最新版整理pptChapter1基本概念Chapter2話語(yǔ)分析中的語(yǔ)境1理解語(yǔ)境的基本方法：reference,presupposition,implicatureandinference.2情境語(yǔ)境的特征：Hymes的分類：addressorandaddressee,topic,setting,channel(如語(yǔ)言，擊鼓，鳴號(hào)，搖旗),code（語(yǔ)碼，如用了什么樣的語(yǔ)言、方言或使用了什么樣的語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格,message-form，（交際形式，如聊天、辯論、布道、十四行詩(shī)情書等）andevent（事件）3可以幫助理解話語(yǔ)情境的兩個(gè)原則：localinterpretationprinciple（就近原則）analogyprinciple（類比原則）e.g.Thebabycried.Themommypickeditup.Analogyprinciple:Iftheanalysthasexperiencedalotdataofaparticularkind,hewillfeelmoreconfidentinhisinterpretationbecausehecanmakeacomparison.5最新版整理pptChapter3話題與話語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)1Inthischaptertheauthortriestoexploresomerecentattemptstoconstructatheoreticalnotionof“topic”.2DiscoursetopicisproposedbyKeenanandSchieffelin.Theythinkthattheremustbeasingleproposition(expressedasaphraseorsentence)whichrepresentsthediscoursetopicofthewholeofthefragment.3Sinceattemptingtodefinetopicwithfocusonthecontentofatextisadifficulttask,wecouldlookattheform,concentrateontopic-shifttodefinetopic,which,infactaretopicboundarymarkers.6最新版整理pptChapter4視角和話語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的表現(xiàn)1Discourseispresentedinlinestructure.Thespeakerhastochooseastartingpoint.Thisstartingpointwillinfluencethehearer’slatterunderstanding.2Thematisation（主位化）referstothelinearorganizationoftexts.3Eachsimplesentencehasatheme-thestartingpointofthestructureandarheme,everythingelsethatfollowsinthesentence

4Themeisusuallytheleft-mostconstituentinthesentence.5WefindthemeusedsometimestorefertothegrammaticalsubjectsofaseriesofsentencesasinaremarkbyKatz.Butthemeisnotthegrammaticalsubject.6Stagging(視角)ofteninvolvesnaturalorder（自然順序）andpointofview（視點(diǎn)）Naturalorderisforthepresentationofanarrativesequenceofevents.7最新版整理ppt7Naturalorderconsistsoftimesequence（時(shí)間順序）andperceptualsalience.（感知順序，一般到個(gè)別，整體到局部，由大到?。?Itisnaturaltoputtheeventthathappensfirst.Ifthewriterdoesnotabidebythethisorder,hewantstocreatesomespecialeffects（如懸念）9Stagingcaninfluencethechoiceofwordsusedbythespeakerorthewriter.executed(表明一個(gè)法律程序)assassinated(非法和政治行為而報(bào)道)murdered(非法的犯罪行為而報(bào)道)Mary,QueenofScots,wasbytheEnglishQueen.8最新版整理pptChapter5信息結(jié)構(gòu)focuses:considerhowinformationispackagedwithinsmallstructuresinformationstructureanditsintonationrealization(Halliday’saccount)

TheseriousstudyofinformationstructurewithintextswasinstitutedbyscholarsofthePragueSchoolbeforetheSecondWorldWar.

HallidayadoptedthePragueSchoolviewofinformationasconsistingoftwocategories:newinformation,whichisinformationthattheaddressorbelievesisnotknowntotheaddressee,andgiveninformationwhichtheaddressorbelievesisknowntotheaddressee.Accordingtohim,thespeakerwillordergiveninformationbeforenewinformation.9最新版整理pptHeisparticularlyconcernedwiththeinformationorganizationwithinspokenEnglish.HallidaybelievesthatoneofthefunctionsofintonationinEnglishistomarkoffwhichinformationthespeakeristreatingasnewandwhichinformationthespeakeristreatingasgiven.Informationunitsaredirectlyrealizedinspeechastonegroups.Tonegroupsaredistinguishedphonologicallybycontainonlyonetonicsyllable.Pausesandpitchesalsohelptodefinetonegroups.Thetonicsyllablefunctionstofocusthenewinformation.10最新版整理pptArecitalbyafour-year-oldofafairystory//ina/far-away/LAND////there/liveda/bad/naughty/FAIRY////anda/handsome/PRINCE////anda/lovely/PRINcess////shewasa/really/WICKed/fairy(“//”:thetonegroupboundaries;capitalisation:tonic)informationstructureanditssyntacticrealizationHarrisobservedthatnewinformationischaracteristicallyintroducedbyindefiniteexpressionsandsubsequentlyreferredtobydefiniteexpressions.2predominantformsofexpressionusedtorefertoanentitytreatedasgiven:pronominals

anddefiniteNPs.Clausesalsohavethefunctionofmarkinggivenandnewinformation.11最新版整理pptChapter6語(yǔ)篇中的指稱性whatistext?(abriefoutlinegivenbyHalliday)Textureisthecohesiverelationshipswithinandbetweenthesentences.“Atexthastextureandthisiswhatdistinguishesitfromsomethingthatisnotatext…Thetextureisprovidebythecohesiverelation”(Halliday&Hasan)e.g.:Washandcore6cookingapples.Putthemintoafireproofdish.

Halliday&Hasanoutlinethetypesofcohesiverelationshipswhichprovidecohesivetiesthatbindatexttogether.如表遞進(jìn)的有and,or,inaddition,furthermore;表轉(zhuǎn)折的有but,however;表因果的有so,consequently,forthisreason;表時(shí)間的有then,afterthat,anhourlater等等。12最新版整理ppt

Halliday&Hasanrecognisethat“itistheunderlyingsemanticrelation…thatactuallyhasthecohesivepower(1976:229);itisthepresenceofthecohesivemarkerswhichconstitutes“textness”.Thecohesiverelationshipwhichintereststhemisco-referencerelation.Typesofco-referencerelation:a.Exophora(theinterpretationliesoutsidethetext,inthecontext):Lookatthat.(that=)b.Endophora:(1)anaphoric-Lookatthesun.It’sgoingdownquickly.(Itrefersbacktothesun.)(2)cataphoric-It’sgoingdownquickly,thesun.(Itrefersforwardstothesun.)

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Cohesionmaybederivedformlexicalrelationshipslikehyponymy,collocability,structuralrelationships,consistencyoftenseandstylisticchoiceandsoon.TheauthorpointsouttheproblemsofHalliday&Hasan.Forexample:Thereisinadequacyofconsideringcohesivetiesasabasisforguaranteeing“textness”.IboughtaFord.AcarinwhichPresidentWilsonrodedowntheChammpsElyseeswasblack.BlackEnglishhasbeenwidelydiscussed.Thediscussionsbetweenthepresidentsendedlastweek.Aweekhas7days.EverydayIfeedmycat.Catshave4legs.discoursereference

Successfulreferencedependsonthehearer’sidentifying,forthepurposesofunderstandingthecurrentlinguisticmessage,thespeaker’sintendedreferent,onthebasisofthereferringexpressionused.14最新版整理ppt

referringexpressions:1indefiniteexpressions:e.g.aman,abeautifulgirl2names:Plato,Elizabeth3definiteexpressions:thekillerpronounsindiscoursePronounsareexamplesofexpressionsusedbyspeakerstorefertothe“given”entities.

那么受話人在什么基礎(chǔ)上理解話語(yǔ)的代詞所指呢？作者認(rèn)為他可以使用他所具有的以下知識(shí)：⑴anantecedentpredicateexpression(先行代詞的表達(dá))⑵anantecedentnominalexpression（先行謂語(yǔ)的表達(dá)）⑶animplicitantecedentpredicate（隱含先行的表謂）⑷therolesofantecedentnominalexpression⑸thenewpredicatesattachedtothepronoune.g.:Evenanapprenticecanmakeover20poundaweekandtheydon’tgetmuchtaxtakenfromthat.15最新版整理pptChapter7話語(yǔ)理解中的連貫howtotakethemessageInrecentyears,therehasbeenaninterestinthesocialinteractionaspectlanguageuse.

Lavo(1970)arguesthatthereare“rulesofinterpretationwhichrelatewhatissaidtowhatisdone”.Hepointsoutthattherecognitionofcoherenceisnotbasedonarelationshipbetweenutterances,butbetweentheactionsperformedwiththoseutterances.

e.g.:A:That’sthetelephone.(ArequestsBtoperformaction)B:I’minthebath.(Bstatesreasonwhyhecan’tact)A:OK.(Aundertakestoperformaction)

Widdowsonsuggeststhatitisonlybyrecognizingtheactionperformedbyeachoftheseutterancesthatwecanacceptthissequenceascohere