審計(jì)學(xué)全套課件

AUDITINGWHAT’STHEAUDITING?

Auditingisasystematicprocessofobjectivelyobtainingandevaluatingevidenceregardingassertionsabouteconomicactionsandeventstoascertainthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweenthoseassertionsandestablishedcriteriaandcommunicatingtheresultstointerestedusers.

審計(jì)是為確定經(jīng)濟(jì)行為及經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生和既定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間的一致程度，客觀地收集、評(píng)價(jià)有關(guān)證據(jù)，並將結(jié)果傳達(dá)給利害關(guān)係人的系統(tǒng)過程。我國(guó)給出的審計(jì)的涵義：審計(jì)是由專職機(jī)構(gòu)和人員對(duì)被審計(jì)單位的財(cái)政、財(cái)務(wù)收支及有關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的真實(shí)性、合法性和效益性進(jìn)行審查，評(píng)價(jià)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任，用以維護(hù)財(cái)經(jīng)法紀(jì)，改善經(jīng)營(yíng)管理，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，促進(jìn)宏觀調(diào)控的獨(dú)立性的經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)。WhataretheconnectionandthedifferencebetweenAuditingandAccounting?

WHYDOESTHEAUDITINGEXIST?-----Thebasicoftheauditing

HOWHASTHEAUDITINGDEVELOPED?-----InChinaandInWesternCountries

TYPESOFAUDITS

FinancialStatementsAudits（財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表審計(jì)）

ComplianceAudits（符合性審計(jì)）

OperationalAudits（經(jīng)營(yíng)性審計(jì)）中國(guó)的審計(jì)分類（比較詳細(xì)）比如：按照審計(jì)的主體分為政府審計(jì)、民間審計(jì)和內(nèi)部審計(jì)按照審計(jì)的內(nèi)容和目的分為財(cái)政財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)和財(cái)經(jīng)法紀(jì)審計(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益審計(jì)；按照審計(jì)的範(fàn)圍分為全部審計(jì)、局部審計(jì)和專項(xiàng)審計(jì)；TYPESOFAUDITORS

ExternalauditorsInternalauditorsGovernmentauditorsWHATPROFESSIONSERVICESWILLTHEAUDITORSDO?a.Taxservicesb.Consultingservicesc.Accountingandreviewservicesd.Litigationsupportservicese.Fraudinvestigationservicesf.PersonalfinancialplanningORGANIZATIONSTHATAFFECTFINACIALSTATEMENTAUDITS1.AICPA-----AmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants2.FASB-----FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard3.GASB-----GovernmentalAccountingStandardsBoardSEC-----SecuritiesExchangeCommissionCHAPTER2

PROFESSIONALSTANDARDS

（審計(jì)的職業(yè)準(zhǔn)則）

Objective（教學(xué)目標(biāo)）

Describethe10GAAS

Knowtheauditors’responsibilityfordetectingmisstatement

Explaintheelementsoftheauditors’report

Describetheattestationstandards

KnowthequalitycontrolinCPAfirms

DescribeinternationalaccountingandauditingstandardsKEYTERMSINCHAPTER2

1.

Adequatedisclosure（充分披露）2.

Adverseopinion（否定意見）3.

Auditrisk（審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）4.

Auditors’standardreport（審計(jì)報(bào)告）5.

Consistency（一致性）6.

Disclaimerofopinion（拒絕表示意見）7.

DivisionforCPAFirms（CPA公司業(yè)務(wù)劃分）8.

Error（錯(cuò)誤）9.Fraud（舞弊）

10.

GAAS（generallyacceptedauditingstandards）（公認(rèn)審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則）11.

Illegalacts（違法行為）12.

Independence（獨(dú)立性）13.Internalcontrol（內(nèi)部控制）

14.

IAPC（internationalauditingpracticescommittee）（國(guó)際審計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)委員會(huì)）15.

InternationalFederationofAccountants

（國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)師聯(lián)合會(huì)）16.

Irregularity（錯(cuò)誤或者舞弊）17.

Peerreview（同業(yè)互查）18.

PublicOversightBoard（POB）（公共預(yù)測(cè)委員會(huì)）19.

Qualifiedopinion（保留意見）20.

Qualitycontrolstandards（品質(zhì)控制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）21.Unqualifiedopinion（無保留意見）

2.1GAAS（generallyacceptedauditingstandards）（公認(rèn)審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則）Including10standards,weputthemintothreetypes:1.Generalstandards

（一般準(zhǔn)則）

a.Theauditistobeperformedbyapersonorpersonshavingadequatetechnicaltrainingandproficiencyasanauditor.

審計(jì)工作應(yīng)該由經(jīng)過充分技術(shù)培訓(xùn)、並精通業(yè)務(wù)的人員擔(dān)任審計(jì)師。b.Inallmattersrelatingtotheassignment,anindependenceinmentalattitudeistobemaintainedbytheauditororauditors.

審計(jì)師在完成各種審計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的過程中，應(yīng)保持精神上的獨(dú)立

c.Dueprofessionalcareistobeexercisedintheplanning,andperformanceoftheauditandthepreparationofthereport.

在制定審計(jì)計(jì)畫、執(zhí)行審計(jì)工作，以及編寫審計(jì)報(bào)告時(shí)，應(yīng)保持適度的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎2.StandardsofFieldWork（外勤工作準(zhǔn)則）Theworkistobeadequatelyplannedandassistants,ifany,aretobeproperlysupervised.

審計(jì)工作應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)畫，如有助理人員參加，應(yīng)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)亩綄?dǎo)。b.Asufficientunderstandingofinternalcontrolistobeobtainedtoplantheauditandtodeterminethenature,timing,andextentofteststobeperformed.

應(yīng)充分瞭解客戶的內(nèi)部控制情況，以便制定審計(jì)計(jì)劃，確定測(cè)試的種類、時(shí)間及其範(fàn)圍c.Sufficientcompetentevidentialmatteristobeobtainedthroughinspection,observation,inquires,andconfirmationstoaffordareasonablebasisforanopinionregardingthefinancialstatementsunderaudit.

應(yīng)通過檢查、觀察、詢問和函證等方法，獲取充分、適當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)證據(jù)，以便對(duì)接受審計(jì)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表發(fā)表審計(jì)意見提供合理的基礎(chǔ)。3.StandardsofReporting

（報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則）ThereportshallstatewhetherthefinancialstatementsarepresentedinaccordancewithGAAP

報(bào)告應(yīng)說明發(fā)佈的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是否遵循了公認(rèn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則b.Thereportshallidentifythosecircumstancesinwhichsuchprincipleshavenotbeenconsistentlyobservedinthecurrentperiodinrelationtotheprecedingperiod.

報(bào)告將指明本期與前期相比，沒有一貫遵守各項(xiàng)會(huì)計(jì)原則的各種情況c.Informativedisclosuresinthefinancialstatementsaretoberegardedasreasonablyadequateunlessotherwisestatedinthereport.

除非在報(bào)告中另有說明，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中所披露的資訊應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是適當(dāng)?shù)暮统浞值膁.Thereportshalleithercontainanexpressionofopinionregardingthefinancialstatements,takenasawhole,oranassertiontotheeffectthatanopinioncannotbeexpressed.Whenanoverallopinioncannotbeexpressed,thereasonsthereforshouldbestated.Inallcaseswhereanauditor’snameisassociatedwithfinancialstatements,thereportshouldcontainaclear-cutindicationofthecharacteroftheauditor’sworkifany,andthedegreeofresponsibilitytheauditoristaking.報(bào)告將就財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的整體發(fā)表意見，或作出拒絕表示意見的認(rèn)定。在不能發(fā)表總體意見時(shí)，應(yīng)說明理由。在任何情況下，當(dāng)審計(jì)師的名字與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表聯(lián)繫起來時(shí)，審計(jì)報(bào)告應(yīng)對(duì)審計(jì)師工作的性質(zhì)，以及承擔(dān)責(zé)任的程度作出明確說明。（1）ApplicationofAuditingStandardsCaringsomesubjectivetermsofmeasurement,suchas“adequate,sufficient,sufficientcompetent,professionjudgment.”（2）TrainingandProficiency

Emphasisontherequirementoftheabilityofaauditor（3）Independencetherelationbetweentheauditorsandtheclients（4）DueProfessionalCareanauditormustworkinanalertanddiligentmanner.（5）StandardsofFieldWork—AccumulatingandEvaluatingEvidencea.knowingtheclients’internalcontrolb.havingthespecialdatatoprovethefinancialstatementsaudited（6）AdequatePlanningandSupervision

AdequatePlanningandSupervisionarethekeystotheauditing（7）SufficientUnderstandingofInternalControlEffectiveinternalcontrolmeanstheaccountingrecords

aredependable

（8）SufficientCompetentEvidentialMatter（9）StandardsofReporting（10）StatementsonAuditingStandards（SASs）審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則公告2.2THEAUDITORS’RESPONSIBILITYFORDETECTINGMISSTATEMENTS（審計(jì)人員發(fā)現(xiàn)誤報(bào)的責(zé)任）1.

ErrorsandFraud（錯(cuò)誤和舞弊）

a.

definitionsoferrorsandfraudb.

thedifferenceoferrorsandfraudc.

theassuranceprovidedbytheauditors2.IllegalActsbyClients（客戶的違法行為）a.Howwilltheauditorsdowhentheyfindtheillegalactshavebeendonebytheclients?b.Whatkindsofillegalactsexist?

2.3THEAUDITORS’REPORT（審計(jì)報(bào)告）1.

Thethreeparagraphsintheauditors’reporta.

theintroductoryparagraph（介紹段）inthisparagraph,weneedtoattentiontwopoints:l

Whoisresponsibleforthefinancialstatements?l

Whatdotheauditorsrenderon?b.

thescopeparagraph（範(fàn)圍段）l

describingthenatureoftheCPA’sauditl

provingtheassuranceservices

c.

theopinionparagraph（意見段）onlyonesentenceinthisparagraph（P42）

l

inouropinionl

inallmateriall

GAAP

2.Othertypesofauditors’reportl

qualifiedopinion保留意見

l

adverseopinion否定意見

ldisclaimerofopinion

拒絕表示意見ATTESTATION（鑒證）本質(zhì)上是與“審計(jì)”同義的，一般情況下可以互換。兩者都包括為確定某些行為與可計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間的一致程度，評(píng)價(jià)可靠的證據(jù)，併發(fā)布表明一致性程度的報(bào)告的過程。在鑒證準(zhǔn)則中將鑒證定義為：鑒證是執(zhí)業(yè)人員就他人書面申明的可靠性出具書面證明的過程。2.4THEATTESTATIONSTANDARDS

鑒證準(zhǔn)則

Generalstandards（一般準(zhǔn)則）Theengagementshallbeperformedbyapractitionerhavingadequatetechnicaltrainingandproficiencyintheattestfunction.鑒證業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)由經(jīng)過充分技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，並精通業(yè)務(wù)的執(zhí)業(yè)人員來執(zhí)行2.Theengagementshallbeperformedbyapractitionerhavingadequateknowledgeinthesubjectmatter.鑒證業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)由對(duì)該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)有充分瞭解的執(zhí)業(yè)人員來執(zhí)行Thepractitionershallperformtheengagementonlyifheorshehasreasontobelievethatthesubjectmatteriscapableofevaluationormeasurementagainstcriteriathataresuitable

andavailabletousers.執(zhí)業(yè)人員只有在有理由相信該專案時(shí)能夠按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加以評(píng)價(jià)或計(jì)量，並對(duì)於用戶來講是適用可行時(shí)，才可以實(shí)行鑒證業(yè)務(wù)。4.Inallmattersrelatingtotheengagement,anindependenceinmentalattitudeshallbemaintainedbythepractitioner.對(duì)於一切與鑒證業(yè)務(wù)有關(guān)的問題，執(zhí)業(yè)人員應(yīng)保持精神上的獨(dú)立5.Dueprofessionalcareshallbeexercisedintheplanningandtheperformanceoftheengagement.在制定計(jì)畫並執(zhí)行鑒證業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)，應(yīng)保持適度的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎

StandardsofFieldWork（外勤工作準(zhǔn)則）1.Theworkshallbeadequatelyplannedandassistants,ifany,Shallbeproperlysupervised.鑒證工作應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)挠?jì)畫，如有助理人員參加，應(yīng)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)亩綄?dǎo)Sufficientevidenceshallbeobtainedtoprovideareasonablebasisfortheconclusionthatisexpressedinthereport.應(yīng)獲取充分的證據(jù)，為在出具的鑒證報(bào)告中發(fā)表意見提供合理依據(jù)StandardsofReporting（報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則）1.ThereportshallidentifythesubjectmatterortheassertionBeingreportedonandstatethecharacteroftheengagement.報(bào)告應(yīng)明確委託專案或所報(bào)告的認(rèn)定，並指出此項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)委託的特性。2.Thereportshallstatethepractitioner’sconclusionaboutsubjectmatterortheassertionbasedonthecriteriaagainstwhichthesubjectmatterwasmeasured.報(bào)告應(yīng)表述執(zhí)業(yè)人員關(guān)於該委託專案的結(jié)論性意見，或按照該委託專案的計(jì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得出的認(rèn)定3.Thereportshallstateallofthepractitioner’ssignificantreservationsabouttheengagement.報(bào)告應(yīng)指出執(zhí)業(yè)人員對(duì)該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)委託的所有重大保留意見4.Thereportonanengagementtoevaluateanassertionthathasbeenpreparedinconformitywithagreed-uponcriteriaoronanengagementtoapplyagreed-uponproceduresshouldcontainastatementlimitingitsusetothepartiedwhohaveagreed-uponsuchcriteriaorprocedures.報(bào)告或者評(píng)價(jià)按照約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編制的委託專案，或者評(píng)價(jià)與此相關(guān)的認(rèn)定，或者說明在該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)上應(yīng)用的約定程式，該報(bào)告應(yīng)該表明它僅限於在認(rèn)可這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者程式的相關(guān)方面使用。PayattentiontothedifferencebetweenGAASandAICPAAttestationStandards2.5QUALITYCONTROLINCPAFIRMS

1.

lookatthefigure2-5（P49）

2.

DivisionforCPAfirmsa.

theSECpracticesectionb.

theprivatecompaniespracticesection3.

thePublicOversightBoard（POB）

Itsfunction:l

changinginthesection’sstandards,membershiprequirements,rulesorprocedures.l

changingtheresultsofpeerreviewsandimplicationsoflitigationallegingauditfailure.4.peerreview2.6INTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGANDAUDITINGSTANDARDSl

IFACandIAPCl

Providingaguidancefortheauditorsinmethodsandreports.l

DifferencesbetweenaninternationalauditreportandonebasedontheU.S.reportingstandards.(P51)CHAPTER3

PROFESSIONALETHICS

ObjectiveKnowingwhatistheethicsandwhatthenatureoftheethicsEvaluatingtheethicaldilemmasDescribingthetwosectionsoftheAICPACodeofProfessionalConduct------PrinciplesandRulesDiscussingTheInstituteofInternalAuditorsCodeofEthicsKEYTERMS１.

Auditcommittee２.

Audit-sensitiveposition３.

Directfinancialinterest４.

EthicsRulings５.

Independence６.

Indirectfinancialinterest７.

InterpretationsofRules８.

Managerialemployee９.

PrinciplesoftheCode１０.

Profession１１.

Prospectivefinancialinformation１２.

Rules１３.

Significantinfluence１４.

ISB（IndependentStandardsBoard）獨(dú)立準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì)１５.

Publicconfidence公眾信賴１６.

Actsdiscreditable有損聲譽(yù)的行為3-1THENATUREOFETHICSWhat’sthedefinitionofethics?moraljudgmentandstandardsofconductrelationshipsamongpeople1.WHATAREETHICALDILEMMAS?AsituationfacedbytheindividualinvolvingadecisionaboutappropriatebehaviorInvolvingsituationsaffectingthewelfareofindividualsthroughtheresultsofdecisionEthicaldilemmasfacedbyauditorsoftenaffectthewelfareofindividualsandgroups２.

AFRAMEWORKFORETHICALDECISIONS

Theframeworkincludesfivesteps:IdentifytheproblemIdentifypossiblecoursesofactionIdentifyanyconstraintsrelatingtothedecisionAnalyzethelikelyeffectsofthepossiblecoursesofactionSelectthebestcourseofaction3-2

THENEEDFOR

PROFESSIONALETHICS１.

ThecharacteristicsofpublicaccountingAresponsibilitytoservethepublicAcomplexbodyofknowledgeStandardsofadmissiontotheprofessionAneedforpublicconfidence２.

ProfessionalEthicsinPublicAccounting3-3

THEAICPACODEOF

PROFESSIONALCONDUCT

Twopartsofthecode:

SectionI

Preambleexpressingtheprofession’srecognitionofitsresponsibilitiestothepublic,toclientsandtocolleaguesguidingmembersintheperformanceoftheirprofessionalresponsibilitiesandexpressingthebasictenetsofethicalandprofessionalconductcallingforanunswervingcommitmenttohonorablebehavior,evensacrificingpersonaladvantage

ArticleI

Responsibilities責(zé)任

Incarryingouttheirresponsibilitiesasprofessionals,membersshouldexercisesensitiveprofessionalandmoraljudgmentsinalltheiractivities.作為專業(yè)人員履行其職責(zé)時(shí)，會(huì)員應(yīng)在任何情況下都靈活地運(yùn)用職業(yè)和道德判斷。

ArticleII

ThePublicInterest公共利益

Membersshouldaccepttheobligationtoactinawaythatwillservethepublicinterest,honorthepublictrust,anddemonstratecommitmenttoprofessionalism.會(huì)員有責(zé)任按照服務(wù)於公眾利益、贏得公眾信賴、顯示執(zhí)業(yè)操守的方式行事。

ArticleIII

Integrity公正

Tomaintainandbroadenpublicconfidence,membersshouldperformallprofessionalresponsibilitieswiththehighestsenseofintegrity.為了維持並擴(kuò)大公眾的信賴，會(huì)員應(yīng)以最強(qiáng)的公正意識(shí)履行所有專業(yè)職責(zé)。

ArticleIV

ObjectivityandIndependence客觀獨(dú)立

Amembershouldmaintainobjectivityandbefreeofconflictsofinterestindischargingprofessionalresponsibilities.Amemberinpublicpracticeshouldbeindependentinfactandappearancewhenprovidingauditingandotherattestationservices.會(huì)員應(yīng)保持客觀性，並避免在履行職責(zé)時(shí)的利益衝突，在公共領(lǐng)域執(zhí)業(yè)的會(huì)員，在提供審計(jì)和其他鑒證服務(wù)時(shí)，應(yīng)保持事實(shí)和形式上的獨(dú)立。

ArticleV

DueCare適度謹(jǐn)慎

Amembershouldobservetheprofession’stechnicalandethicalstandards,strivecontinuallytoimprovecompetenceandthequalityofservices,anddischargeprofessionalresponsibilitytothebestofthemember’sability.會(huì)員應(yīng)恪守專業(yè)技術(shù)和道德準(zhǔn)則，堅(jiān)持不懈地改善專業(yè)能力和服務(wù)品質(zhì)，充分發(fā)揮履行職責(zé)地能力。

ArticleVI

ScopeandNatureofServices服務(wù)範(fàn)圍和性質(zhì)

AmemberinpublicpracticeshouldobservethePrinciplesoftheCodeofProfessionalConductindeterminingthescopeandnatureofservicestobeprovided.

在公共領(lǐng)域執(zhí)業(yè)的會(huì)員，在確定提供服務(wù)的範(fàn)圍和性質(zhì)時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循《職業(yè)行為守則》的各項(xiàng)原則。SECTIONII-------RULESApplicability

ThebylawsoftheAICPArequirethatmembersadheretotheCodeofProfessionalConduct.MembersmustbepreparedtojustifydeparturesfromtheseRules.美國(guó)註冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)章程要求會(huì)員遵守《職業(yè)行為守則》中的各項(xiàng)規(guī)則，會(huì)員必須對(duì)違背守則的行為作出解釋。RULE101------Independence

AmemberinpublicpracticeshallbeindependentintheperformanceofprofessionalservicesasrequiredbystandardspromulgatedbybodiesdesignatedbyCouncil.在公共領(lǐng)域執(zhí)業(yè)的會(huì)員應(yīng)在提供專業(yè)服務(wù)的過程中，依照委員會(huì)指定機(jī)構(gòu)制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，保持獨(dú)立性。ApplicabilityoftheIndependenceRuleIndependenceofPartnersandStaffFinancialInterestsinAuditClientsDirectandIndirectFinancialInterestsPastEmploymentwiththeClientInterestsofaCPA’sRelationsIndependenceasDefinedbytheSECIndependence----AMatterofDegreeOthersituationsthatmayimpairIndependenceRULE102-------IntegrityandObjectivity

Intheperformanceofanyprofessionalservice,amembershallmaintainobjectivityandintegrity,shallbefreeofconflictsofinterest,andshallnotknowinglymisrepresentfactsorsubordinatehisorherjudgmenttoothers.在提供任何專業(yè)服務(wù)時(shí)，會(huì)員應(yīng)保持客觀和公正，避免利益衝突，同時(shí)不得蓄意歪曲事實(shí)或被他人的判斷所左右。RULE201-----GeneralStandards

AmembershallcomplywiththefollowingstandardsandwithanyinterpretationsthereofbybodiesdesignatedbyCouncil:ProfessionalCompetenceDueProfessionalCarePlanningandSupervisionSufficientRelevantDataRULE202------CompliancewithStandards

Amemberwhoperformsauditing,review,compilation,managementconsulting,tax,orotherprofessionalservicesshallcomplywithstandardspromulgatedbybodiesdesignatedbyCouncil.

Professionalstandardsofconsultingservices:ClientInterestUnderstandingwithclientCommunicatingwithclientRULE203------AccountingPrinciplesRULE301-------ConfidentialClientInformation

Amemberinpublicpracticeshallnotdiscloseanyconfidentialclientinformationwithoutthespecificconsentoftheclient.未經(jīng)客戶的特別允許，在公共領(lǐng)域執(zhí)業(yè)的人員不得洩漏客戶的任何保密資訊。RULE302------ContingentFeesRULE501------ActsDiscreditableAmembershallnotcommitanactdiscreditabletotheprofession.RULE502------AdvertisingandOtherFormsofSolicitationAmemberinpublicpracticeshallnotseektoobtainclientsbyadvertisingorotherformsofsolicitationsinamannerthatisfalse,misleading,ordeceptive.Solicitationbytheuseofcoercion,overreaching,orharassingconductisprohibited.在公共領(lǐng)域執(zhí)業(yè)的會(huì)員不得通過虛構(gòu)、令人誤解的或欺騙性的廣告及其他形式招攬客戶；禁止以威脅、哄騙或騷擾行為招攬業(yè)務(wù)。3-4ETHICSFORINTERNALAUDITORSTheInstituteofInternalAuditorsCodeofEthicsPurposeApplicabilityStandardsofConduct（I------XI）CHAPTER4

LEGALLIABILITYOFAUDITORSObjectivesl

What’sthelegalliabilityofauditorsl

Knowingsometerms‘sdefinitionl

Describingauditors’liabilitytoclientsunderCommonLawl

What’stheauditors’CommonLawliabilitytothirdpartiesandthetypesl

Knowingauditors’liabilitytothirdpartiesunderStatutoryLawandthetypesTerms:CommonLaw習(xí)慣法Compilationoffinancialstatements

編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表Constructivefraud推定舞弊Duediligence應(yīng)有的勤勉ErrorandfraudGrossnegligence重大過失IrregularityNegligence過失Precedent先例Registrationstatement登記表RestatementofLawofTortsReviewoffinancialstatementsScienter故意SecuritiesActsof1993《1933年證券法》SecuritiesExchangeActsof1934《1934年證券交易法》StatutoryLaw成文法Third-partybeneficiary第三方受益人Contributorynegligence共同過失Criminalliability刑事責(zé)任Defendants被告Plaintiff原告Engagementletter業(yè)務(wù)約定書Proximatecause直接原因Recourse追索權(quán)4-1Outline1.UniquevulnerabilityofAccountantstoLawsuitsIfaCPAisnegligentinexpressinganopiniononfinancialstatements,literallymillionsofinvestorsmaysustainlosses.2.Definitionsofterms

（1）

negligence-----ordinaryorsimplenegligence,maybeviewedas“failuretoexercisedueprofessionalcare”.

（2）

Grossnegligence-----recklessdisregardforone’sprofessionalresponsibility,lackofevenslightcare.

（3）

Fraud------knowinglytomisrepresentamaterialfact

（4）

Constructivefraud-----notknowinglytodeceive,grossnegligencehasbeeninterpretedasconstructivefraud.

（5）

Privity-----arelationshipbetweenpartiestoacontract.

（6）Third-partybeneficiary

（7）Engagementletter----writtencontract

（8）Breachofcontract（違約）（9）Proximatecause-----someone’sfalseleadstoothers’lossesdirectly

（10）

Plaintiff

（11）Contributorynegligence

（1）

Comparativenegligence

（2）

Commonlaw------unwrittenlaw

（3）

Statutorylaw------writtenlaw

Litigationplacedinperspective

（正確看待訴訟）

4.2AUDITORS’LIABILITYTOTHEIRCLIENTSUNDERCOMMONLAW

1.CPAliabilitytoclientsmaybebasedon

a.

breachofcontractb.

atortactionfornegligencec.

both2.AclientmustprovethefollowingthingstoestablishCPAliability:a.

dutyb.

breachofdutyc.

loss3.proximatecause

4.3AUDITORS’COMMONLAWLIABILITYTOTHIRDPARTIES

1.

UltramaresApproach

厄特拉馬斯處理法

2.

RestatementofTortsApproach

民事侵權(quán)行為法新編處理法

3.

RosenblumApproach

羅森布魯姆處理法

4.JointandSeveralLiability

連帶責(zé)任

4.4LIABILITYTOTHIRDPARTIESUNDERSTATUTORYLAW

1.

SecuritiesActsof1933a.

Plaintiffs’RightUnderthe1933Actb.

Auditor’sDefensesUnderthe1933Act2.

SecuritiesExchangeActsof1934a.

Plaintiffs’RightUnderthe1934Actb.

Auditor’sDefensesUnderthe1933Actc.Proportionateliabilityunderthe1934Act

3.

Comparisonofthe1933and1934Actsa.

The1933Actholdstheauditorstoahigherstandardofperformancethandoesthe1934Actb.

BothofActsshiftsignificantburdensofprooffromtheplaintiffstothedefendantsc.

BothofActsrequiredefendantstoprovetheirauditingefficient

4.TheRacketeerInfluencedandCorruptOrganizationsAct反詐騙和腐敗組織法

5.

Auditors’CriminalLiabilityundertheSecuritiesActsACPAshouldburdencriminalliabilityforinvolvingfalsefinancialstatementsknowingly6.

TheSEC’sRegulationofAccountants7.

Accountants’LiabilityforAccountingandReviewServicesa.

CPAswhoprepareunauditedfinancialstatementsshouldadherecloselytoRulesofConduct102and202oftheAICPA’sCODEOFPROFESSIONALCONDUCTb.Engagementlettersareessentialforaccountingandreviewservicesc.CPAsmustbealertforandfollowuponunusualitemsasmissinginvoiceswhentheyofferaccountingandreviewservicesd.

CPAsshouldreportonfinancialstatementsclearlyandconcisely

8.TheCPAs’PostureintheAgeofLitigation

CHAPTER5

AUDITEVIDENCE

Objective:l

what’stheauditrisk?What’stheauditevidence?What’stherelationshipbetweenthem?l

Describethetypesofauditriskl

Learningtocalculatetheauditriskl

knowthetypesofevidenceandlearntoexplainthemlwhataretheauditproceduresandtheirnature,timing,extentandcost?l

Howtoanalysisauditproceduresandjudgetheirnature,timing,extent?Terms:AuditriskCompetenceControlriskCommon-sizefinancialstatementsCross-sectionalanalysisCutoffDetectionriskElectronicdatainterchangeEvidentialmatterHorizontalanalysisInherentriskMaterialRelatedpartytransactionRepresentationletterSpecialistSubstantivetestsSufficientVerticalanalysis5-1THERELATIONSHIPOFAUDITRISKTOEVIDENCE

l

What’stheauditrisk?

l

Howtoreducetheauditrisk?

1.

FinancialStatementAssertions(1)

existenceoroccurrence(2)

completeness(3)

rightsandobligations(4)

valuationorallocation(5)presentationanddisclosure

2.

AuditRiskattheAssertionLevel(1)

inherentrisk-------thepossibilityofamaterialmisstatementofanassertionbeforeconsideringtheclient’sinternalcontrol(2)

controlrisk------theriskthatamaterialmisstatementwillnotbepreventedordetectedonatimelybasisbytheclient’sinternalcontrol(3)detectionrisk------theriskthattheauditorswillfailtodetectthemisstatementwiththeirauditprocedures

3.

AuditRiskIllustratedLookatfigure5—1

4.

MeasuringAuditRisk

AR=IRxCRxDR5-2AUDITEVIDENCE

1.Evidentialmatter-------anyinformationthatcorroboratesorrefutesanassertion.Note:evidencemustbebothrelevantandvalid(1-3)

2.

TypesofEvidence(1)

physicalevidence(2)

third-partyrepresentationsa.

confirmationsb.

lawyer’slettersc.reportsofspecialist

3.documentaryevidencea.

documentaryevidencecreatedoutsidetheclientorganizationandtransmitteddirectlytotheauditos.b.

documentaryevidencecreatedoutsidetheclientorganizationandheldbytheclientc.

documentaryevidencecreatedandheldwithintheclientorganizationd.

electronicdocuments

4.computations-----gaintheresultsindependentlybytheauditorstoprovethearithmeticalaccuracyoftheclient’sanalysesandrecords.5.

datainterrelationships------involvethecomparisonofrelationshipsamongfinancialandsometimes,nonfinancialdata.Itdiffersfromcomputations.

6.

oralandwrittenclientrepresentationsa.oralclientrepresentationsarenotsufficientinthemselvesb.

writtenrepresentationsaremorevalidc.accountingrecords5-3AUDITPROCEDURES1.

thenatureofauditprocedures2.

timingofauditprocedures3.

extentofauditprocedures4.

thecostofauditprocedures5.

analyticalprocedures-------thenature

6.

developinganexpectationP144(1---5)a.

typesofexpectations(usingsometechniques,suchastrendanalysis,ratioanalysis,regressionanalysisandreasonablenesstests)b.

determineamountofdifferencethatcanbeacceptedc.

comparetheaccountbalancewiththeexpectedbalanced.investigateandevaluatesignificantdifferences

7.

timingofanalyticalprocedures

(attheplanningandoverallfinalreviewstagesofaudits)8.extentofanalyticalprocedures9.

evidenceonaccountingestimatesSAS57“auditingaccountingestimates”requirestheauditortodeterminethata.allnecessaryestimateshavebeendevelopedb.accountingestimatesarereasonablec.

accountingestimatesareproperlyaccountedforanddisclosed

10

.evidenceonrelatedpartytransactionsa.

What’stherelatedpartytransactions?Andwhat’isthedifferencebetweenitandnormaltransactions?

b.Howwillauditorsdoindealingwithrelatedpartytransactions?CHAPTER6

PLANNINGTHEAUDIT;DESIGNINGAUDITPROGRAMS

OBJECTIVES:

1.

Howtoanalysisthepossibilityofanewclientacceptance?2.

Whatcanwedowhenfacinganewclient?3.

Whatdetailscanweconsiderafteracceptinganewclient?4.

Howtoprepareanauditplanning?5.

Indesigningtheauditprograms,whatshouldbeemphasizedon?6.Describingthestepsintheauditprocess

TERMS:1.

analyticalprocedures2.

auditcommittee3.

auditplan4.

auditprogram5.

auditrisk6.

businessriskoftheauditors7.

controlrisk8.detectionrisk9.

engagementletter10.interimperiod11.

internet12.

managementassertions13.

predecessorauditors14.

shoppingforprinciples15.

substantiveapproach16.

substantivetests17.

successorauditors18.

systemsapproach19.

timebudget20.transactioncycleHowdoestheauditplanningdeveloped?

6-1CLIENTACCEPTANCEWhatcanwedowhenfacingthenewclients?1.

Thinking2.Communicatingwithpredecessorauditors